ἑτέρως ἠδύνατο βέλτιον ἢ ὡς νῦν ἔχει κατεσκευάσθαι → otherwise they could have been constructed better than they are now (Galen, On the use of parts of the body 4.143.1 Kühn)
under-ruler: P. and V. ὕπαρχος, ὁ.
subject: use adj., P. and ὑποχείριος, ὑπήκοος; see subject.
slave: P. and V. δοῦλος; see serf.