ἆρα: Difference between revisions

|Definition=interrog. Particle, implying <span class="sense"><p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">A</span> <b class="b2">anxiety</b> or <b class="b2">impatience</b>, = Ep. and Lyr. <b class="b3">ἦ ῥα</b>: </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">1</span> alone, it simply marks the question, the nature of which is determined by the context: e.g. in <span class="bibl">D.35.44</span> a <b class="b2">negative</b> answer is implied in the question <b class="b3">ἆρ' ἂν οἴεσθε</b> . . ; but an <b class="b2">affirmative</b> in <span class="bibl">X.<span class="title">Cyr.</span>4.6.4</span> <b class="b3">ἆ. βέβληκα δὶς ἐφεξῆς;</b> cf. <b class="b3">ἆρ' εὐτυχεῖς . . ἢ δυστυχεῖς</b>; <span class="bibl">E.<span class="title">Ph.</span>424</span>.—To make it plainly neg., we have <b class="b3">ἆ. μή</b> . . ; <span class="bibl">A.<span class="title">Th.</span>208</span>, <span class="bibl">Pl.<span class="title">Phd.</span>64c</span>; and to make it plainly affirmative, <b class="b3">ἆρ' οὐ; ἆρ' οὐχί</b>; <span class="bibl">S. <span class="title">OC</span>791</span>, <span class="bibl"><span class="title">OT</span>540</span>; <b class="b3">ἆρ' οὐχ οὕτως</b>; <span class="bibl">Pl.<span class="title">Phlb.</span>11d</span>. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">2</span> <b class="b3">ἆ. οὖν;</b> is used to draw an affirmative inference, <span class="bibl">Id.<span class="title">Grg.</span>477a</span>, <span class="bibl"><span class="title">La.</span>190b</span>; also when a neg. answer is expected, <span class="bibl">Id.<span class="title">Chrm.</span>159b</span>; with a neg., <b class="b3">ἆρ' οὖν οὐ</b> . . ; <span class="bibl">Id.<span class="title">Phdr.</span>263a</span>, etc. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">3</span> in <b class="b3">ἆρά γε</b>, each Particle retains its force, γε serving to make the question more definite, <span class="bibl">Ar.<span class="title">Pl.</span>546</span>, <span class="bibl">X.<span class="title">Mem.</span>1.5.4</span>, etc. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">4</span> less freq. with <b class="b3">τίς</b> interrog., τίνος ποτ' ἆρ' ἔπραξε χειρί <span class="bibl">S.<span class="title">Aj.</span>905</span>; <b class="b3">τίδ' ἆρ' ἐγὼ σέ</b>; <span class="bibl">E.<span class="title">IA</span>1228</span>; τίς ἆρ' ὁ φεύγων; <span class="bibl">Ar.<span class="title">V.</span>893</span>; with <b class="b3">ἤν</b>, <span class="bibl">E.<span class="title">Rh.</span>118</span>. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">5</span> in indirect questions, <b class="b3">σκεψώμεθα τοῦτο ἆ</b> . . . <span class="bibl">Pl.<span class="title">Phd.</span>70e</span>, cf. <span class="bibl"><span class="title">R.</span>526c</span>, al., <span class="bibl">Arist.<span class="title">Ph.</span>204b3</span>, etc. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">II</span> in Poets sts. like [[ἄρα]], <span class="bibl">Archil.86</span>,<span class="bibl">89</span>, <span class="bibl">Pi.<span class="title">P.</span>4.78</span>, <span class="bibl">Ar.<span class="title">V.</span>3</span>; τοιοῖσδε χρησμοῖς ἆ. χρὴ πεποιθέναι; <span class="bibl">A.<span class="title">Ch.</span>297</span>, cf.<span class="bibl">435</span>; τῷ δὲ ξιφήρης ἆρ' ὑφειστήκει λόχος <span class="bibl">E. <span class="title">Andr.</span>1114</span>: in exclamations, βραδεῖαν ἡμᾶς ἆρ' ὁ τήνδε τὴν ὁδὸν πέμπων ἔπεμψεν <span class="bibl">S.<span class="title">Aj.</span>738</span>; ὀδυνηρὸς ἆρ' ὁ πλοῦτος <span class="bibl">E.<span class="title">Ph.</span>566</span>, cf.<span class="bibl"><span class="title">El.</span>1229</span>, <span class="bibl"><span class="title">Hipp.</span>1086</span>; ἦ δεινὸν ἆρ' ἦν <span class="bibl">Id.<span class="title">Fr.</span>931</span>; ἔμελλόν σ' ἆ. κινήσειν <span class="bibl">Ar.<span class="title">Nu.</span> 1301</span>, cf. <span class="bibl"><span class="title">Ach.</span>347</span>. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">B</span> In Prose, <b class="b3">ἆ</b>. almost always stands first in the sentence, but cf. <span class="bibl">Pl.<span class="title">Grg.</span>467e</span>; <b class="b3">καὶ ὑπὲρ τούτων ἆ</b>. . . <span class="bibl">Jul.<span class="title">Or.</span>2.61c</span>: in Poetry greater licence is taken, v. supr. <span class="bibl">1.4</span>,<span class="bibl">11</span>.</span>

|ptext=[[https://www.translatum.gr/images/pape/pape-01-0342.png Seite 342]] (dasselbe Wort mit verstärktem Ton), Fragepartikel, Pind. u. Att., worauf meist eine verneinende Antwort erwartet wird; häufig noch durch μή verstärkt, so daß ἆρα μή; doch wohl nicht? = μῶν ist, u. darauf οὐκ ἔστι geantwortet wird, Soph. El. 433; zuweilen hat eine solche Frage einen ironischen Anstrich: doch nicht gar? – ἆρ' οὐ läßt aber eine bejahende Antwort erwarten, Plat. Prot. 330 c 354 a u. sonst: zuweilen auch das bloße ἆρα, Xen. Cyr. 4, 6, 4. 7, 5, 40. Es fängt auch eine Doppelfrage an, so daß ἤ folgt, Plat. Phaed. 91 d Conv. 199 d; – ἆρ' οὖν οὐ παντὶ δῆλον Plat. Phaedr. 263 a, ist es nun nicht also? wird wie οὕκουν auch in affirmativen Sätzen gebraucht, so daß die Frage zurücktritt, vgl. Gorg 477 a u. Herm. zu Soph. Ant. 826; ἆρ' οὖν μὴ καὶ ἡμῖν ἐναντιώσεται Xen. An. 7, 6, 5. – Oft geht die Frage in eine Betheuerung über, ὀδυνηρὸς ἆρ' ὁ πλοῦτος Eur. Phoen. 569; vgl. Valck. – In Prosa steht ἆρα stets im Anfang des Satzes; bei Dichtern wird es auch nachgesetzt, vgl. Soph. Ant. 628 Ai. 726. Ueber die Vertauschung mit ἄρα bei Dichtern s. Herm. praef. O. C. p XVI ff. der die einfache Bdtg <b class="b2">also</b> dem ἆρα abspricht; vgl. jedoch Ar. Vesp. 839 Av. 91; Eur. Phoen. 1669; Soph. El. 1170 Ai. 959; – ἆρά γε vrbdt Xen. Mem. 1, 5, 4. 3, 2, 6 u. sonst; Dem. 17, 18; D. Hal. 4, 80.

|btext=<b>I.</b> <i>particule interrogative pour marquer l’impatience, la crainte</i> : est-ce donc que ? est-ce donc ?;<br /><b>1</b> <i>avec une réponse affirmative ou négative</i> : [[ἆρα]] [[βέβληκα]] δὶς ἐφέξης ; XÉN ai-je bien (ou n’ai-je pas) lancé <i>ou</i> frappé deux fois de suite ? <i>au commenc. d’une prop. ind.</i> σκεψώμεθα [[τοῦτο]] [[ἆρα]] PLAT examinons si en effet;<br /><b>2</b> ἆρ’ [[οὐ]] ; ἆρ’ [[οὐχί]] ; = <i>lat.</i> nonne <i>avec réponse affirmative</i>;<br /><b>3</b> [[ἆρα]] [[μή]] ; = <i>lat</i>. num <i>avec réponse négative</i> : est-il possible que ?;<br /><b>II.</b> <i>équivalent de</i> [[ἄρα]] donc :<br /><b>1</b> <i>après un mot interr.</i> : [[τίς]] [[ἆρα]] ; [[τί]] δ’ [[ἆρα]] ; qui donc ? quoi donc ?;<br /><b>2</b> <i>abs.</i> τοιοῖσδε χρησμοῖς [[ἆρα]] χρὴ πεποιθέναι ESCHL certes à de tels oracles il faut obéir.<br />'''Étymologie:''' [[ἄρα]].

|sltr=[[ἆρα]] v. <br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<b>1</b> [[ἦρα]] (O. 8.46), (P. 4.78), (N. 5.30), (I. 6.55), (I. 8.59)

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|dgtxt=<b class="num">• Alolema(s):</b> en otros dial. frec. ἦρα Alcm.47, Sapph.107, Hp.<i>Prorrh</i>.1.121, Herod.4.21, acompañada por partíc. como γε, οὖν, δή, ἀλλ' [[ἆρα]], v. A.D.<i>Coni</i>.223.25, cf. [[ἄρα]]<br /><b class="num">I</b> partíc. interr. ¿[[acaso]]? o intraducible, simplemente para marcar la interrogación ἦρ' ἔτι παρθενίας ἐπιβάλλομαι; ¿acaso aún deseo la doncellez?</i> Sapph.l.c., cf. Alc.383, Pi.<i>P</i>.9.37, ἔτ' ἆρ' Ἀθηνῶν ἔστ' [[ἀπόρθητος]] πόλις; A.<i>Pers</i>.348, ἆρ' ἔστιν; ἆρ' οὐκ ἔστιν; S.<i>OC</i> 316, cf. E.<i>El</i>.229, <i>Ph</i>.424, [[ἆρα]] καταγελάσεσθέ μου ὡς μεθύοντος; Pl.<i>Smp</i>.212e, cf. ἦρά τις ...; B.5.165, ἦρ' ἐσθ' ὕδωρ; Sophr.165, cf. Call.<i>Fr</i>.228.51, ἆρά τις ἡμῖν ἔτι λοιπός ἐστι νόμος; D.23.82, cf. 35.44, <i>A.Al</i>.11B.4.7, LXX <i>Ge</i>.37.10, ἆ. εὑρήσει τὴν πίστιν; <i>Eu.Luc</i>.18.8, cf. Max.Tyr.8.6<br /><b class="num">•</b>en preguntas que expresan hipótesis cien. [[ἆρα]] ἐκ τουτέων κωματώδεες ... ἐπιγίνονται; Hp.<i>Prorrh</i>.1.117, ἆρά γε καὶ παρακρουστικὸν τὸ τοιοῦτον; Hp.<i>Prorrh</i>.1.120, cf. 121<br /><b class="num">•</b>frec. c. pron. interr. [[pues]] τίς [[ἆρα]] [[δαίμων]] καὶ τέου χολούμενος; Archil.23, cf. S.<i>Ai</i>.905, E.<i>Tr</i>.247, Ar.<i>Pax</i> 1240, τίς ἦρα ...; Herod.4.21, ἄλλα τίς [[ἆρα]] ...; <i>AP</i> 11.26 (Marc.Argent)<br /><b class="num">•</b>ἆρ' ἑτέρου τίνος μάρτυρος δεησόμεθα ...; Iul.<i>Or</i>.3.61c<br /><b class="num">•</b>acompañando a adv. de negación c. μή: ὁ ναύτης [[ἆρα]] μὴ 'ς πρῷραν φυγὼν ... ηὗρε μηχανὴν σωτηρίας; ¿acaso el marinero, cuando huye hacia la proa, encuentra la maniobra salvadora?</i> A.<i>Th</i>.208, cf. S.<i>El</i>.446, <i>Ant</i>.632, ἆρά γε μὴ ἐμοῦ προμηθῇ; ¿acaso te preocupas por mí...?</i> Pl.<i>Cri</i>.44e, cf. <i>Phd</i>.64c, <i>Chrm</i>.174a, X.<i>Mem</i>.2.6.34<br /><b class="num">•</b>seguida de οὔ ¿[[acaso no...]]? ἆρ' οὐκ ἄμεινον ...; S.<i>OC</i> 791, cf. Ar.<i>V</i>.620, Pl.<i>Grg</i>.453c, <i>Phlb</i>.11d, Lys.26.13, D.19.130<br /><b class="num">•</b>ἦρ' οὐχὶ ...; Herod.5.14<br /><b class="num">•</b>c. interr. indirectas [[si]] τοῦτο οὖν σκεψώμεθα [[ἆρα]] ἀναγκαῖον ... ἔστι Pl.<i>Phd</i>.70e, cf. <i>R</i>.526c, etc., Arist.<i>Ph</i>.204^b3<br /><b class="num">•</b>acompañando a condicionales ἢν [[ἆρα]] μὴ ...; ¿... si no es ...?</i> E.<i>Rh</i>.118.<br /><b class="num">II</b> no interr. (cf. [[ἄρα]] A)<br /><b class="num">1</b> subrayando un hecho sorprendente ἦρα τὸν Φοῖβον ὄνειρον [[εἶδον]] en verdad, vi a Apolo en un sueño</i> Alcm.47<br /><b class="num">•</b>subrayando persona, animal o cosa ante un hecho de sorpresa o desilusión ἰοῦ βραδεῖαν ἡμᾶς ἆρ' ὁ τήνδε τὴν ὁδὸν πέμπων ἔπεμψεν ¡ay, ay, tarde me envió, en verdad, quien me envió a este viaje!</i> S.<i>Ai</i>.738<br /><b class="num">•</b>en rel. c. la expectativa τῷ δ' ἆρ' [[ἀλώπηξ]] κερδαλέη συνήντετο con éste, de veras, se encontró la zorra logrera</i> Archil.77.5, ὁ δ' ἦρα χρόνῳ ἵκετ' Pi.<i>P</i>.4.78, cf. S.<i>OC</i> 408, 409, E.<i>Cyc</i>.638<br /><b class="num">•</b>c. μέλλω: ἔμελλον σ' [[ἆρα]] κινήσειν [[ἐγώ]] Ar.<i>Nu</i>.1301.<br /><b class="num">2</b> recogiendo una respuesta o conclusión [[así pues]] [[ἀνήρ]] τοι δειλὸς ἆρ' ἐφαινόμην Archil.123.12, ὡς ἆρ' [[ἀλώπηξ]] καἰετὸς ξυνωνίην ἔμειξαν Archil.27, cf. Pi.<i>O</i>.8.46, <i>I</i>.6.55, <i>N</i>.5.30, S.<i>Ph</i>.106<br /><b class="num">•</b>en comparaciones, Achae.34.1<br /><b class="num">•</b>en frases o γνῶμαι conocidas μέγιστον ἆρ' ἦν ἡ φύσις E.<i>Fr</i>.810, ἆρ' ἐστὶ πάντων [[ἀγρυπνία]] λαλίστατον Men.<i>Fr</i>.152.1, cf. Diph.99.