View source for certo

{{LaEn
|lnetxt=certo certare, certavi, certatus V :: vie (with), contest, contend/struggle (at law/politics), dispute; fight, strive<br />certo certo certius, certissime ADV :: certainly, definitely, really, for certain/a fact, truly; surely, firmly
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{{Lewis
|lshtext=<b>certō</b>: adv., v. [[certus]], adv. A.<br /><b>certo</b>: āvi, ātum, 1, v. freq. a. [[cerno]],<br /><b>I</b> to [[decide]] [[something]] by a [[contest]] (cf. [[cerno]], II. C. b.); [[hence]], to [[fight]], [[struggle]], [[contend]], [[combat]], implying [[great]] [[exertion]], and [[usually]] a measuring of [[strength]] ([[class]]. in [[prose]] and [[poetry]]; [[most]] freq. in a trop. signif.; syn.: [[decerto]], [[contendo]]).<br /><b>I</b> Of a [[physical]] [[contest]] of [[strength]]; [[mostly]] of [[battle]]: [[utrum]] [[igitur]] utilius Fabricio... armis cum hoste certare, an venenis? Cic. Off. 3, 22, 87: adulescentium greges Lacedaemone videmus ipsi incredibili contentione certantis pugnis, calcibus, unguibus, morsu [[denique]], id. Tusc. 5, 27, 77: manu, Sall. H. 2, 41, 6 Dietsch: [[proelio]], id. J. 81, 3: cum Gallis pro [[salute]], id. ib. 114, 2; cf. Tac. Agr. 5: de ambiguo agro [[bello]], Liv. 3, 71, 2: de imperio cum [[populo]] Romano, Cic. de Or. 2, 18, 76: de principatu armis, Tac. H. 2, 47; cf. Suet. Vesp. 5: odiis [[etiam]] [[prope]] majoribus certarunt [[quam]] viribus, Liv. 21, 1, 3: acie, Verg. A. 2, 30 et saep.—Impers.: [[dignus]] [[quicum]] certetur, Pac. ap. Non. p. 473, 16: certatur limine in ipso Ausoniae, Verg. A. 10, 355; 11, 313: [[die]] quo Bedriaci certabatur, Tac. H. 2, 50: quā in parte rex pugnae affuit, ibi [[aliquamdiu]] certatum, Sall. J. 74, 3: in cujus ([[amnis]]) transgressu [[multum]] certato pervicit Vardanes, Tac. A. 11, 10; id. H. 4, 61.—Mostly [[poet]]. in [[pass]].: certata lite deorum [[Ambracia]] (for the [[possession]] of [[which]] [[Apollo]]. [[Diana]], and [[Hercules]] contended), Ov. M. 13, 713: [[certatus]] nobis [[orbis]] (i. e. de quo certavimus), Sil. 17, 342; cf. II. [[infra]].—<br /><b>II</b> Out of the [[sphere]] of milit. operations, to [[contend]], [[struggle]], [[strive]], [[emulate]], vie [[with]]: certabant urbem Romam Remoramne vocarent, Enn. ap. Cic. Div. 1, 48, 107 (Ann. v. 85 Vahl.): [[haut]] doctis dictis certantes sed maledictis, Enn. ap. Gell. 20, 10, 4 (Ann. v. 274 ib.): minis [[mecum]], minaciis, Plaut. Truc. 5, 56: malitiā [[tecum]], id. Pers. 2, 2, 56: benedictis, Ter. Phorm. prol. 20: certare ingenio, contendere nobilitate, Lucr. 2, 11: cum [[aliquo]] dicacitate, Cic. Brut. 46, 172: officiis [[inter]] se, id. Fam. 7, 31, 1; cf.: certatum [[inter]] collegas maledictis, Liv. 5, 8, 13; and: eo [[modo]] [[inter]] se duo imperatores certabant, Sall. J. 52, 1: cum civibus de virtute, id. C. 9, 2: pro sua [[quisque]] [[potentia]], id. ib. 38, 3: contumaciā [[adversus]] contemnentes humilitatem suam nobiles certavit ([[Licinius]]), Liv. 9, 46, 4: cum usuris fructibus praediorum, to [[contend]] [[against]] [[interest]] (to [[strive]] to [[pay]] [[interest]]) [[with]] the [[produce]] of estates, Cic. Cat. 2, 8, 18: cum a Cheruscis Longobardisque pro [[antiquo]] [[decore]] aut recenti libertate; et [[contra]], augendae dominationi certaretur, Tac. A. 2, 46: ob hircum, Hor. A. P. 220: joco, id. C. 2, 12, 18: mero, id. ib. 4, 1, 31: animis iniquis, Verg. A. 10, 7: parsimoniā et vigiliis et labore cum ultimis militum, Liv. 34, 18, 5: sententiis, Tac. A. 1, 29 al.: ut si nautae certarent, [[quis]] eorum potissimum gubernaret, Cic. Off. 1, 25, 87: mos gentis est, equitare jaculari cursu cum aequalibus certare, Sall. J. 6, 1: dic [[mecum]] quo pignore certes, Verg. E. 3, 31: celeri sagittā, id. A. 5, 485: certemus, spinas animone ego fortius an tu Evellas agro, Hor. Ep. 1, 14, 4.— Poet., [[with]] acc.: hanc rem ( = de hac re), Sedigit. ap. Gell. 15, 24; cf. in [[pass]].: cui (multae) certandae cum [[dies]] advenisset, Liv. 25, 3, 14.—With dat. [[instead]] of cum: [[solus]] [[tibi]] certat [[Amyntas]], Verg. E. 5, 8; Hor. S. 2, 5, 19; id. Epod. 11, 18; 2, 20; id. C. 2, 6, 15; Verg. E. 8, 55; id. G. 2, 138; Ov. M. 14, 794.—<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<b>2</b>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Particularly of [[judicial]] disputations, to [[contend]] at [[law]]: [[inter]] se, Cic. Verr. 2, 2, 16, § 39; cf. id. ib. 2, 2, 13, § 32: in centumvirali judicio, id. de Or. 1, 39, 177: si a duumviris provocarit, provocatione certato, Liv. 1, 26, 6: si [[quid]] se judice certes, Hor. S. 2, 1, 49: [[foro]] si res certabitur [[olim]], id. ib. 2, 5, 27.—<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<b>3</b>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; With inf. ([[mostly]] [[poet]].), to [[strive]] to do [[something]], to [[labor]], endeavor, [[struggle]] [[earnestly]], to [[exert]] one's [[self]]: certantes ad summum succedere honorem, Lucr. 5, 1123; so, [[inter]] se cernere, id. 5, 394: dimittere se ([[nubes]]), id. 6, 509: populum [[alium]] suorum sepelire, id. 6, 1247: Phoebum superare canendo, Verg. E. 5, 9: superare, Ov. M. 5, 394: vincere, Verg. A. 5, 194: tollere (hunc) tergeminis honoribus, Hor. C. 1, 1, 8: [[inter]] se eruere quercum, Verg. A. 4, 443: certat [[quisque]] evadere, Curt. 9, 4, 33: frangere [[fluctus]], Plin. [[Pan]]. 81 fin.; Sil. 13, 222; Stat. S. 5, 3, 191.
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{{Gaffiot
|gf=(1) <b>certō</b>¹⁰ ([[certus]]), certainement, sûrement, avec certitude : perii [[certo]] Pl. Pœn. 787, c’[[est]] fait de moi sans nul doute ; [[certo]] [[scio]] Cic. Att. 1, 12, 3, je [[suis]] bien sûr ; [[nihil]] [[ita]] exspectare [[quasi]] [[certo]] futurum Cic. Tusc. 5, 81, ne [[rien]] attendre comme devant arriver infailliblement &#124;&#124; d’une manière irrévocable : [[certo]] [[decrevi]] Ter. Hec. 586, j’ai pris la résolution formelle.<br />(2) <b>certō</b>,⁸ āvī, ātum, āre.<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<b>I</b> intr., chercher à obtenir l’avantage sur qqn en luttant, lutter, combattre : armis, pugnis, dicacitate Cic. Off. 3, 87 ; Tusc. 5, 77 ; Br. 172, lutter avec les armes, les poings, faire assaut de verve ; cum [[aliquo]] de [[aliqua]] re, contre qqn sur qqch. : Cic. de Or. 2, 76 ; [[inter]] se officiis certant Cic. Fam. 7, 31, 1, ils luttent entre eux (rivalisent) de bons offices &#124;&#124; [avec interr. indir.] certabant [[quis]] gubernaret Cic. Off. 1, 87, ils luttaient pour savoir qui tiendrait le gouvernail &#124;&#124; [en justice] : Verr. 2, 2, 39 ; de Or. 1, 77 &#124;&#124; [poét., avec dat.] tenir tête à : Virg. B. 5, 8 ; G. 2, 138 ; Hor. S. 2, 5, 19 &#124;&#124; [poét., avec inf.] lutter pour, tâcher de : Lucr., Virg., Hor., Curt. 9, 4, 33 ; Plin. Min. [[Pan]]. 81.<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<b>II</b> tr., débattre une chose, rem : Volcat. d. Gell. 15, 24 ; multam Liv. 25, 3, 14, débattre le taux de l’amende.||d’une manière irrévocable : [[certo]] [[decrevi]] Ter. Hec. 586, j’ai pris la résolution formelle.<br />(2) <b>certō</b>,⁸ āvī, ātum, āre.<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<b>I</b> intr., chercher à obtenir l’avantage sur qqn en luttant, lutter, combattre : armis, pugnis, dicacitate Cic. Off. 3, 87 ; Tusc. 5, 77 ; Br. 172, lutter avec les armes, les poings, faire assaut de verve ; cum [[aliquo]] de [[aliqua]] re, contre qqn sur qqch. : Cic. de Or. 2, 76 ; [[inter]] se officiis certant Cic. Fam. 7, 31, 1, ils luttent entre eux (rivalisent) de bons offices||[avec interr. indir.] certabant [[quis]] gubernaret Cic. Off. 1, 87, ils luttaient pour savoir qui tiendrait le gouvernail||[en justice] : Verr. 2, 2, 39 ; de Or. 1, 77||[poét., avec dat.] tenir tête à : Virg. B. 5, 8 ; G. 2, 138 ; Hor. S. 2, 5, 19||[poét., avec inf.] lutter pour, tâcher de : Lucr., Virg., Hor., Curt. 9, 4, 33 ; Plin. Min. [[Pan]]. 81.<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<b>II</b> tr., débattre une chose, rem : Volcat. d. Gell. 15, 24 ; multam Liv. 25, 3, 14, débattre le taux de l’amende.
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