διά

English (LSJ)

poet. διαί (Aeol. ζά, q.v.), Prep. governing gen. and acc.— Rad. sense,

   A through; never anastroph. [Prop. δῐᾰ: but Hom. uses ῑ at the beginning of a line, Il.3.357, 4.135, al.: also ᾱ, metri gr., freq. in Hom., for which A. uses διαί in lyr., Ag.448, al.]    A WITH GEN.    I of Place or Space:    1 of motion in a line, from one end to the other, right through, in Hom. freq. of the effect of weapons, διὰ μὲν ἀσπίδος ἦλθε . . ἔγχος καὶ διὰ θώρηκος . . Il. 3.357; δουρὶ βάλεν Δάμασον κυνέης διά 12.183; δι' ὤμου . . ἔγχος ἦλθεν 4.481; in Prose, τιτρώσκειν διὰ τοῦ θώρακος X.An.1.8.26; διὰ τοῦ ὀρόφου ἐφαίνετο πῦρ ib.7.4.16: also of persons, διὰ Σκαιῶν πεδίονδ' ἔχον ὠκέας ἵππους out through the Scaean gate, Il.3.263; δι' ἠέρος αἰθέρ' ἵκανεν quite through the lower air even to the ether, Il.14.288, cf. 2.458; διὰ Τρώων πέτετο straight through them, 13.755; δι' ὄμματος . . λείβων δάκρυον S.OC1250, etc.: also in Compos. with πρό and ἐκ, v. διαπρό, διέκ: in adverbial phrases, διὰ πασῶν (sc. χορδῶν), v. διαπασῶν: διὰ πάσης throughout, Th.1.14; διὰ κενῆς idly, Id.4.126, etc. (cf.111.1.c).    2 of motion through a space, but not in a line, throughout, ouer, ἑπόμεσθα διὰ πεδίοιο Il.11.754; δι' ὄρεσφι 10.185, al.; ὀδύνη διὰ χροὸς ἦλθε through all his frame, 11.398; τεῦχε βοὴν διὰ ἄστεος Od.10.118; δι' ὁμίλου Il.6.226, etc.; θορύβου διὰ τῶν τάξεων ἰόντος X.An.1.8.16, cf. 2.4.26, etc.; later, in quoting an authority, ἱστορεῖ δ. τῆς δευτέρας in the course of .., Ath.10.438b.    3 in the midst of, Il.9.468; κεῖτο τανυσσάμενος δ. μήλων Od.9.298; between, δ. τῶν πλευρέων ταμόντα Hp.Morb.2.61: hence, of pre-eminence, ἔπρεπε καὶ δ. πάντων Il.12.104; τετίμακε δι' ἀνθρώπων Pi.I.4(3).37; εὐδοκιμέοντι δ. πάντων Hdt.6.63, cf. 1.25, etc.    4 in Prose, sts. of extension, along, παρήκει δ. τῆσδε τῆς θαλάσσης ἡ ἀκτή Id.4.39 (but πέταται δ. θαλάσσας across the sea, Pi.N.6.48); λόφος, δι' οὗ τὸ σταύρωμα περιεβέβληντο X.HG7.4.22.    5 in Prose, of Intervals of Space, δ. τριήκοντα δόμων at intervals of thirty layers, i. e. after every thirtieth layer, Hdt.1.179; δ. δέκα ἐπάλξεων at every tenth battlement, Th.3.21; cf. infr. 11.3: of a single interval, δ. πέντε σταδίων at a distance of five stades, Hdt.7.30, cf. 198; δ. τοσούτου μᾶλλον ἢ δ. πολλῶν ἡμερῶν ὁδοῦ at so short a distance, etc., Th.2.29; δ. πολλοῦ at a great distance apart, Id.3.94; δ. πλείστου Id.2.97; δι' ἐλάσσονος Id.3.51; ὕδατα δ. μακροῦ ἀλόμενα Hp.Aër.9, etc.    II of Time,    1 of duration from one end of a period to the other, throughout, δ. παντὸς [τοῦ χρόνου] Hdt.9.13; δι' ὅλου τοῦ αἰῶνος Th.1.70; δι' αἰῶνος S.El.1024; δι' ἡμέρας ὅλης Ar.Pax 27; δι' ὅλης τῆς νυκτός X.An.4.2.4, etc.: without an Adj., δι' ἡμέρης all day long, Hdt.1.97; δ. νυκτός Th.2.4, X.An.4.6.22 (but δ. νυκτός in the course of the night, by night, Act.Ap.5.19, PRyl.138.15 (i A. D.), etc.); δ. νυκτὸς καὶ ἡμέρας Pl.R.343b; δι' ἐνιαυτοῦ, δι' ἔτους, Ar.Fr.569.8, V.1058; δ. βίου Pl.Smp.183e, etc.; δ. τέλους from beginning to end, A.Pr.275, Pl.R.519c, etc.: with Adjs. alone, δ. παντός continually, A.Ch.862 (lyr.), etc.; δι' ὀλίγου for a short time, Th.1.77; δ. μακροῦ E.Hec.320; ὁ δ. μέσου χρόνος Hdt. 8.27.    2 of the interval which has passed between two points of Time, δ. χρόνου πολλοῦ or δ. πολλοῦ χρ. after a long time, Id.3.27, Ar.Pl.1045; δ. μακρῶν χρόνων Pl.Ti.22d: without an Adj., δ. χρόνου after a time, S.Ph.758, X.Cyr.1.4.28, etc.; δι' ἡμερῶν after several days, Ev.Marc.2.1; and with Adjs. alone, δι' ὀλίγου Th.5.14; οὐ δ. μακροῦ Id.6.15,91; δ. πολλοῦ Luc.Nigr.2, etc.: with Numerals, δι' ἐτέων εἴκοσι Hdt.6.118, cf. OGI56.38 (iii B. C.), etc.: but δ. τῆς ἑβδόμης till the seventh day, Luc.Hist.Conscr.21: also distributively, χρόνος δ. χρόνου προὔβαινε time after time, S.Ph.285; ἄλλος δι' ἄλλου E.Andr.1248.    3 of successive Intervals, δ. τρίτης ἡμέρης every other day, Hdt.2.37; δ. τρίτου ἔτεος ib.4, etc.; δ. πεντετηρίδος every four years (with inclusive reckoning), Id.3.97; δι' ἔτους πέμπτου, of the Olympic games, Ar.Pl.584 (but δι' ἑνδεκάτου ἔτεος in the course of the eleventh year, Hdt.1.62).    III causal, through, by,    a of the Agent, δι' ἀλλέλων or -ου ἐπικηρυκεύεσθαι, ποιεῖσθαι, by the mouth of .., Id.1.69,6.4, cf. 1.113; δι' ἑρμηνέως λέγειν X.An.2.3.17, etc.; τὸ ῥηθὲν ὑπὸ Κυρίου δ. τοῦ προφήτου Ev.Matt.1.22; δι' ἑκόντων ἀλλ' οὐ δ. βίας ποιεῖσθαι Pl.Phlb.58b; πεσόντ' ἀλλοτρίας διαὶ γυναικός by her doing, A.Ag.448 (lyr.); ἐκ θεῶν γεγονὼς δ. βασιλέων πεφυκώς X.Cyr.7.2.24; δι' ἑαυτοῦ ποιεῖν τι of oneself, not by another's agency, ib.1.1.4, etc.; but also, by oneself alone, unassisted, D.15.14, cf. 22.38.    b of the Instrument or Means, δ. χειρῶν by hand (prop. by holding between the hands), δι' ὁσίων χ. θιγών S. OC470; also δ. χερῶν λαβεῖν, δ. χειρὸς ἔχειν in the hand, Id.Ant. 916, 1258 (but τὰ τῶν ξυμμάχων δ. χειρὸς ἔχειν to keep a firm hand on, Th.2.13); δ. στέρνων ἔχειν S.Ant.639; ἡ ἀκούουσα πηγὴ δι' ὤτων Id.OT1387; δ. στόματος ἔχειν X.Cyr.1.4.25; δ. μνήμης ἔχειν Luc.Cat.9; αἱ δ. τοῦ σώματος ἡδοναί X.Mem.1.5.6; δ. λόγων συγγίγνεσθαι to hold intercourse by word, Pl.Plt.272b; δ. λόγου ἀπαγγέλλειν Act.Ap.15.27; δι' ἐπιστολῶν 2 Ep.Cor.10.9, POxy. 1070.15 (iii A. D.).    c of Manner (where διά with its Noun freq. serves as an Adv.), δ. μέθης ποιήσασθαι τὴν συνουσίαν Pl.Smp.176e; παίω δι' ὀργῆς through passion, in passion, S.OT807; δ. τάχους, = ταχέως, Id.Aj.822, Th.1.63 (but δ. ταχέων ib.80, al.); δ. σπουδῆς in haste, hastily, E.Ba.212; δι' αἰδοῦς with reverence, respectfully, ib.441; δ. ψευδῶν ἔπη lying words, Id.Hel.309; αἱ δ. καρτερίας ἐπιμέλειαι long-continued exertions, X.Mem.2.1.20; δι' ἀκριβείας, δ. πάσης ἀκρ., Pl.Ti.23d, Lg.876c; δ. σιγῆς Id.Grg.450c; δ. ξυμφορῶν ἡ ξύμβασις ἐγένετο Th.6.10; οὐ δι' αἰνιγμάτων, ἀλλ' ἐναργῶς γέγραπται Aeschin.3.121; δι' αἵματος, οὐ δ. μέλανος τοὺς νόμους ὁ Δράκων ἔγραψεν Plu.Sol.17: also with Adjs., δ. βραχέων, δ. μακρῶν τοὺς λόγους ποιεῖσθαι, Isoc.14.3, Pl.Grg.449b; ἀποκρίνεσθαι δ. βραχυτάτων ibid. d; cf. infr. IV.    2 in later Prose, of Material out of which a thing is made, κατασκευάζειν εἴδωλα δι' ἐλέφαντος καὶ χρυσοῦ D.S.17.115; θυσίαι δι' ἀλφίτου καὶ σπονδῆς πεποιημέναι Plu.Num.8; βρώματα δ. μέλιτος καὶ γάλακτος γιγνόμενα Ath.14.646e; οἶνος δ. βουνίου Dsc. 5.46.    IV διά τινος ἔχειν, εἶναι, γίγνεσθαι, to express conditions or states, ἀγὼν διὰ πάσης ἀγωνίης ἔχων extending through every kind of contest, Hdt.2.91; δι' ἡσυχίης εἶναι Id.1.206; δι' ὄχλου εἶναι to be troublesome, Ar.Ec.888; δ. φόβου εἶναι Th.6.59; δι' ἀπεχθείας γίγνεσθαι X.Hier.9.2; ἡ ἐπιμέλεια δ. χάριτος γίγνεται ibid.; δ. μιᾶς γνώμης γίγνεσθαι Isoc.4.138.    b with Verbs of motion, δ. μάχης ἐλεύσονται will engage in battle, Hdt.6.9; ἐλθεῖν Th.4.92; δ. παντὸς πολέμου, δ. φιλίας ἰέναι τινί, X.An.3.2.8; δ. δίκης ἰέναι τινί go to law with... S.Ant.742, cf. Th.6.60; δ. τύχης ἰέναι S.OT773; δι' ὀργῆς ἥκειν Id.OC905; ἐμαυτῷ δ. λόγων ἀφικόμην I held converse with myself, E.Med.872; δ. λόγων, δ. γλώσσης ἰέναι come to open speech, Id.Tr.916, Supp.112; δ. φιλημάτων ἰέναι come to kissing, Id.Andr. 416; δ. δικαιοσύνης ἰέναι καὶ σωφροσύνης Pl.Prt.323a, etc.; δ. πυρὸς ἰέναι (v. πῦρ): in pass. sense, δι' ἀπεχθείας ἐλθεῖν τινι to be hated by... A.Pr.121 (anap.).    c with trans. Verbs, δι' αἰτίας ἔχειν or ἄγειν τινά hold in fault, Th.2.60, Ael.VH9.32; δι' ὀργῆς ἔχειν τινά Th.2.37, etc.; δ. φυλακῆς ἔχειν τι Id.7.8; δι' οἴκτου ἔχειν τινά, δι' αἰσχύνης ἔχειν τι, E.Hec.851, IT683; δ. πένθους τὸ γῆρας διάγειν X.Cyr.4.6.6; δι' οὐδενὸς ποιεῖσθαί τι S.OC584.    B WITH Acc.    I of Place, only Poet., in same sense as διά c. gen.:    1 through, ἓξ δὲ δ. πτύχας ἦλθε . . χαλκός Il.7.247; ἤϊξε δ. δρυμὰ . . καὶ ὕλην 11.118, cf. 23.122, etc.; δ. τάφρον ἐλαύνειν across it, 12.62; δ. δώματα ποιπνύοντα 1.600; ἐπὶ χθόνα καὶ δ. πόντον βέβακεν Pi.I.4(3).41; φεύγειν δ. κῦμ' ἅλιον A.Supp.14 (anap.).    2 through, among, in, οἴκεον δι' ἄκριας Od.9.400; ἄραβος δὲ δ. στόμα γίγνετ' ὀδόντων Il.10.375 (but μῦθον, ὃν . . δ. στόμα . . ἄγοιτο through his mouth, 14.91; so δ. στόμα ὄσσαν ἱεῖσαι Hes.Th.65; ἀεὶ γὰρ ἡ γυνή σ' ἔχει δ. στόμα Ar.Lys.855); δ. κρατερὰς ὑσμίνας Hes.Th.631; νόμοι δι' αἰθέρα τεκνωθέντες S.OT867 (lyr.).    II of Time, also Poet., δ. νύκτα Il.2.57, etc.; δ. γλυκὺν ὕπνον during sweet sleep, Mosch.4.91.    III causal:    1 of persons, thanks to, by aid of, νικῆσαι δ . . . Ἀθήνην Od.8.520, cf. 13.121; δ. δμῳὰς . . εἷλον 19.154; δ. σε by thy fault or service, S.OC1129, Ar.Pl.145, cf. 160,170: in Prose, by reason of, on account of, δ' ἡμᾶς Th.1.41, cf. X.An.7.6.33, D.18.249; οὐ δι' ἐμαυτόν And.1.144; so εἰ μὴ διά τινα if it had not been for .., εἰ μὴ δι' ἄνδρας ἀγαθούς Lys.12.60; Μιλτιάδην εἰς τὸ βάραθρον ἐμβαλεῖν ἐψηφίσαντο, καὶ εἰ μὴ δ. τὸν πρύτανιν ἐνέπεσεν ἄν Pl.Grg.516e, cf. D.19.74; εἰ μὴ δ. τὴν ἐκείνου μέλλησιν Th.2.18, cf. Ar.V.558; πλέον' ἔλπομαι λόγον Ὀδυσσέος ἢ πάθαν γενέσθαι δι' Ὅμηρον Pi.N.7.21.    2 of things, to express the Cause, Occasion, or Purpose, δι' ἐμὴν ἰότητα because of my will, Il.15.41; Διὸς μεγάλου δ. βουλάς Od.8.82; δι' ἀφραδίας for, through want of thought, 19.523; δι' ἀτασθαλίας 23.67; δι' ἔνδειαν by reason of poverty, X. An.7.8.6; δ. καῦμα, δ. χειμῶνα, ib.1.7.6; δι' ἄγνοιαν καὶ ἀμαθίαν Pl. Prt.360b, etc.: freq. also with neut. Adjs., δ. τί; wherefore?; δ. τοῦτο, δ. ταῦτα on this account; δι' ὅ, δι' ἅ on which account; δ. πολλά for many reasons, etc.    3 = ἕνεκα, to express Purpose, δἰ ἀχθηδόνα for the sake of vexing, Th.4.40, cf. 5.53; δ. τὴν τούτου σαφήνειαν with a view to clearing this up, Pl.R.524c, cf. Arist.EN 1172b21; αὐτή δι' αὑτήν for its own sake, Pl.R.367b, etc.    C WITHOUT CASE as Adv. throughout, δ. πρό (v. supr. A.I.I); δ. δ' ἀμπερές Il.11.377.    D IN COMPOS.:    I through, right through, of Space, διαβαίνω, διέχω, διιππεύω.    II in different directions, as in διαπέμπω, διαφορέω; of separation, asunder, διαιρέω, διαλύω; of difference or disagreement, at variance, διαφωνέω, διαφέρω; or simply mutual relation, one with another, διαγωνίζομαι, διάδω, διαθέω, διαπίνω, διαφιλοτιμέομαι.    III pre-eminence, διαπρέπω, διαφέρω.    IV completion, to the end, utterly, διεργάζομαι, διαμάχομαι, διαπράττω, διαφθείρω: of Time, διαβιόω.    V to add strength, thoroughly, out and out, διαγαληνίζω, etc.; cf. ζά.    VI of mixture, between, partly, esp. in Adj., as διάλευκος, διάχρυσος, διάχλωρος, etc.    VII of leaving an interval or breach, διαλείπω, διαναπαύω. (Cogn. with δύο, δίς.)