μέλας: Difference between revisions
Λύπην γὰρ εὔνους οἶδε θεραπεύειν λόγος → Sanare luctum scit benevola oratio → Betrübnis weiß zu heilen ein geneigtes Wort
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|Definition=(<span class="sense"><p> <span class="bld">A</span> μέλᾰς <span class="bibl">Rhian.58</span>, where <b class="b3">μέγας</b> is corrupt for <b class="b3">μέλας</b>) <b class="b3">, μέλαινα, μέλᾰν</b>; gen. <b class="b3">μέλᾰνος, μελαίνης, μέλᾰνος</b>, etc.; Ep. dat. <b class="b3">μείλανι</b> (metri gr.) <span class="bibl">Il.24.79</span>: Aeol. nom. μέλαις, from <b class="b3">*μέλανς</b>, <span class="bibl">Choerob. <span class="title">in Theod.</span> 1.123</span>, Greg.Cor.<span class="bibl">p.599</span> S., hence restored in Sapph.57:—<b class="b2">black, dark</b>: in Hom. generally, <b class="b2">dark</b> in colour, οἶνος <span class="bibl">Od.5.265</span>; <b class="b3">μέλαν αἷμα, κῦμα</b>, <span class="bibl">Il.4.149</span>, <span class="bibl">23.693</span>; γαῖα μέλαινα <span class="bibl">2.699</span>, cf. <span class="bibl">Sapph.<span class="title">Supp.</span>5.2</span>; ὕδωρ μέλαν Αἰσήποιο <span class="bibl">Il.2.825</span>, cf. <span class="bibl">Od.4.359</span>, <b class="b3">νηῦς μ</b>., from its being <b class="b2">pitched over</b>, <span class="bibl">Il.1.300</span>, al.; of men, <b class="b2">dark, swarthy</b>, μέλανας δὲ ἀνδρικοὺς ἰδεῖν <span class="bibl">Pl.<span class="title">R.</span>474e</span>; ἰσχυρός τις ἦν, μ. <span class="bibl">D.21.71</span>; <b class="b3">τὰ μ</b>. <b class="b2">black marks</b> about the ears of dogs, <span class="bibl">X.<span class="title">Cyn.</span>5.23</span>. </span><span class="sense"> <span class="bld">II</span> <b class="b2">dark, murky</b>, ἕσπερος <span class="bibl">Od.1.423</span>; εὐφρόνα <span class="bibl">Pi.<span class="title">N.</span>7.3</span>. </span><span class="sense"> <span class="bld">III</span> metaph., <b class="b2">black, dark</b>, θάνατος <span class="bibl">Il.2.834</span>, etc.; <b class="b3">κήρ</b> ib.<span class="bibl">859</span>, etc.; ὀδύναι <span class="bibl">4.117</span>, etc. (the origin of the metaphor is seen in the phrases <b class="b3">θανάτου μ. νέφος, ἄχεος νεφέλη μ</b>., <span class="bibl">16</span>. <span class="bibl">350</span>, <span class="bibl">18.22</span>); <b class="b3">μ. τύχα, ἀρά</b>, <span class="bibl">A.<span class="title">Supp.</span>89</span> (lyr.), <span class="bibl"><span class="title">Th.</span>832</span> (lyr.); <b class="b3">Ἐρινύς</b> ib.<span class="bibl">993</span> (lyr.), cf. <span class="bibl"><span class="title">Eu.</span>52</span>; ἄτα <span class="bibl">Id.<span class="title">Ag.</span>769</span> (lyr.); <b class="b3">Ἄρης</b> ib.<span class="bibl">1511</span> (lyr.); Ἅιδης <span class="bibl">S.<span class="title">OT</span>29</span>; Ἅιδου μ. ἀνάγκα <span class="bibl">E.<span class="title">Hipp.</span>1388</span> (lyr.), etc.; <b class="b3">ἡμέραι μέλαιναι</b>, = Lat. <b class="b2">dies atri</b>, <span class="bibl">Plu.<span class="title">Luc.</span>27</span>. </span><span class="sense"> <span class="bld">2</span> of the voice, <b class="b2">indistinct</b>, <span class="bibl">Arist.<span class="title">Top.</span>106a25</span>, <span class="bibl">Philostr.<span class="title">VA</span>4.44</span>; <b class="b3">βραχὺ καὶ μ. φώνημα</b>, of Nero, <span class="bibl">D.C.61.20</span>. </span><span class="sense"> <span class="bld">3</span> <b class="b2">dark, obscure, enigmatical</b>, ἱστορίη <span class="title">AP</span>11.347 (Phil.). </span><span class="sense"> <span class="bld">4</span> of character, <b class="b2">dark, malignant</b>, <b class="b3">μ. φρήν, καρδία</b>, <span class="bibl">Sol.42.4</span>, <span class="bibl">Pi.<span class="title">Fr.</span>123.4</span>; μ. ἄνθρωποι Plu.2.12d; <b class="b3">μ. ἦθος</b> M. Ant.4.28. </span><span class="sense"> <span class="bld">IV</span> Comp. <b class="b3">μελάντερος, α, ον</b>, <b class="b2">blacker, very black</b>, τοῦ δ' οὔ τι μελάντερον ἔπλετο ἔσθος <span class="bibl">Il.24.94</span>: prov. of thick darkness, [<b class="b3">νέφος] μελάντερον ἠΰτε πίσσα</b> (v. <b class="b3">ἠΰτε</b>) <span class="bibl">4.277</span>: Sup. μελάντατος <span class="bibl">Hp. <span class="title">VC</span>14</span>, <span class="bibl">Ar.<span class="title">Fr.</span>580</span>, etc.:—Comp. also μελανώτερος <span class="bibl">Str.16.4.12</span>: Sup. μελαινότατος <span class="title">AP</span>11.68 (Lucill.), <span class="title">Epigr.Gr.</span>320.4 (Thyatira). </span><span class="sense"> <span class="bld">V</span> μέλαινα (sc. <b class="b3">νοῦσος</b>), ἡ, Medic., of diseases causing black secretions (such as <b class="b2">melaena</b>), <span class="bibl">Hp.<span class="title">Morb.</span>2.73</span>. </span><span class="sense"> <span class="bld">VI</span> <b class="b3">μέλαν, τό</b>, v. sub voc. (Cf. Skt. <b class="b2">málam</b> 'dirt', <b class="b2">malinás</b> 'dirty', Lett. <b class="b2">melns</b> 'black'.)</span> | |Definition=(<span class="sense"><p> <span class="bld">A</span> μέλᾰς <span class="bibl">Rhian.58</span>, where <b class="b3">μέγας</b> is corrupt for <b class="b3">μέλας</b>) <b class="b3">, μέλαινα, μέλᾰν</b>; gen. <b class="b3">μέλᾰνος, μελαίνης, μέλᾰνος</b>, etc.; Ep. dat. <b class="b3">μείλανι</b> (metri gr.) <span class="bibl">Il.24.79</span>: Aeol. nom. μέλαις, from <b class="b3">*μέλανς</b>, <span class="bibl">Choerob. <span class="title">in Theod.</span> 1.123</span>, Greg.Cor.<span class="bibl">p.599</span> S., hence restored in Sapph.57:—<b class="b2">black, dark</b>: in Hom. generally, <b class="b2">dark</b> in colour, οἶνος <span class="bibl">Od.5.265</span>; <b class="b3">μέλαν αἷμα, κῦμα</b>, <span class="bibl">Il.4.149</span>, <span class="bibl">23.693</span>; γαῖα μέλαινα <span class="bibl">2.699</span>, cf. <span class="bibl">Sapph.<span class="title">Supp.</span>5.2</span>; ὕδωρ μέλαν Αἰσήποιο <span class="bibl">Il.2.825</span>, cf. <span class="bibl">Od.4.359</span>, <b class="b3">νηῦς μ</b>., from its being <b class="b2">pitched over</b>, <span class="bibl">Il.1.300</span>, al.; of men, <b class="b2">dark, swarthy</b>, μέλανας δὲ ἀνδρικοὺς ἰδεῖν <span class="bibl">Pl.<span class="title">R.</span>474e</span>; ἰσχυρός τις ἦν, μ. <span class="bibl">D.21.71</span>; <b class="b3">τὰ μ</b>. <b class="b2">black marks</b> about the ears of dogs, <span class="bibl">X.<span class="title">Cyn.</span>5.23</span>. </span><span class="sense"> <span class="bld">II</span> <b class="b2">dark, murky</b>, ἕσπερος <span class="bibl">Od.1.423</span>; εὐφρόνα <span class="bibl">Pi.<span class="title">N.</span>7.3</span>. </span><span class="sense"> <span class="bld">III</span> metaph., <b class="b2">black, dark</b>, θάνατος <span class="bibl">Il.2.834</span>, etc.; <b class="b3">κήρ</b> ib.<span class="bibl">859</span>, etc.; ὀδύναι <span class="bibl">4.117</span>, etc. (the origin of the metaphor is seen in the phrases <b class="b3">θανάτου μ. νέφος, ἄχεος νεφέλη μ</b>., <span class="bibl">16</span>. <span class="bibl">350</span>, <span class="bibl">18.22</span>); <b class="b3">μ. τύχα, ἀρά</b>, <span class="bibl">A.<span class="title">Supp.</span>89</span> (lyr.), <span class="bibl"><span class="title">Th.</span>832</span> (lyr.); <b class="b3">Ἐρινύς</b> ib.<span class="bibl">993</span> (lyr.), cf. <span class="bibl"><span class="title">Eu.</span>52</span>; ἄτα <span class="bibl">Id.<span class="title">Ag.</span>769</span> (lyr.); <b class="b3">Ἄρης</b> ib.<span class="bibl">1511</span> (lyr.); Ἅιδης <span class="bibl">S.<span class="title">OT</span>29</span>; Ἅιδου μ. ἀνάγκα <span class="bibl">E.<span class="title">Hipp.</span>1388</span> (lyr.), etc.; <b class="b3">ἡμέραι μέλαιναι</b>, = Lat. <b class="b2">dies atri</b>, <span class="bibl">Plu.<span class="title">Luc.</span>27</span>. </span><span class="sense"> <span class="bld">2</span> of the voice, <b class="b2">indistinct</b>, <span class="bibl">Arist.<span class="title">Top.</span>106a25</span>, <span class="bibl">Philostr.<span class="title">VA</span>4.44</span>; <b class="b3">βραχὺ καὶ μ. φώνημα</b>, of Nero, <span class="bibl">D.C.61.20</span>. </span><span class="sense"> <span class="bld">3</span> <b class="b2">dark, obscure, enigmatical</b>, ἱστορίη <span class="title">AP</span>11.347 (Phil.). </span><span class="sense"> <span class="bld">4</span> of character, <b class="b2">dark, malignant</b>, <b class="b3">μ. φρήν, καρδία</b>, <span class="bibl">Sol.42.4</span>, <span class="bibl">Pi.<span class="title">Fr.</span>123.4</span>; μ. ἄνθρωποι Plu.2.12d; <b class="b3">μ. ἦθος</b> M. Ant.4.28. </span><span class="sense"> <span class="bld">IV</span> Comp. <b class="b3">μελάντερος, α, ον</b>, <b class="b2">blacker, very black</b>, τοῦ δ' οὔ τι μελάντερον ἔπλετο ἔσθος <span class="bibl">Il.24.94</span>: prov. of thick darkness, [<b class="b3">νέφος] μελάντερον ἠΰτε πίσσα</b> (v. <b class="b3">ἠΰτε</b>) <span class="bibl">4.277</span>: Sup. μελάντατος <span class="bibl">Hp. <span class="title">VC</span>14</span>, <span class="bibl">Ar.<span class="title">Fr.</span>580</span>, etc.:—Comp. also μελανώτερος <span class="bibl">Str.16.4.12</span>: Sup. μελαινότατος <span class="title">AP</span>11.68 (Lucill.), <span class="title">Epigr.Gr.</span>320.4 (Thyatira). </span><span class="sense"> <span class="bld">V</span> μέλαινα (sc. <b class="b3">νοῦσος</b>), ἡ, Medic., of diseases causing black secretions (such as <b class="b2">melaena</b>), <span class="bibl">Hp.<span class="title">Morb.</span>2.73</span>. </span><span class="sense"> <span class="bld">VI</span> <b class="b3">μέλαν, τό</b>, v. sub voc. (Cf. Skt. <b class="b2">málam</b> 'dirt', <b class="b2">malinás</b> 'dirty', Lett. <b class="b2">melns</b> 'black'.)</span> | ||
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|ptext=[[https://www.translatum.gr/images/pape/pape-02-0120.png Seite 120]] αινα, αν, gen. [[μέλανος]], äol. μέλαις, Greg. Cor. p. 599, ep. μείλας, μείλανι, Il. 24, 79, s. auch [[μέλανος]] u. [[κελαινός]], – <b class="b2">schwarz</b>, dunkel; νύξ, Il. 18, 486, [[ἕσπερος]], Od. 1, 423, εὐφρόνα, Pind. N. 7, 3, wie Soph. El. 19; νύξ, Aesch. Pers. 349; [[καπνός]], [[λιγνύς]], Suppl. 760 Spt. 476; auch αἴγλα, Eur. Troad. 549; [[γαῖα]], Il. 2, 699; [[ἤπειρος]], Od. 14, 97; [[σποδιά]], 5, 488; τέφρη, Il. 18, 25; [[ἄρουρα]], Pind. N. 11, 39; auch [[ὕδωρ]], Il. 2, 825, wie [[κῦμα]], 23, 693; [[πόντος]], Eur. I. T. 107, wie Ap. Rh. 1, 922; [[αἷμα]], Aesch. Eum. 935, Soph. Trach. 714, vgl. Ai. 1391, Eur. Hec. 536, wobei an verschiedene Abstufungen der dunklen Farbe zu denken; [[οἶνος]] μ., Od. 5, 265, ist dunkelrother Wein; [[ναῦς]] [[μέλαινα]] bei Hom. das schwarze, dunkle Schiff, denn alle Schiffe, welche eine Zeitlang im Wasser gewesen sind, sehen schwarz aus, so daß man weder an die schwarz gepichte Außenseite, noch an den tiefen, dunklen Schiffsraum zu denken hat. – Uebertr. vom Tode, den alle Menschen mit der schwarzen Nacht u. Tiefe zusammenbringen, ohne daß man darum [[μέλας]] in dieser Vrbdg »verdunkelnd« zu übersetzen hätte, [[θάνατος]], Il. 2, 834 Od. 12, 92; Pind. P. 11, 56; [[φόνος]], I. 7, 50; häufig bei Hom. Κήρ u. Κῆρες, z. B. Il. 2, 859 Od. 2, 283; eben so [[μέλαν]] [[νέφος]] θανάτοιο; ἄχεος [[νεφέλη]] [[μέλαινα]], Il. 16, 350. 18, 22, u. ähnl. μέλαιναι ὀδύναι, die schwarzen, finsteren Schmerzen, oder wobei es Einem schwarz vor den Augen wird, Il. 4, 117. 191. So bes. bei den Tragg., ὦ [[μέλαινα]] καὶ τελεία γένεος Οἰδίπου τ' Ἄρα, Aesch. Spt. 814, [[Ἐρινύς]], 977, auch [[Ἄρης]], die finstre, wilde, grausame, Ag. 1492, τύχα, Suppl. 83, [[ὄναρ]], 865; Ἅιδης, Soph. O. R. 29; Ἅιδου [[μέλαινα]] νύκτερός τ' ἀνάγκα, Eur. Hipp. 1388, der auch das Schwert so nennt, Gr. 1472 u. öfter. Im bestimmten Ggstz von [[λευκός]], ἄρν' ἕτερον [[λευκόν]], ἑτέρην δὲ μελαίνην, Il. 3, 103; βότρυες, Hes. Sc. 294; Soph. ἐξ ὅτου λευκὴν ἐγὼ τήνδ' ἐκ μελαίνης ἀμφιβάλλομαι [[τρίχα]], Ant. 1080; πέπλοι, Eur. I. A. 1439; ἐάν τε λευκὸς ἐάν τε [[μέλας]], Plat. Rep. VII, 523 d, öfter. – Auch auf andere Sinne übertr., von der Stimme, dumpf, heiser, Ggstz [[λαμπρός]], Arist. Topic. 1, 15 u. Sp., wie Philostr.; [[φώνημα]], D. C. 61, 20; – φρένες, dunkler, tiefliegender Sinn (vgl. [[ἀμφιμέλας]] u. [[λευκός]]), und von Schriftwerken, dunkel, schwer zu verstehen, ἱστορίη, Philip. 44 (XI, 347), im Ggstz von λευκὸς [[στίχος]]; – μέλανες ἄνθρωποι, schwarze, ruchlose Menschen, Plut. educ. lib. 14; u. so auch wohl φρένες μέλαιναι, im scol. des Sol. bei D. L. 1, 61. Von einem Pankratiasten sagt Dem. 21, 71 [[ἰσχυρός]] τις ἦν, [[μέλας]]. – Τὸ [[μέλαν]], die Tinte (s. oben), das Schwarze im Auge, s. Arist. sens. 2. – Compar. μελάντερος, schwärzer, Il. 24, 94; [[νέφος]] μελάντερον ἠΰτε [[πίσσα]], wie wir auch »pechschwarz« sagen, 4, 277; μελανώ τερος, s. oben. Den superl. μελάντατος haben Sp. | |||
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Revision as of 19:57, 2 August 2017
English (LSJ)
(
A μέλᾰς Rhian.58, where μέγας is corrupt for μέλας) , μέλαινα, μέλᾰν; gen. μέλᾰνος, μελαίνης, μέλᾰνος, etc.; Ep. dat. μείλανι (metri gr.) Il.24.79: Aeol. nom. μέλαις, from *μέλανς, Choerob. in Theod. 1.123, Greg.Cor.p.599 S., hence restored in Sapph.57:—black, dark: in Hom. generally, dark in colour, οἶνος Od.5.265; μέλαν αἷμα, κῦμα, Il.4.149, 23.693; γαῖα μέλαινα 2.699, cf. Sapph.Supp.5.2; ὕδωρ μέλαν Αἰσήποιο Il.2.825, cf. Od.4.359, νηῦς μ., from its being pitched over, Il.1.300, al.; of men, dark, swarthy, μέλανας δὲ ἀνδρικοὺς ἰδεῖν Pl.R.474e; ἰσχυρός τις ἦν, μ. D.21.71; τὰ μ. black marks about the ears of dogs, X.Cyn.5.23. II dark, murky, ἕσπερος Od.1.423; εὐφρόνα Pi.N.7.3. III metaph., black, dark, θάνατος Il.2.834, etc.; κήρ ib.859, etc.; ὀδύναι 4.117, etc. (the origin of the metaphor is seen in the phrases θανάτου μ. νέφος, ἄχεος νεφέλη μ., 16. 350, 18.22); μ. τύχα, ἀρά, A.Supp.89 (lyr.), Th.832 (lyr.); Ἐρινύς ib.993 (lyr.), cf. Eu.52; ἄτα Id.Ag.769 (lyr.); Ἄρης ib.1511 (lyr.); Ἅιδης S.OT29; Ἅιδου μ. ἀνάγκα E.Hipp.1388 (lyr.), etc.; ἡμέραι μέλαιναι, = Lat. dies atri, Plu.Luc.27. 2 of the voice, indistinct, Arist.Top.106a25, Philostr.VA4.44; βραχὺ καὶ μ. φώνημα, of Nero, D.C.61.20. 3 dark, obscure, enigmatical, ἱστορίη AP11.347 (Phil.). 4 of character, dark, malignant, μ. φρήν, καρδία, Sol.42.4, Pi.Fr.123.4; μ. ἄνθρωποι Plu.2.12d; μ. ἦθος M. Ant.4.28. IV Comp. μελάντερος, α, ον, blacker, very black, τοῦ δ' οὔ τι μελάντερον ἔπλετο ἔσθος Il.24.94: prov. of thick darkness, [νέφος] μελάντερον ἠΰτε πίσσα (v. ἠΰτε) 4.277: Sup. μελάντατος Hp. VC14, Ar.Fr.580, etc.:—Comp. also μελανώτερος Str.16.4.12: Sup. μελαινότατος AP11.68 (Lucill.), Epigr.Gr.320.4 (Thyatira). V μέλαινα (sc. νοῦσος), ἡ, Medic., of diseases causing black secretions (such as melaena), Hp.Morb.2.73. VI μέλαν, τό, v. sub voc. (Cf. Skt. málam 'dirt', malinás 'dirty', Lett. melns 'black'.)
German (Pape)
[Seite 120] αινα, αν, gen. μέλανος, äol. μέλαις, Greg. Cor. p. 599, ep. μείλας, μείλανι, Il. 24, 79, s. auch μέλανος u. κελαινός, – schwarz, dunkel; νύξ, Il. 18, 486, ἕσπερος, Od. 1, 423, εὐφρόνα, Pind. N. 7, 3, wie Soph. El. 19; νύξ, Aesch. Pers. 349; καπνός, λιγνύς, Suppl. 760 Spt. 476; auch αἴγλα, Eur. Troad. 549; γαῖα, Il. 2, 699; ἤπειρος, Od. 14, 97; σποδιά, 5, 488; τέφρη, Il. 18, 25; ἄρουρα, Pind. N. 11, 39; auch ὕδωρ, Il. 2, 825, wie κῦμα, 23, 693; πόντος, Eur. I. T. 107, wie Ap. Rh. 1, 922; αἷμα, Aesch. Eum. 935, Soph. Trach. 714, vgl. Ai. 1391, Eur. Hec. 536, wobei an verschiedene Abstufungen der dunklen Farbe zu denken; οἶνος μ., Od. 5, 265, ist dunkelrother Wein; ναῦς μέλαινα bei Hom. das schwarze, dunkle Schiff, denn alle Schiffe, welche eine Zeitlang im Wasser gewesen sind, sehen schwarz aus, so daß man weder an die schwarz gepichte Außenseite, noch an den tiefen, dunklen Schiffsraum zu denken hat. – Uebertr. vom Tode, den alle Menschen mit der schwarzen Nacht u. Tiefe zusammenbringen, ohne daß man darum μέλας in dieser Vrbdg »verdunkelnd« zu übersetzen hätte, θάνατος, Il. 2, 834 Od. 12, 92; Pind. P. 11, 56; φόνος, I. 7, 50; häufig bei Hom. Κήρ u. Κῆρες, z. B. Il. 2, 859 Od. 2, 283; eben so μέλαν νέφος θανάτοιο; ἄχεος νεφέλη μέλαινα, Il. 16, 350. 18, 22, u. ähnl. μέλαιναι ὀδύναι, die schwarzen, finsteren Schmerzen, oder wobei es Einem schwarz vor den Augen wird, Il. 4, 117. 191. So bes. bei den Tragg., ὦ μέλαινα καὶ τελεία γένεος Οἰδίπου τ' Ἄρα, Aesch. Spt. 814, Ἐρινύς, 977, auch Ἄρης, die finstre, wilde, grausame, Ag. 1492, τύχα, Suppl. 83, ὄναρ, 865; Ἅιδης, Soph. O. R. 29; Ἅιδου μέλαινα νύκτερός τ' ἀνάγκα, Eur. Hipp. 1388, der auch das Schwert so nennt, Gr. 1472 u. öfter. Im bestimmten Ggstz von λευκός, ἄρν' ἕτερον λευκόν, ἑτέρην δὲ μελαίνην, Il. 3, 103; βότρυες, Hes. Sc. 294; Soph. ἐξ ὅτου λευκὴν ἐγὼ τήνδ' ἐκ μελαίνης ἀμφιβάλλομαι τρίχα, Ant. 1080; πέπλοι, Eur. I. A. 1439; ἐάν τε λευκὸς ἐάν τε μέλας, Plat. Rep. VII, 523 d, öfter. – Auch auf andere Sinne übertr., von der Stimme, dumpf, heiser, Ggstz λαμπρός, Arist. Topic. 1, 15 u. Sp., wie Philostr.; φώνημα, D. C. 61, 20; – φρένες, dunkler, tiefliegender Sinn (vgl. ἀμφιμέλας u. λευκός), und von Schriftwerken, dunkel, schwer zu verstehen, ἱστορίη, Philip. 44 (XI, 347), im Ggstz von λευκὸς στίχος; – μέλανες ἄνθρωποι, schwarze, ruchlose Menschen, Plut. educ. lib. 14; u. so auch wohl φρένες μέλαιναι, im scol. des Sol. bei D. L. 1, 61. Von einem Pankratiasten sagt Dem. 21, 71 ἰσχυρός τις ἦν, μέλας. – Τὸ μέλαν, die Tinte (s. oben), das Schwarze im Auge, s. Arist. sens. 2. – Compar. μελάντερος, schwärzer, Il. 24, 94; νέφος μελάντερον ἠΰτε πίσσα, wie wir auch »pechschwarz« sagen, 4, 277; μελανώ τερος, s. oben. Den superl. μελάντατος haben Sp.
