ἄρα: Difference between revisions

|Definition=Ep. [[ῥά]] (which is enclitic and used after monosyllables, [[ἦ]], [[ὅς]], [[γάρ]], etc., or words ending in a vowel or diphthong, e.g. [[ἐπεί]]), before a consonant ἄρ (perhaps cf. Lith.<br><span class="bld">A</span> ir̃ 'and'): expressing consequence, [[then]], or mere succession, [[there and then]], and in many derived uses.<br><span class="bld">A</span> EARLIER USAGE: to denote,<br><span class="bld">I</span> immediate transition, [[there and then]], [[straightway]], ὣς φάτο βῆ δ' ἄρ' Ὄνειρος Il.2.16: after a part., ὣς εἰπὼν κατ' ἄρ' ἕζετο 1.68, al.; πυθόμενος.. εἶπε ἄ. [[Herodotus|Hdt.]]4.134, cf. 9.9; ἐρωτώσης τῆς μητρὸς ἀπεκρίνατο ἄρα [[Xenophon|X.]]''[[Cyropaedia|Cyr.]]''1.3.2; with other Particles, [[δέ]], [[ἦ]], [[ὡς]], etc., cf. <b class="b3">ὁ δὲ Ἀστυάγης ἄ. εἶπεν</b> ib.4.10: also after Advbs. of [[time]], <b class="b3">τότε δή ῥα, τῆμος ἄρα</b>, etc.; οὕτως ἄρα [[Plato|Pl.]]''[[Phaedrus|Phdr.]]''259b; often in apodosi, as αὐτὰρ ἐπεὶ δὴ θηήσατο.. αὐτίκ' ἄρ' ἤλυθεν Od.5.77; repeated τὼ μὲν ἄρ'.. κεῖντο ἡ δ' ἄρ'.. ἀγόρευε Il.21.426: in enumerations, e.g. in Homer's catalogue, [[then]], [[next]], οἱ δ' ἄρ' Ἀθήνας εἶχον 2.546; so in genealogies, Σίσυφος.. ὁ δ' ἄ. Γλαῦκον τέκεθ' υἱόν 6.154.<br><span class="bld">2</span> to draw attention, mark you! τὸν τρεῖς μὲν ἐπιρρήσσεσκον.. τῶν ἄλλων Ἀχιλεὺς δ' ἄρ' ἐπιρρήσσεσκε καὶ οἶος 24.456; with imper., ἀλλ' ἄγε δὴ κατ' ἄρ' ἕζευ 24.522: to point a moral or general statement, φευγόντων δ' οὔτ' ἂρ κλέος ὄρνυται οὔτε τις ἀλκή 5.532.<br><span class="bld">II</span> connection, such as,<br><span class="bld">1</span> that of [[antecedent]] and [[consequent]], οἰνοχόει.. ἄσβεστος δ' ἄρ' ἐνῶρτο γέλως 1.599, cf. 24.507; τοὔνεκ' ἄρ' ἄλγε' ἔδωκε 1.96; freq. with [[οὕνεκα]] in protasi, 7.140, al.: also in questions, <b class="b3">τίς τ' ἄρ τῶν ὄχ' ἄριστος ἔην</b>; who [[then]] (say you) was.. ? 2.761: with demonstr. Pronoun in recapitulation, <b class="b3">ἀλλ' υἱὸν Πριάμοιο.. τόν ῥ' Ὀδυσεὺς βάλε</b> [[he it was]], [[whom]]... 4.501: freq. in such phrases as ὣς ἄρα φωνήσας 2.35, al.; ὣς ἄρ' ἔφη 1.584, al.; ἦ ῥα 3.355, al., thus, [[then]] he spoke.—This usage is universal in Greek.<br><span class="bld">2</span> explanation of that which precedes, <b class="b3">χωόμενον κατὰ θυμὸν ἐϋζώνοιο γυναικὸς τήν ῥα.. ἀπηύρων</b> whom ([[and for this cause]] he was angry) they had taken away, 1.429; <b class="b3">εἰ μὴ ὑπερφίαλον ἔπος ἔκβαλε.. φῆ ῥ' ἀέκητι θεῶν φυγέειν</b> [[for]] he said, Od.4.504: freq. with [[οὕνεκα]]; so with relatives, <b class="b3">ἐκ δ' ἔθορε κλῆρος ὃν ἄρ' ἤθελον αὐτοί</b> the [[very]] one which... Il.7.182.<br><span class="bld">B</span> LATER USAGE, always with inferential force: 1. in drawing conclusions (more subjective than [[οὖν]]), ἄριστον ἄ. ἡ εὐδαιμονία [[Aristotle|Arist.]]''[[Nicomachean Ethics|EN]]''1099a24; δῆλον ἄ. Id.''Pol.''1295b33; in pseudo-syllogistic conclusions, Id.''SE''174b11, ''Rh.''1401a3, al.: esp. by way of informal inference, [[as it seems]], οὐκ ἄ. σοί γε πατὴρ ἦν Πηλεύς Il.16.33; οὐδ' ἄ. πως ἦν ἐν πάντεσσ' ἔργοισι δαήμονα φῶτα γενέσθαι 23.670; μάτην ἄρ', ὡς ἔοικεν, ἥκομεν S.''El.''772; <b class="b3">οὕτω κοινόν τι ἄ. χαρᾷ καὶ λύπῃ δάκρυά ἐστιν</b> [[so true is it that]]... X.''HG''7.1.32; πολὺ γὰρ ἀμείνων ἄ. ὁ τοῦ ἀδίκου ἢ ὁ τοῦ δικαίου βίος [[Plato|Pl.]]''[[Republic|R.]]'' 358c; ἦν ἄ. πυρός γ' ἕτερα.. θερμότερα [[Aristophanes|Ar.]]''[[The Knights|Eq.]]'' 382; ὦ τλῆμον ἀρετή, λόγος ἄρ' ἦσθα ''Trag.Adesp.''374; so in announcing the discovery or correction of an error, as <b class="b3">οὐκ ἐννενοήκαμεν ὅτι εἰσὶν ἄ.</b>.. [[Plato|Pl.]]''[[Republic|R.]]'' 375d; <b class="b3">φαίνεται πρὸ ποδῶν ἡμῖν κυλινδεῖσθαι καὶ οὐχ ἑωρῶμεν ἄρ' αὐτό</b> ib.432d; <b class="b3">εἰκότως ἄ. οὐκ ἐγίγνετο· ὡς γὰρ ἐγὼ νῦν πυνθάνομαι</b>.. X.''An.''2.2.3.<br><span class="bld">2</span> in questions, expressing the anxiety of the questioner, <b class="b3">τίς ἄ. ῥύσεται</b>; [[who is there]] to save ? A.''Th.''92; so in exclamations to heighten the expression of emotion, <b class="b3">οἵαν ἄρ' ἥβην.. ἀπώλεσεν</b> [[what]] a band of youth was that..! Id.''Pers.''733; so <b class="b3">ὡς ἄρα</b> ib.472, S.''Fr.''577; τί μ' ἄ. τί μ' ὀλέκεις; Id.''Ant.''1285; τί οὖν.. ἄ. X.''Oec.''6.2; <b class="b3">πῶς ἄ.; οὕτως ἄ.</b>, etc.; [[ἄ]]. alone, ἔζης ἄ. S.''Fr.''686: especially in ironical comments, [[Aristophanes|Ar.]]''[[The Birds|Av.]]''476, 1371, etc.<br><span class="bld">3</span> epexegetic, [[namely]], <b class="b3">ἐρῶ, ὡς ἄ.</b>.. Pl.''Tht.''152d, cf. 156e.<br><span class="bld">4</span> for <b class="b3">τοι ἄρα, τἄρα</b>, v. sub τοι 11.2.<br><span class="bld">5</span> [[εἰ]] (or [[ἐάν]]) <b class="b3"> μὴ ἄ.</b> unless [[perhaps]], Pl.''Ap.''38b, D.58.4; separated from <b class="b3">εἰ μή</b>, Id.9.20; with irony, εἰ μὴ ἄ. ἡ τῆς ἀρετῆς ἐπιμέλεια διαφθορά ἐστιν [[Xenophon|X.]]''[[Memorabilia|Mem.]]''1.2.8.<br><span class="bld">6</span> in hypothetical clauses, to indicate the improbability of the supposition, ἢν ἄ. ποτὲ κατὰ γῆν βιασθῶσιν Th.1.93, etc.; or simply, [[perhaps]] (sts. separated from [[εἰ]]), εἴ τις οὖν ὑμῶν ἄ... ὑπελάμβανεν D.21.8; εἴ τις ἰδίᾳ τινὰ δεδιὼς ἄ. ἀπρόθυμός ἐστιν Th.4.86.<br><span class="bld">C</span> IN CRASIS, freq. [[τἄρα]], [[μεντἄρα]], [[οὐτἄρα]]: also [[δήξομἄρα]] for <b class="b3">δήξομαι ἄ.</b>, [[Aristophanes|Ar.]]''[[Acharnians|Ach.]]''325; [[οἰμώξετἄρα]], [[κλαύσἄρα]], Id.''Th.''248, ''Pax'' 532: also in Trag., E.''Hyps.Fr.''34.86.<br><span class="bld">D</span> [[ἄρα]] never stands first in the sentence in Classical Greek (Arist.''Mech.''851a22 is corrupt), but is found at the beginning of an apodosis in ''Ev.Matt.''12.28, ''Ep.Rom.''10.17, and first in a sentence, ''Ev.Luc.''11.48, Vett.Val.305.20; in conclusion of syllogism, Herm. ap.Stob.3.11.31.