γάρ: Difference between revisions

|Definition=([[γε]], [[ἄρα]]), causal Conj., used alone or with other Particles.<br><span class="bld">I</span> introducing the reason or cause of what precedes, [[for]], τῷ γὰρ ἐπὶ φρεσὶ θῆκε θεὰ λευκώλενος Ἥρη· κήδετο γὰρ Δαναῶν Il.1.56, etc.; but freq. in expl. of that wh. is implied in the preceding clause, πολλάων πολίων κατέλυσε κάρηνα… τοῦ γὰρ κράτος ἐστὶ μέγιστον 2.118, etc.: hence,<br><span class="bld">b</span> in simple explanations, esp. after a Pronoun or demonstr. Adj., ἀλλὰ τόδ' αἰνὸν ἄχος κραδίην καὶ θυμὸν ἱκάνει· Ἕκτωρ γὰρ ποτε φήσει 8.148, cf. Od.2.163; <b class="b3">ὃ δὲ δεινότατον… ὁ Ζεὺς γάρ</b>… Ar.''Av.''514; ὃ δὲ πάντων ἀδικώτατον ἔδοξε· τῶν γὰρ προγε γραμμένων ἠτίμωσε καὶ υἱούς Plu.''Sull.''31; freq. in introducing proofs or examples, <b class="b3">μαρτύριον δέ· Δήλου γὰρ καθαιρομένης</b>… Th.1.8; <b class="b3">τεκμήριον δέ· οὔτε γὰρ Λακεδαιμόνιοι</b>… Id.2.39, cf. D.20.10, etc.; in full, <b class="b3">τεκμήριον δὲ τούτου τόδε· αἱ μὲν γάρ</b>… [[Herodotus|Hdt.]]2.58; <b class="b3">παράδειγμα τόδε τοῦ λόγου· ἐκ γάρ</b>… Th.1.2; <b class="b3">δηλοῖ δέ μοι τόδε· πρὸ γάρ</b>… ib.3.<br><span class="bld">c</span> to introduce a detailed description or narration already alluded to, <b class="b3">ὅμως δὲ λεκτέα ἃ γιγνώσκω· ἔχει γὰρ [ἡ χώρα] πεδία κάλλιστα</b>… X.''An.''5.6.6, etc.<br><span class="bld">d</span> in answers to questions or [[statement]]s [[challenging]] [[assent]] or [[denial]], [[yes]],... [[no]],…, <b class="b3">οὔκουν… ἀνάγκη ἐστί;—ἀνάγκη γὰρ οὖν, ἔφη</b>, [[ay]] [[doubtless]] [[it is necessary]], [[Xenophon|X.]]''[[Cyropaedia|Cyr.]]''2.1.7, cf. § 4 and 13; indicating assent, ἔχει γάρ [[Plato|Pl.]]''[[Phaedrus|Phdr.]]'' 268a; <b class="b3">ἱκανὸς γάρ, ἔφη, συμβαίνει γάρ, ἔφη</b>, Id.''R.''502b, 502c,cf. ''Ap.''41a, etc.; <b class="b3">οὔκουν δὴ τό γ' εἰκός.—οὐ γάρ</b>: Id.''[[Phaedrus|Phdr.]]''276c.<br><span class="bld">2</span> by inversion, preceding the fact explained, [[since]], [[as]], Ἀτρεΐδη, πολλοὶ γὰρ τεθνᾶσιν Ἀχαιοί… τῷ σε χρὴ πόλεμον παῦσαι Il.7.328; <b class="b3">χρόνου δὲ οὐ πολλοῦ διελθόντος</b> (χρῆν γὰρ Κανδαύλῃ γενέσθαι κακῶς) <b class="b3"> ἔλεγε πρὸς τὸν Γύγην τοιάδε, Γύγη, οὐ γὰρ σε δοκέω πείθεσθαι</b>… (ὦτα γὰρ τυγχάνει κτλ.) <b class="b3">, ποίει ὅκως</b>… [[Herodotus|Hdt.]]1.8. cf. 6.102, al.; <b class="b3">εἶεν, σὺ γὰρ τούτων ἐπιστήμων, τί χρὴ ποιεῖν</b>; [[Plato|Pl.]]''[[Phaedo|Phd.]]'' 117a; the principal proposition is sometimes<br><span class="bld">b</span> blended with the causal one, <b class="b3">τῇ δὲ κακῶς γὰρ ἔδεε γενέσθαι εἶπε</b>, i.e. <b class="b3">ἡ δέ</b> (κακῶς γὰρ οἱ ἔδεε γενέσθαι) εἶπε [[Herodotus|Hdt.]] 9.109, cf. 1.24, 4.149, 200, Th.1.72, 8.30.<br><span class="bld">c</span> attached to the hypothet. Particle instead of being joined to the apodosis, <b class="b3">οὐδ' εἰ γὰρ ἦν τὸ πρᾶγμα μὴ θεήλατον, ἀκάθαρτον ὑμᾶς εἰκὸς ἦν οὕτως ἐᾶν</b>, i.e. <b class="b3">οὐδὲ γὰρ εἰ ἦν</b>... [[Sophocles|S.]]''[[Oedipus Tyrannus|OT]]''255.<br><span class="bld">d</span> repeated, <b class="b3">οὐ γὰρ οὖν σιγήσομαι· ἔτικτε γάρ</b>… Id.''OC''980, cf. ''Ant.''659 sq., 1255.<br><span class="bld">3</span> in elliptical phrases, where that of which [[γάρ]] gives the reason is omitted, and must be supplied,<br><span class="bld">a</span> freq. in Trag. dialogue and Pl., when [[yes]] or [[no]] may be supplied from the context, <b class="b3">καὶ δῆτ' ἐτόλμας τούσδ' ὑπερβαίνειν νόμους;—οὐ γὰρ τί μοι Ζεὺς ἦν ὁ κηρύξας τάδε</b> [yes], [[for]] it was not Zeus, etc., S.''Ant.''450, cf. ''OT''102, etc.; καλῶς γὰρ αὐτὸς ἠγάνισαι [[Plato|Pl.]]''[[Symposium|Smp.]]'' 194a; freq. in phrase <b class="b3">ἔστι γὰρ οὕτω</b> [yes], [[for]] so it is, i.e. yes certainly: <b class="b3">λέγεταί τι καινόν; γένοιτο γὰρ ἄν τι καινότερον ἢ</b>…; [why,] could there be… ? D.4.10; with negs., Ar.''Ra.''262 <b class="b3">τούτῳ γὰρ οὐ νικήσετε</b> [do so], [[yet]] shall ye never prevail by this means: for <b class="b3">ἀλλὰ γάρ</b>, v. infr.11.1.<br><span class="bld">b</span> to confirm or strengthen something said, <b class="b3">οἵδ' οὐκέτ' εἰσί· τοῦτο γάρ σε δήξεται</b> [I say this], [[for]] it will sting thee, E. ''Med.''1370: after an Exclamation, ὦ πόποι· ἀνάριθμα γὰρ φέρω πήματα [[Sophocles|S.]]''[[Oedipus Tyrannus|OT]]''168 (lyr.), cf. E.''Hel.''857.<br><span class="bld">c</span> in conditional propositions, where the condition is omitted, [[else]], <b class="b3">οὐ γὰρ ἄν με ἔπεμπον πάλιν</b> (''[[sc.]] '' <b class="b3">εἰ μὴ ἐπίστευον</b>) X.''An.''7.6.33; <b class="b3">γίνεται γὰρ ἡ κοινωνία συμμαχία</b> [[for in that case]], Arist.''Pol.''1280b8.<br><span class="bld">4</span> in abrupt questions, [[why]], [[what]], <b class="b3">τίς γὰρ σε θεῶν ἐμοὶ ἄγγελον ἧκεν</b>; [[why]] who hath sent thee? Il.18.182; <b class="b3">πῶς γὰρ νῦν… εὕδουσι</b>; 10.424; <b class="b3">πατροκτονοῦσα γὰρ ξυνοικήσεις ἐμοί</b>; [[what]], wilt thou… ? A.''Ch.''909: generally, after interrog. Particles, <b class="b3">ἦ γάρ</b>…; [[what]], was it… ? [[Sophocles|S.]]''[[Oedipus Tyrannus|OT]]''1000,1039, etc.; <b class="b3">τί γάρ</b>; [[quid enim]]? i.e. it must be so, Id.''OC''539,542,547, etc.; <b class="b3">τί γὰρ δή ποτε</b>; D.21.44; also <b class="b3">πῶς γὰρ; πῶς γὰρ οὔ</b>;, v. [[πῶς]].<br><span class="bld">5</span> to strengthen a wish, c. opt., <b class="b3">κακῶς γὰρ ἐξόλοιο</b> ''O'' that you might perish! E.''Cyc.''261; cf. <b class="b3">αἴ, εἰ, εἴθε, πῶς</b>.<br><span class="bld">II</span> joined with other Particles:<br><span class="bld">1</span> <b class="b3">ἀλλὰ γάρ</b> where [[γάρ]] gives the reason of a clause to be supplied between [[ἀλλά]] and itself, as <b class="b3">ἀλλ' ἐν γὰρ Τρώων πεδίῳ</b>… but [[far otherwise]], [[for]]... Il.15.739; <b class="b3">ἀλλὰ γὰρ ἥκουσ' αἵδ' ἐπὶ πρᾶγος πικρόν</b> but [[hush]], [[for]]... A.''Th.''861; <b class="b3">ἀλλ' οὐ γὰρ σ' ἐθέλω</b>… but [look out] for... Il.7.242; in full, ἀλλ' οὐ γάρ σφιν ἐφαίνετο κέρδιον εἶναι μαίεσθαι προτέρω, τοὶ μὲν πάλιν αὖτις ἔβαινον Od.14.355; ἀλλ', οὐ γὰρ ἔπειθε, διδοῖ τὸ φᾶρος [[Herodotus|Hdt.]]9.109.<br><span class="bld">2</span> [[γὰρ ἄρα]] = [[for indeed]], [[Plato|Pl.]]''[[Protagoras|Prt.]]'' 315d, ''Smp.''205b.<br><span class="bld">3</span> [[γὰρ δή]] = [[for of course]], [[for you know]], Il.2.301,23.607, [[Herodotus|Hdt.]]1.34, 114, etc.; [[φάμεν γὰρ δή]] = [[yes certainly we say so]], Pl.''Tht.''187e, cf. 164d; οὐ γὰρ δή S.''Ant.''46, etc.<br><span class="bld">4</span> γὰρ νυ Od.14.359.<br><span class="bld">5</span> [[γὰρ οὖν]] = [[for indeed]], to [[confirm]] or [[explain]], Il.15.232, [[Herodotus|Hdt.]]5.34, S.''Ant.''489,771, etc.; [[φησὶ γὰρ οὖν]] = [[yes]] of course he says so, Pl.''Tht.''170a; γὰρ οὖν δή Id.''Prm.''148c, etc.; [[οὐ γὰρ οὖν]] ib.134b; cf. [[τοιγαροῦν]].<br><span class="bld">6</span> [[γὰρ που]] = [[for I suppose]], esp. with negs., Id.''R.''381c, ''Phd.''62d, etc.; οὐ γὰρ δήπου Id.''Prt.''309c.<br><span class="bld">7</span> [[γὰρ ῥα]], = [[γὰρ ἄρα]], Il.1.113, al.<br><span class="bld">8</span> [[γὰρ τε]], 23.156; also τε γὰρ D.19.159, Arist.''Pol.''1333a2, al.<br><span class="bld">9</span> [[γὰρ τοι]] = [[for surely]]... E.''Hel.''93, ''Supp.''564, etc.; οὐ γὰρ τοι Od.21.172, etc.; cf. [[τοιγάρτοι]].<br><span class="bld">B</span> POSITION: [[γάρ]] prop. stands after the first word in a clause, but in Pocts it freq. stands third or fourth, when the preceding words are closely connected, as <b class="b3">ὁ μὲν γὰρ</b>… [[Sophocles|S.]]''[[Ajax|Aj.]]''764; <b class="b3">χἠ ναῦς γὰρ</b>… Id.''Ph.''527; <b class="b3">τό τ' εἰκαθεῖν γὰρ</b>… Id.''Ant.''1096; <b class="b3">τὸ μὴ θέμις γὰρ</b>… A.''Ch.''641, cf. 753: also in Prose, <b class="b3">τὸ κατ' ἀξίαν γὰρ</b>… [[Aristotle|Arist.]]''[[Nicomachean Ethics|EN]]''1163b11: sometimes for metrical reasons, where there is no such connection, as third (A.''Ag.''222.729, S.''Ph.''219 (all lyr.)), fourth (Ar.''Av.''1545); in later Com. fifth (Men.462.2); sixth (Antiph.26.22); seventh (Men.''Epit.''531, ''Pk.''170, Athenio 1.5); once sixth in S., καιρὸς καὶ πλοῦς ὅδ' ἐπείγει γὰρ κατὰ πρύμναν ''Ph.''1451.<br><span class="bld">2</span> inserted before the demonstr. -ί, as [[νυνγαρί]] for <b class="b3">νυνὶ γάρ</b>; cf. [[νυνί]].<br><span class="bld">C</span> QUANTITY: [[γάρ]] is sometimes long in Hom. metri gr., θήσειν γὰρ ἔτ' ἔμελλεν Il.2.39; φωνῆς γὰρ ἤκουσα ''h.Cer.''57.—In Att. always short: [[Aristophanes|Ar.]]''[[The Knights|Eq.]]''366, ''V.''217, ''Lys.''20 are corrupt.