δοτική

Greek Monolingual

η, η τρίτη πτώση τών ονομάτων της αρχ. Ελληνικής, της Λατινικής και άλλων γλωσσών που σήμαινε αρχικά εκείνον στον οποίο δίνεται κάτι.

Wikipedia EN

In grammar, the dative case (abbreviated dat, or sometimes d when it is a core argument) is a grammatical case used in some languages to indicate the recipient or beneficiary of an action, as in "Maria Jacobo potum dedit", Latin for "Maria gave Jacob a drink". In this example, the dative marks what would be considered the indirect object of a verb in English.

Sometimes the dative has functions unrelated to giving. In Scottish Gaelic and Irish, the term dative case is used in traditional grammars to refer to the prepositional case-marking of nouns following simple prepositions and the definite article. In Georgian and Hindustani (Hindi-Urdu), the dative case can also mark the subject of a sentence. This is called the dative construction. In Hindi, the dative construction is not limited to only certain verbs or tenses and it can be used with any verb in any tense or mood.

The dative was common among early Indo-European languages and has survived to the present in the Balto-Slavic branch and the Germanic branch, among others. It also exists in similar forms in several non-Indo-European languages, such as the Uralic family of languages. In some languages, the dative case has assimilated the functions of other, now extinct cases. In Ancient Greek, the dative has the functions of the Proto-Indo-European locative and instrumental as well as those of the original dative.

Under the influence of English, which uses the preposition "to" for (among other uses) both indirect objects (give to) and directions of movement (go to), the term "dative" has sometimes been used to describe cases that in other languages would more appropriately be called lative.

In addition to its main function as the dativus, the dative case has other functions in Classical Greek (The chart below uses the Latin names for the types of dative; the Greek name for the dative is δοτική πτῶσις, like its Latin equivalent, derived from the verb "to give"; in Ancient Greek, δίδωμι.)

• Dativus finalis: The dativus finalis, or the 'dative of purpose', is when the dative is used to denote the purpose of a certain action. For example:
  • "τῷ βασιλεῖ μάχομαι"
    • "I fight for the king".
  • "θνῄσκω τῇ τιμῇ"
    • "I die for honour".
• Dativus commŏdi (incommodi): The dativus commodi sive incommodi, or the 'dative of benefit (or harm)' is the dative that expresses the advantage or disadvantage of something for someone. For example:
  • For the benefit of: "πᾶς ἀνὴρ αὑτῷ πονεῖ" (Sophocles, Ajax 1366).
    • "Every man toils for himself".
  • For the harm or disadvantage of: "ἥδε ἡ ἡμέρα τοῖς Ἕλλησι μεγάλων κακῶν ἄρξει." (Thucydides 2.12.4).
    • "This day will be the beginning of great sorrows for the Greeks (i.e., for their disadvantage)".
• Dativus possessivus: The dativus possessivus, or the 'dative of possession' is the dative used to denote the possessor of a certain object or objects. For example:
  • "ἄλλοις μὲν γὰρ χρήματά ἐστι πολλὰ καὶ ἵπποι, ἡμῖν δὲ ξύμμαχοι ἀγαθοί." (Thucydides 1.86.3).
    • "For others have a lot of money and ships and horses, but we have good allies (i.e., To others there is a lot of money...)".
• Dativus ethicus: The dativus ethicus, or the 'ethic or polite dative,' is when the dative is used to signify that the person or thing spoken of is regarded with interest by someone. This dative is mostly, if not exclusively, used in pronouns. As such, it is also called the "dative of pronouns." For example:
  • "τούτῳ πάνυ μοι προσέχετε τὸν νοῦν." (Demosthenes 18.178).
    • "Pay close attention to this, I beg you (i.e., please pay..)".
  • "ὦ μῆτερ, ὡς καλός μοι ὁ πάππος." (Xenophon, Cyropaedia 18.178).
    • "Oh, mother, how handsome grandpa is (I've just realized!)".
• Dativus auctoris: The dativus auctoris, or the 'dative of agent,' is the dative used to denote the doer of an action. Note, however, that in Classical Greek, the agent is usually in the genitive after ὑπό (by, at the hands of). The agent is in the dative most often with the perfect and pluperfect passive, and with the verbal adjective in -τέος. For example:
  • "πολλαὶ θεραπεῖαι τοῖς ἰατροῖς εὕρηνται." (Isocrates 8.39)
    • "Many cures have been discovered by doctors."
• Dativus instrumenti: The dativus instrumenti, or the 'dative of instrument,' is when the dative is used to denote an instrument or means of a certain action (or, more accurately, as the instrumental case). For example:
  • "με κτείνει δόλῳ." (Homer, Odyssey 9.407)
    • "He kills me with a bait (i.e., by means of a bait)."
• Dativus modi: The dativus modi, or the 'dative of manner,' is the dative used to describe the manner or way by which something happened. For example:
  • "νόσῳ ὕστερον ἀποθανόντα." (Thucydides 8.84)
    • "having died of (from) a disease."
• Dativus mensurae: The dativus mensurae, or the 'dative of measurement,' is the dative used to denote the measurement of difference. For example:
  • "τῇ κεφαλῇ μείζονα." (Plato, Phaedo 101a)
    • "taller by a head."
  • "μακρῷ ἄριστος." (Plato, Laws 729d)
    • "by far the best."

Russian (Dvoretsky)

δοτική: ἡ (sc. πτῶσις) грам. дательный падеж Plut.

Translations

dative

Albanian: dhanore; Arabic: حَالَة الْمَفْعُول لَهُ‎, حَالَة مِنْ حَالَات النُّصْب‎; Armenian: տրական հոլով, տրական; Asturian: dativu; Belarusian: давальны склон, давальны; Bulgarian: дателен падеж; Catalan: datiu; Chechen: лург дожар; Chinese Mandarin: 與格／与格; Czech: dativ, třetí pád; Dutch: datief, derde naamval, dativus; Erzya: максыця; Esperanto: dativo; Estonian: daativ; Faroese: hvørjumfall; Finnish: datiivi; French: datif; Galician: caso dativo; Georgian: მიცემითი ბრუნვა, მიცემითი, დატივი; German: Dativ, Wemfall, dritter Fall, Wem-Fall; Greek: δοτική πτώση; Ancient Greek: δοτική, δοτικὴ πτῶσις, ἐπισταλτική, ἐπισταλτικὴ πτῶσις; Hungarian: részes eset, részeshatározó eset, dativus; Icelandic: þágufall; Indonesian: datif; Irish: tabharthach; Italian: caso dativo; Japanese: 与格; Kashubian: datiw, dôwôcz; Korean: 여격; Kyrgyz: барыш; Latin: dativus; Latvian: datīvs; Lithuanian: naudininkas; Livonian: datīv; Malay: kes kasus ketiga; Mongolian: өгөх оршихын тийн ялгал, өгөхийн тийн ялгал; Norwegian: dativ, sidefall; Polish: celownik inan; Portuguese: caso dativo, dativo; Romanian: caz dativ, dativ; Russian: дательный падеж, дательный; Rusyn: датів; Scottish Gaelic: tuiseal tabhartach; Serbo-Croatian Cyrillic: датив; Roman: dativ; Slovak: tretí pád, datív; Slovene: dajalnik; Spanish: caso dativo, dativo; Swedish: dativ; Telugu: చతుర్థీ విభక్తి; Thai: สัมปทานการก; Turkish: -e hâli, datif, yönelme hâli/durumu, -e hâli/durumu; Ukrainian: давальний відмі́нок, давальний; Vietnamese: tặng cách; Volapük: kimefal, datif; Welsh: dadiol, derbyniol; Zazaki: halê çerğbıyayışi