ψυχή: Difference between revisions
ῥᾴδιον φθείρειν φαρμακεύσεσιν ἢ ἀποτροπαῖς ἢ καὶ κλοπαῖς → easy to spoil by means of sorcery or diverting or theft
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|Definition=<span class="sense"><p> <span class="bld">A</span> <b class="b2">life</b>, λύθη ψ. τε μένος τε <span class="bibl">Il.5.296</span>, etc.; ψ. τεκαὶ αἰών <span class="bibl">16.453</span>, cf. <span class="bibl">Od.9.523</span>; θυμοῦ καὶ ψ. <span class="bibl">Il.11.334</span>, <span class="bibl">Od.21.154</span>; λαυκανίην, ἵνα τε ψυχῆς ὤκιστος ὄλεθρος <span class="bibl">Il.22.325</span>; <b class="b3">ψυχὰς παρθέμενοι</b> at hazard of their <b class="b2">lives</b>, <span class="bibl">Od.3.74</span>,<span class="bibl">9.255</span>; αἰεὶ ἐμὴν ψ. παραβαλλόμενος <span class="bibl">Il.9.322</span>; <b class="b3">λίσσου' ὑπὲρ ψ. καὶ γούνων</b> by your <b class="b2">life</b>, <span class="bibl">22.338</span>; so ἀντὶ ψ. <span class="bibl">S.<span class="title">OC</span>1326</span>: but <b class="b3">περὶ ψ</b>. to save their <b class="b2">life</b>, <span class="bibl">Od.9.423</span>; περί τε ψυχέων ἐμάχοντο <span class="bibl">22.245</span>; περὶ ψ. θέον Ἕκτορος <span class="bibl">Il.22.161</span>; τρέχων περὶ τῆς ψ. <span class="bibl">Hdt.9.37</span>; τῆς ἐμῆς περὶ ψ. <span class="bibl">A.<span class="title">Eu.</span>115</span>, cf. <span class="bibl">E.<span class="title">Hel.</span>946</span>, <span class="bibl"><span class="title">Heracl.</span>984</span>; περὶ ψ. κινδυνεύων <span class="bibl">Antipho 2.1.4</span>, cf. <span class="bibl">Th. 8.50</span>; ἁγὼν . . σῆς ψ. πέρι <span class="bibl">S.<span class="title">El.</span>1492</span>, cf. <span class="bibl">E.<span class="title">Ph.</span>1330</span>, <span class="bibl"><span class="title">Or.</span>847</span>, <span class="bibl">X.<span class="title">Cyr.</span>3.3.44</span>; τὸν περὶ ψ. δρόμον δραμεῖν <span class="bibl">Ar.<span class="title">V.</span>375</span> (lyr.); ἀγωνίζεσθαι περὶ τῆς ψ. <span class="bibl">X.<span class="title">Eq.Mag.</span>1.19</span>; <b class="b3">ὃ ἂν θέλῃ, ψυχῆς ὠνεῖται [θυμός</b>] in exchange for <b class="b2">life</b>, <span class="bibl">Heraclit.85</span>; τῆς ψ. πρίασθαί τι <span class="bibl">X.<span class="title">Cyr.</span>3.1.36</span>; τί γὰρ δοῖ ἄνθρωπος ἀντάλλαγμα τῆς ψ. αὐτοῦ; <span class="bibl"><span class="title">Ev.Marc.</span>8.37</span>. In early poets: ψυχὰν ἀποπνεῖν <span class="bibl">Simon.52</span>; ψυχὰς ἔχοντες κυμάτων ἐν ἀγκάλαις <span class="bibl">Archil.23</span>; ψυχέων φειδόμενοι <span class="bibl">Tyrt.10.14</span>; θειδωλὴν ψ. θέμενος <span class="bibl">Sol.13.46</span>; ψυχῆς εἵνεκα καὶ βιότου <span class="bibl">Thgn.730</span>; ψυχὰν Ἀΐδᾳ τελέων <span class="bibl">Pi.<span class="title">I.</span>1.68</span>; ψυχὰς βαλον <span class="bibl">Id.<span class="title">O.</span>8.39</span>; χαλκῷ ἀπὸ ψυχὴν ἀρύσας <span class="bibl">Emp.138</span>; τοὐμὸν ἐκπίνουσ' ἀεὶ ψυχῆς ἄκρατον αἷμα <span class="bibl">S.<span class="title">El.</span>786</span>; <b class="b3">τῆς ἐμῆς ψ. γεγώς</b> ib.<span class="bibl">775</span>; τὴν ψ. ἐκπίνουσιν <span class="bibl">Ar.<span class="title">Nu.</span>712</span> (anap.); ψ. ἀφήσω <span class="bibl">E.<span class="title">Or.</span>1171</span>; ψ. σέθεν ἔκτεινε <span class="bibl">Id.<span class="title">Tr.</span>1214</span>; ψ. παραιτέεσθαι <span class="bibl">Hdt.1.24</span>; <b class="b3">ποινὴν τῆς Αἰσώπου ψ</b>. satisfaction for the <b class="b2">life</b> of A., Id.2.134; ψυχῆς ἀποστερῆσαί τινα <span class="bibl">Antipho 4.1.6</span>, cf. <span class="bibl">Th.1.136</span>, etc.; τὴν ψ. ἢ τὴν οὐσίαν ἢ τὴν ἐπιτιμίαν τινὸς ἀφελόμενος <span class="bibl">Aeschin.2.88</span>; τὸ τῆς ψ. ἀπαιτηθεὶς χρέος <span class="bibl">LXX <span class="title">Wi.</span>15</span>. <span class="bibl">8</span>, cf. <span class="bibl"><span class="title">Ev.Luc.</span>12.20</span>; ζητοῦσι τὴν ψ. μου <span class="bibl">LXX <span class="title">3 Ki.</span>19.10</span>, cf. <span class="bibl"><span class="title">Ev.Matt.</span> 2.20</span>; τὴν ψ. αὐτοῦ τίθησιν ὑπὲρ τῶν προβάτων <span class="bibl"><span class="title">Ev.Jo.</span>10.11</span>, etc.; <b class="b3">δεῖρον ἄχρις ἡ ψ . . . ἐπὶ χειλέων λειφθῇ</b> within an inch of his <b class="b2">life</b>, <span class="bibl">Herod.3.3</span>:—the phrase <b class="b3">ἐν τῇ χειρὶ τὴν ψ. ἔχοντα</b> taking his <b class="b2">life</b> in his hands, is prob. f.l. in <span class="bibl">Xenarch.4.20</span>; ἡ ψ. μου ἐν ταῖς χερσί [σου] διὰ πάντος <span class="bibl">LXX <span class="title">Ps.</span>118(119).109</span>, cf. <span class="bibl"><span class="title">1 Ki.</span>19.5</span>, <span class="bibl">28.21</span>, al.; of <b class="b2">life</b> in animals, <span class="bibl">Od.14.426</span>, <span class="bibl">Hes.<span class="title">Sc.</span>173</span>, <span class="bibl">Pi.<span class="title">N.</span>1.47</span>, etc.; τὰ ἄλλα ζῷα, ὅσα ψ. ἔχει Anaxag.4, cf. 12; πάντων τῶν ζῴων ἡ ψ. τὸ αὐτό, ἀήρ Diog. Apoll.5 (cf. infr. IV. 1); <b class="b3">ἡ φύσις τοιαύτη πάντων ὅσσα ψ. ἔχει</b> Democrit.278; <b class="b3">ἐπῴζει καὶ ποιεῖ ψ. ἔχειν</b> (of incubation) <span class="bibl">Epich.172</span>; [ἑρπετὸν] ὃ ἔχει ἐν ἑαυτῷ ψ. ζωῆς <span class="bibl">LXX <span class="title">Ge.</span>1.30</span>; <b class="b3">ἡ ψ. πάσης σαρκὸς αἷμα αὐτοῦ ἐστιν</b> ib.<span class="bibl"><span class="title">Le.</span>17.11</span>, cf. <span class="bibl"><span class="title">De.</span>12.23</span>. </span><span class="sense"> <span class="bld">2</span> metaph. of things <b class="b2">dear as life</b>, χρήματα γὰρ ψ . . . βροτοῖσι <span class="bibl">Hes.<span class="title">Op.</span>686</span>; πᾶσι δ' ἀνθρώποις ἄρ' ἦν ψ. τέκν' <span class="bibl">E.<span class="title">Andr.</span>419</span>; τἀργύριόν ἐστιν αἷμα καὶ ψ. βροτοῖς <span class="bibl">Timocl.35</span>; so as an endearing name, <span class="bibl">Hld.1.8</span>, al.; ζωὴ καὶ ψ. Juv.6.195; ψ. μου Mart.10.68. </span><span class="sense"> <span class="bld">II</span> in Hom., <b class="b2">departed spirit, ghost</b> (ὑποτίθεται [Ὅμηρος] τὰς ψ. τοῖς εἰδώλοις τοῖς ἐν τοῖς κατόπτροις φαινομένοις ὁμοίας . . ἃ καθάπαξ ἡμῖν ἐξείκασται καὶ τὰς κινήσεις μιμεῖται, στερεμνιώδη δὲ ὑπόστασιν οὐδεμίαν ἔχει εἰς ἀντίληψιν καὶ ἁφήν Apollod. Hist.<span class="title">Fr.</span>102(a)J.); ψ. Πατροκλῆος . . πάντ' αὐτῷ . . ἐϊκυῖα <span class="bibl">Il.23.65</span>: freq. in <span class="bibl">Od.11</span>, <b class="b3">ψ. Ἀγαμέμνονος, Ἀχιλῆος</b>, etc., <span class="bibl">387</span>, <span class="bibl">467</span>, al.; ψ. καὶ εἴδωλον <span class="bibl">Il.23.104</span>, cf. <span class="bibl">72</span>, <span class="bibl">Od.24.14</span>; ψ. κατὰ χθονὸς ᾤχετο τετριγυῖα <span class="bibl">Il.23.100</span>; <b class="b3">ψυχὰς ἡρώων</b>, opp. <b class="b3">αὐτούς</b>, <span class="bibl">1.3</span>, cf. <span class="bibl">Hes.<span class="title">Sc.</span>151</span>; ψυχαὶ δ' Ἄϊδόσδε κατῆλθον <span class="bibl">Il.7.330</span>; ψ. δὲ κατ' οὐταμένην ὠτειλὴν ἔσσυτ' ἐπειγομένη <span class="bibl">14.518</span>; sts. hardly dist. from signf. <span class="bibl">1</span>, ἅμα ψ. τε καὶ ἔγχεος ἐξέρυσ' αἰχμήν <span class="bibl">16.505</span>; in swoons it leaves the body, τὸν δὲ λίπε ψ. <span class="bibl">5.696</span>; so in later writers (seldom in Trag.), σὺν Ἀγαμεμνονίᾳ ψυχᾷ <span class="bibl">Pi.<span class="title">P.</span>11.21</span>; <b class="b3">ἑὰν ψυχὰν κομίξαι</b> ib.<span class="bibl">4.159</span>, cf. <span class="bibl"><span class="title">N.</span>8.44</span>; αἱ ψ. ὀσμῶνται καθ' Ἅιδην <span class="bibl">Heraclit.98</span>; πέμψατ' ἔνερθεν ψυχὴν ἐς φῶς <span class="bibl">A.<span class="title">Pers.</span>630</span> (anap.); ποτωμένην ψ. ὑπὲρ σοῦ <span class="bibl">E.<span class="title">Or.</span>676</span>, cf. <span class="bibl"><span class="title">Fr.</span> 912.9</span> (anap.); τὰς τῶν κεκμηκότων ψ., αἷς ἐστιν ἐν τῇ φύσει τῶν αὑτῶν ἐκγόνων κήδεσθαι <span class="bibl">Pl.<span class="title">Lg.</span>927b</span>; <b class="b3">ψ. σοφαί</b>, perh. 'wise <b class="b2">ghosts'</b>, <span class="bibl">Ar.<span class="title">Nu.</span> 94</span>; δὶς ἀποθανουμένη ψ. Anon. ap. Plu.2.236d. </span><span class="sense"> <span class="bld">III</span> the immaterial and immortal <b class="b2">soul</b>, first in Pindar, ἐς τὸν ὕπερθεν ἅλιον κείνων . . ἀνδιδοῖ [Φερσεφόνα] ψυχὰς πάλιν <span class="bibl"><span class="title">Fr.</span>133</span>, cf. <span class="bibl">Pl.<span class="title">Men.</span>81b</span>; εἰπόντες ὡς ἀνθρώπου ψ. ἀθάνατός ἐστι <span class="bibl">Hdt.2.123</span>; ἀγένητόν τε καὶ ἀθάνατον ψ. <span class="bibl">Pl.<span class="title">Phdr.</span>246a</span>, cf. <span class="bibl"><span class="title">Phd.</span>70c</span>, al.; ἀθάνατος ἡμῶν ἡ ψ. καὶ οὐδέποτε ἀπόλλυται <span class="bibl">Id.<span class="title">R.</span>608d</span>; ἁψ. τῷ σώματι συνέζευκται καὶ καθάπερ ἐν σάματι τέθαπται <span class="bibl">Philol.14</span>, cf. <span class="bibl">Pl.<span class="title">Cra.</span>400c</span>: hence freq. opp. σῶμα, ψ. καὶ σῶμα <span class="bibl">X.<span class="title">Mem.</span>1.3.5</span>, cf. <span class="bibl"><span class="title">An.</span>3.2.20</span>; ψ. ἢ σῶμα ἢ συναμφότερον, τὸ ὅλον τοῦτο Pl.<span class="title">Alc.</span>1.130a; εἰς θηρίου βίον ἀνθρωπίνη ψ. ἀφικνεῖται καὶ ἐκ θηρίου . . πάλιν εἰς ἄνθρωπον <span class="bibl">Id.<span class="title">Phdr.</span>249b</span>; κατὰ τοὺς Πυθαγορικοὺς μύθους τὴν τυχοῦσαν ψ. εἰς τὸ τυχὸν ἐνδύεσθαι σῶμα <span class="bibl">Arist.<span class="title">de An.</span> 407b22</span>; οὐδὲ τοῦτο ἐπείσθην, ὡς ἡ ψ., ἕως μὲν ἂν ἐν θνητῷ σώματι ᾖ, ζῇ, ὅταν δὲ τούτου ἀπαλλαγῇ, τέθνηκεν <span class="bibl">X.<span class="title">Cyr.</span>8.7.19</span>; ἀνθρώπου γε ψ., ἣ τοῦ θείου μετέχει, . . ὁρᾶται δ' οὐδ' αὐτή <span class="bibl">Id.<span class="title">Mem.</span>4.3.14</span>, cf. <span class="bibl"><span class="title">Cyr.</span> 8.7.17</span>; <b class="b3">αἰθὴρ μὲμ ψυχὰς ὑπεδέξατο, σώ[ματα δὲ χθών</b>] <span class="title">IG</span>12.945 (v B. C.); ὁπόταμ ψ. προλίπῃ φάος ἀελίοιο <span class="bibl">Orph.<span class="title">Fr.</span>32</span><b class="b2">f</b>.<span class="bibl">1</span>; ἡμεῖς ἐσμεν ψ., ζῷον ἀθάνατον ἐν θνητῷ καθειργμένον φρουρίῳ <span class="bibl">Pl.<span class="title">Ax.</span> 365e</span>. </span><span class="sense"> <span class="bld">IV</span> the <b class="b2">conscious self</b> or <b class="b2">personality</b> as centre of emotions, desires, and affections, χερσὶ καὶ ψυχᾷ δυνατοί <span class="bibl">Pi.<span class="title">N.</span>9.39</span>; μορφὰν βραχύς, ψυχὰν δ' ἄκαμπτος <span class="bibl">Id.<span class="title">I.</span>4(3).53(71)</span>; ἐνίους τῶν καλῶν τὰς μορφὰς μοχθηροὺς ὄντας τὰς ψ. <span class="bibl">X.<span class="title">Oec.</span>6.16</span>; θνητοῦ σώματος ἔτυχες, πειρῶ τῆς ψ. ἀθάνατον μνήμην καταλιπεῖν <span class="bibl">Isoc.2.37</span>; opp. material blessings, κτεάνων ψ. ἔχοντες κρέσσονας <span class="bibl">Pi.<span class="title">N.</span>9.32</span>; μήτε σωμάτων ἐπιμελεῖσθαι μήτε χρημάτων . . οὕτω σφόδρα ὡς τῆς ψ. ὅπως ὡς ἀρίστη ἔσται <span class="bibl">Pl.<span class="title">Ap.</span> 30b</span>, cf. <span class="bibl">29e</span>: hence regarded in abstraction, τὸ παρεχόμενον ἡμῶν ἕκαστον τοῦτ' εἶναι μηδὲν ἀλλ' ἢ τὴν ψ., τὸ δὲ σῶμα ἰνδαλλόμενον ἡμῶν ἑκάστοις ἕπεσθαι <span class="bibl">Pl.<span class="title">Lg.</span>959a</span>; ἡ ψ. ἐστιν ἄνθρωπος Id.<span class="title">Alc.</span>1.130c; οὐδὲ νῦν τήν γ ἐμὴν ψ. ἑωρᾶτε <span class="bibl">X.<span class="title">Cyr.</span>8.7.17</span>, cf. supr.<span class="bibl">111</span>: sts., therefore, distd. from oneself, ψ. γὰρ ηὔδα πολλά μοι μυθουμένη <span class="bibl">S.<span class="title">Ant.</span>227</span>; ἡ ψ. μου πεπότηται <span class="bibl">Ar.<span class="title">Nu.</span>319</span> (anap.); τί ποτ' ἔστι μαθεῖν ἔραται ψ. <span class="bibl">E.<span class="title">Hipp.</span>173</span> (anap.); ἄλλο τι βουλομένη ἑκατέρου ἡ ψ. δήλη ἐστίν <span class="bibl">Pl.<span class="title">Smp.</span>192c</span>; <b class="b3">οἴμοι ψυχή</b> woe is <b class="b2">me!</b> <span class="bibl">LXX <span class="title">Mi.</span>7.1</span>; <b class="b3">καὶ ἐρῶ τῇ ψ. μου, "yuxh/, e)/xeis polla\ a)gaqa/</b>" <span class="bibl"><span class="title">Ev.Luc.</span>12.19</span>; in periphrases, <b class="b3">ψ. Ὀρέστου</b>, = [[Ὀρέστης]], <span class="bibl">S.<span class="title">El.</span>1127</span>, al.: but <b class="b3">τὴν Φιλοκτήτου ψ. ἐκκλέψεις</b> his <b class="b2">wits</b>, <span class="bibl">Id.<span class="title">Ph.</span>55</span>; ἡ δ' ἐμὴ ψ. τέθνηκεν <span class="bibl">Id.<span class="title">Ant.</span>559</span>, cf. <span class="bibl"><span class="title">OC</span>999</span>; so <b class="b3">ψυχαί</b> abs., = [[ἄνθρωποι, ψ. ὀλέσασα]] <span class="bibl">A.<span class="title">Ag.</span>1457</span> (lyr.); <b class="b3">ψ. πολλαὶ ἔθανον</b> many <b class="b2">souls</b> perished, <span class="bibl">Ar.<span class="title">Th.</span>864</span>; πᾶσαι αἱ ψ., υἱοὶ καὶ αἱ θυγατέρες λ γ <span class="bibl">LXX <span class="title">Ge.</span>46.15</span>, cf. <span class="bibl"><span class="title">Ex.</span>12.4</span>, al.; [κιβωτὸς] εἰς ἣν ὀλίγοι, τοῦτ' ἔστιν ὀκτὼ ψ., διεσώθησαν <span class="bibl"><span class="title">1 Ep.Pet.</span>3.20</span>. In apostrophe, μή, φίλα ψ. <span class="bibl">Pi.<span class="title">P.</span>3.61</span>; ὦ μελέα ψ. <span class="bibl">S.<span class="title">Ph.</span>712</span> (lyr.); ὦ ἀγαθὴ καὶ πιστὴ ψ. <span class="bibl">X.<span class="title">Cyr.</span>7.3.8</span>; in referring to persons, ὅταν μεγάλη ψ. φυῇ <span class="bibl">Pl.<span class="title">R.</span> 496b</span> (cf. [[μεγαλόψυχος]]) <b class="b3">; καλεῖται γοῦν ἡ ψ. Κρινοκοράκα</b> the <b class="b2">creature</b>, <span class="bibl">Thphr.<span class="title">Char.</span>28.2</span>; πάσῃ ψ. τετελευτηκυίᾳ <span class="bibl">LXX <span class="title">Nu.</span>6.6</span>,<span class="bibl">11</span>; πᾶσα ψ. ὑποτασσέσθω <span class="bibl"><span class="title">Ep.Rom.</span>13.1</span>, etc.: generally, <b class="b2">being</b>, <b class="b3">ψυχὴ ζῶσα</b> living <b class="b2">creature</b>, <span class="bibl">LXX <span class="title">Ge.</span>1.24</span>, cf. <span class="bibl">20</span>(pl.). </span><span class="sense"> <span class="bld">2</span> of various aspects of the <b class="b2">self</b>, <b class="b3">ἐν πολέμοιο μάχαις τλάμονι ψ. παρέμειν</b>) enduring <b class="b2">heart</b>, <span class="bibl">Pi.<span class="title">P.</span>1.48</span>; διεπειρᾶτο αὐτοῦ τῆς ψ. <span class="bibl">Hdt.3.14</span>, <b class="b3">ἦν ηὰρ . . ψυχὴν οὐκ ἄκρος</b> poor-<b class="b2">spirited</b>, <span class="bibl">Id.5.124</span>; ψυχὴν ἄριστε πάντων <span class="bibl">Ar.<span class="title">Eq.</span>457</span>; καρτερὰν ψ. λαβεῖν <span class="bibl">Id.<span class="title">Ach.</span>393</span>; κράτιστοι ἂν τὴν ψ. κριθεῖεν <span class="bibl">Th.2.40</span>; τοῖς σώμασι δύνανται τὰς δὲ ψ. οὐκ ἔχουσιν <span class="bibl">Lys.10.29</span>; ὁ γὰρ' λόγχην ἀκονῶν καὶ τὴν ψ. τι παρακονᾷ <span class="bibl">X.<span class="title">Cyr.</span>6.2.33</span>, cf. <span class="bibl"><span class="title">Oec.</span>21.3</span>. </span><span class="sense"> <span class="bld">3</span> of the emotional self, ὑπείργασμαι μὲν εὖ ψυχὴν ἔρωτι <span class="bibl">E.<span class="title">Hipp.</span>505</span>, cf. <span class="bibl">527</span> (lyr.); πάνυ μου ἡ ψ. ἐπεθύμει <span class="bibl">X.<span class="title">Oec.</span>6.14</span>; τίνα ποτὲ ψ. ἔχων; <span class="bibl">Lys.32.12</span>; <b class="b3">τίν' οἴεσθ' αὐτὴν ψ. ἕξειν, ὅταν ἐμὲ ῒδῃ;</b> how will she <b class="b2">feel?</b> <span class="bibl">D.28.21</span>; <b class="b3">μία ψ</b>., prov. of friends, <span class="bibl">Arist.<span class="title">EN</span>1168b7</span>; <b class="b3">ψ. μία ἤστην</b> prob. in <span class="bibl">Phryn. <span class="title">PS</span>p.128B.</span>; of appetite, ψυχῇ διδόντες ἡδονήν <span class="bibl">A.<span class="title">Pers.</span>841</span> (s. v.l.), cf. <span class="bibl">Epich.297</span>, Theocr.<span class="bibl">16.24</span>; λίχνῳ δὲ ὄντι τὴν ψ. <span class="bibl">Pl.<span class="title">R.</span>579b</span>; τῷ δὲ ἡ ψ. σῖτον μὲν οὐ προσίετο, διψῆν δ' ἐδόκει <span class="bibl">X.<span class="title">Cyr.</span>8.7.4</span>. </span><span class="sense"> <span class="bld">4</span> of the moral and intellectual <b class="b2">self</b>, ἀπὸ πάμπαν ἀδίκων ἔχειν ψ. <span class="bibl">Pi.<span class="title">O.</span> 2.70</span>; ψ. τε καὶ φρόνημα καὶ γνώμην <span class="bibl">S.<span class="title">Ant.</span>176</span>; ἀρκεῖν . . κἀντὶ μυρίων μίαν ψ. τάδ' ἐκτίνουσαν, ἢν εὔνους παρῇ <span class="bibl">Id.<span class="title">OC</span>499</span>; ψ. γὰρ εὔνους καὶ φρονοῦσα τοὔνδικον <span class="bibl">Id.<span class="title">Fr.</span>101</span>; ἡ κακὴ σὴ ψ. <span class="bibl">Id.<span class="title">Ph.</span>1014</span>; ψυχῆς κατήγορος κακῆς <span class="bibl">X.<span class="title">Oec.</span>20.15</span>, cf. <span class="bibl">Pl.<span class="title">R.</span>353e</span>; ἡ βουλεύσασα ψ. <span class="bibl">Antipho 4.1.7</span>, cf. <span class="bibl">Pl.<span class="title">Lg.</span>873a</span>; <b class="b3">τὸ σῶμα ἀπειρηκὸς ἡ ψ. συνεξέσωσεν . . διὰ τὸ μὴ ξυνειδέναι ἑαυτῇ</b> the <b class="b2">mind</b> conscious of innocence, <span class="bibl">Antipho 5.93</span>; τὸ ἐπιμελεῖσθαι καὶ ἄρχειν καὶ βουλεύεσθαι . . ἐσθ' ὅτῳ ἄλλῳ ἢ ψυχῇ δικαίως ἂν ἀποδοῖμεν; <span class="bibl">Pl.<span class="title">R.</span>353d</span>; τὴν τῆς ψ. ἐπιμέλειαν <span class="bibl">X.<span class="title">Mem.</span> 1.2.4</span>, <span class="bibl">Isoc.15.304</span>; <b class="b3">τὰ ἐν τῇ ψ. διὰ τὴν παιδείαν ἐγγιγνόμενα</b> ib.290; τῆς ψ. ἐξελθούσης, ἐν ᾗ μόνῃ γίγνεται φρόνησις <span class="bibl">X.<span class="title">Mem.</span>1.2.53</span>; νοῦς τε καὶ ψ. <span class="bibl">Pl.<span class="title">Cra.</span>400a</span>, cf. <span class="bibl"><span class="title">Phdr.</span>247c</span>, al.; ἐμπαίει τί μοι ψυχῇ σύνηθες ὄμμα <span class="bibl">S.<span class="title">El.</span>903</span>; ἰδὼν μὲν γνούς τε σῇ ψ., τέκνον <span class="bibl">E.<span class="title">Tr.</span>1171</span>. Phrases:— ἐκ τῆς ψ. φίλος <span class="bibl">X.<span class="title">An.</span>7.7.43</span>; <b class="b3">ἀπὸ τῆς ψ. φιλεῖν</b> with all the <b class="b2">heart</b>, <span class="bibl">Thphr. <span class="title">Char.</span>17.3</span>; βόσκοιτ' ἐκ ψυχᾶς τὰς ἀμνάδας <span class="bibl">Theoc.8.35</span>; ὅλῃ τῇ ψ. κεχαρίσθαι τινί <span class="bibl">X.<span class="title">Mem.</span>3.11.10</span>; <b class="b3">οὐκ ἐᾷ ἡμᾶς οὐδὲ ψυχῆς λαχεῖν</b> he won't let us call our <b class="b2">soul</b> our own, <span class="bibl">Phryn.<span class="title">PS</span>p.128B.</span> </span><span class="sense"> <span class="bld">5</span> of animals, <b class="b3">ψ. μεγαλόφρων</b>, of a horse, <span class="bibl">X.<span class="title">Eq.</span>11.1</span>; θηρίων ψ. ἡμεροῦμεν <span class="bibl">Isoc.2.12</span>; <b class="b3">ψ. χηνός, ὀρτυγίου</b>, <span class="bibl">Eub.101</span>, <span class="bibl">Antiph.5</span>. </span><span class="sense"> <span class="bld">6</span> of inanimate things, πᾶσα πολιτεία ψ. πόλεώς ἐστιν <span class="bibl">Isoc.12.138</span>, cf. <span class="bibl">7.14</span>; ἡ τῶνδε τῶν ἀνδρῶν ἀρετὴ τῆς Ἑλλάδος ἦν ψ. <span class="bibl">D.60.23</span>; οἷον ψ. ὁ μῦθος τῆς τραγῳδίας <span class="bibl">Arist.<span class="title">Po.</span>1450a38</span>; also of the <b class="b2">spirit</b> of an author, <span class="bibl">D.H.<span class="title">Lys.</span>11</span>. </span><span class="sense"> <span class="bld">V</span> Philosophical uses: </span><span class="sense"> <span class="bld">1</span> In the early physicists, of the primary substance, the source of <b class="b2">life and consciousness</b>, <b class="b3">ὁρίζονται πάντες</b> (sc. <b class="b3">οἱ πρότεροι</b>) τὴν ψ. τρισίν, κινήσει, αἰσθήσει, τῷ ἀσωμάτῳ <span class="bibl">Arist.<span class="title">de An.</span> 405b11</span>; <b class="b3">τὸν λίθον ἔφη [Θαλῆς] ψ. ἔχειν ὅτι τὸν σίδηρον κινεῖ</b>, of the magnet, ib.<span class="bibl">405a20</span>; <b class="b3">ψυχῇσιν θάνατος ὕδωρ γενέσθαι, ὕδατι δὲ θάνατος γῆν γενέσθαι, ἐκ γῆς δὲ ὕδωρ γίνεται, ἐξ ὕδατος δὲ ψ</b>. (sc. <b class="b3">πῦρ</b>) <span class="bibl">Heraclit. 36</span>; ἡ ψ. πνεῦμα Xenoph. ap. <span class="bibl">D.L.9.19</span>; <b class="b3">καρδία ψυχῆς καὶ αἰσθήσιος [ἀρχά</b>] <span class="bibl">Philol.13</span>; τοῦτο [ἀὴρ] αὐτοῖς καὶ ψ. ἐστι καὶ νόησις Diog. Apoll.4; τὴν τῶν ἄλλων ἁπάντων φύσιν οὐ πιστεύεις Ἀναξαγόρᾳ νοῦν καὶ ψ. εἶναι τὴν διακοσμοῦσαν; <span class="bibl">Pl.<span class="title">Cra.</span>400a</span>, cf. <span class="bibl">Arist.<span class="title">de An.</span>404a25</span>; <b class="b3">Δημόκριτος πῦρ τι καὶ θερμόν θησιν αὐτὴν</b> (sc. <b class="b3">ψυχὴν</b>) <b class="b3"> εἶναι</b> ib.<span class="bibl">404a1</span>, cf. <span class="bibl"><span class="title">Resp.</span>472a4</span>. </span><span class="sense"> <span class="bld">2</span> the <b class="b2">spirit</b> of the universe, ψ. εἰς τὸ μέσον [τοῦ κόσμου] θείς <span class="bibl">Pl.<span class="title">Ti.</span>34b</span>, cf. <span class="bibl">30b</span>; τὴν τοῦ παντὸς δῆλον ὅτι τοιαύτην εἶναι βούλεται [ὁ Τίμαιος] οἷόν ποτ' ἐστὶν ὁ καλούμενος νοῦς <span class="bibl">Arist.<span class="title">de An.</span>407a3</span>; <b class="b3">ἐν τῷ ὅλῳ τινὲς [τὴν ψ.] μεμεῖχθαί φασιν, ὅθεν ἴσως καὶ Θαλῆς ᾠήθη πάντα πλήρη θεῶν εἶναι</b> ib.<span class="bibl">411a8</span>; ὁ κόσμος ψ. ἐστὶν ἑαυτοῦ καὶ ἡγεμονικόν <span class="bibl">Chrysipp.Stoic.2.186</span>; <b class="b3">ψ. [κόσμου</b>] Plu.2.1013e, cf. <span class="bibl">M.Ant.4.40</span>; ψ. ἐλθοῦσα εἰς σῶμα οὐρανοῦ <span class="bibl">Plot.5.1.2</span>; τόδε τὸ πᾶν ψ. μίαν ἔχον εἰς πάντα αὐτοῦ μέρη <span class="bibl">Id.4.4.32</span>; <b class="b3">περὶ ψυχᾶς κόσμου καὶ φύσιος</b>, title of work by Ti.Locr. </span><span class="sense"> <span class="bld">3</span> In Pl. the immaterial principle of movement and life, ὅταν παρῇ [ψυχὴ] τῷ σώματι, αἴτιόν ἐστι τοῦ ζῆν αὐτῷ <span class="bibl">Pl.<span class="title">Cra.</span>399d</span>, cf. <span class="bibl"><span class="title">Def.</span>411c</span>; [ψυχῆς λόγον ἔχομεν] τὴν δυναμένην αὐτὴν αὑτὴν κινεῖν κίνησιν <span class="bibl">Id.<span class="title">Lg.</span>896a</span>; <b class="b3">μεταβολῆς τε καὶ κινήσεως ἁπάσης αἰτία [ἡ ψ.] ἅπασιν</b> ib. b, cf. <span class="bibl">892c</span>; its presence is requisite for thought, σοφία καὶ νοῦς ἄνευ ψ. οὐκ ἂν γενοίσθην <span class="bibl">Id.<span class="title">Phlb.</span>30c</span>, cf. <span class="bibl"><span class="title">Ti.</span> 30b</span>, <span class="bibl"><span class="title">Sph.</span>249a</span>; defined by Arist. as οὐσία ὡς εἶδος σώματος φυσικοῦ δυνάμει ζωὴν ἔχοντος <span class="bibl"><span class="title">de An.</span>412a20</span>; <b class="b3">ἐντελέχεια ἡ πρώτη σώματος φυσικοῦ ὀργανικοῦ</b> ib.<span class="bibl">412b5</span>; the tripartite division of ψ., οἱ δὲ περὶ Πλάτωνα καὶ Ἀρχύτας καὶ οἱ λοιποὶ Πυθαγόρειοι τὴν ψ. τριμερῆ ἀποφαίνονται, διαιροῦντες εἰς λογισμὸν καὶ θυμὸν καὶ ἐπιθυμίαν Iamb. ap. Stob.1.49.34, cf. <span class="bibl">Pl.<span class="title">R.</span>439e</span> sqq.; in Arist. ἡ ψ. τούτοις ὥρισται, θρεπτικῷ, αἰσθητικῷ, διανοητικῷ, κινήσει· πότερον δὲ τοὔτων ἕκαστόν ἐστι ψ. ἢ ψυχῆς μόριον; <span class="bibl"><span class="title">de An.</span>413b11</span>, cf. <span class="bibl"><span class="title">PA</span>641b4</span>; ἡ θρεπτικὴ ψ. <span class="bibl">Id.<span class="title">de An.</span>434a22</span>, al.; in the Stoics and Epicureans, <b class="b3">σῶμα ἡ ψ</b>. Zeno and <span class="bibl">Chrysipp.Stoic.1.38</span>; of the <b class="b2">scala naturae</b>, τὰ μὲν ἕξει διοικεῖται, τὰ δὲ φύσει, τὰ δ' ἀλόγῳ ψ., τὰ δὲ καὶ λόγον ἐχούσῃ καὶ διάνοιαν <span class="title">Stoic.</span>2.150, cf. <span class="bibl">M.Ant.6.14</span>; ἡ ψ. σῶμά ἐστι λεπτομερές . . προσεμφερέστατον πνεύματι θερμοῦ τινα κρᾶσιν ἔχοντι <span class="bibl">Epicur.<span class="title">Ep.</span>1p.19U.</span>; τέλος . . τὸ μήτε ἀλγεῖν κατὰ σῶμα μήτε ταράττεσθαι κατὰ ψ. <span class="bibl">Id.<span class="title">Ep.</span>3p.64U.</span>; in the Neo-Platonists characterized by discursive thinking, τοὺς λογισμοὺς ψυχῆς εἶναι ἐνεργήματα <span class="bibl">Plot.1.1.7</span>; related to <b class="b3">νοῦς</b> as image to archetype, <b class="b3">εἰκών τίς ἐστι νοῦ [ψ</b>.] <span class="bibl">Id.5.1.3</span>; present in entirety in every part, πάρεστι πᾶσα πανταχοῦ ψ. <span class="bibl">Id.5.1.2</span>, cf. <span class="bibl">4.7.5</span>; φύσις ψ. οὖσα, γέννημα ψυχῆς προτέρας <span class="bibl">Id.3.8.4</span>; animal and vegetable bodies possess οἷον σκιὰν ψυχῆς <span class="bibl">Id.4.4.18</span>; πᾶν σῶμα . . ψυχῆς μετουσίᾳ κινεῖται ἐξ ἑαυτοῦ καὶ ζῇ διὰ ψ. <span class="bibl">Procl.<span class="title">Inst.</span>20</span>. </span><span class="sense"> <span class="bld">VI</span> <b class="b2">butterfly</b> or <b class="b2">moth</b>, <span class="bibl">Arist.<span class="title">HA</span>551a14</span>, <span class="bibl">Thphr.<span class="title">HP</span>2.4.4</span>, Plu.2.636c. </span><span class="sense"> <span class="bld">2</span> <b class="b3">τριπόλιον</b>, Ps.-Dsc.4.132. </span><span class="sense"> <span class="bld">VII</span> <b class="b2">Psyche</b>, in the allegory of Psyche and Eros, Apul.<span class="title">Metam.</span> bks. 4-6, Aristophontes ap. Fulg.<span class="title">Myth.</span>3.6. (See ancient speculations on the derivation, <span class="bibl">Pl.<span class="title">Cra.</span>399d</span>-<span class="bibl">400a</span>, <span class="bibl">Arist.<span class="title">de An.</span>405b29</span>, <span class="bibl">Chrysipp.Stoic.2.222</span>; Hom. usage gives little support to the derivation from <b class="b3">ψύχω</b> 'blow, breathe'; τὸν δὲ λίπε ψ. <span class="bibl">Il.5.696</span> means 'his <b class="b2">spirit</b> left his body', and so <b class="b3">λειποψυχέω</b> means 'swoon', not 'become breathless'; ἀπὸ δὲ ψ. ἐκάπυσσε <span class="bibl">Il.22.467</span> means 'she gasped out her <b class="b2">spirit</b>', viz. 'swooned'; the resemblance of <b class="b3">ἄμπνυτο</b> 'recovered consciousness' to <b class="b3">ἀμπνέω</b> 'recover breath' is deceptive, v. [[ἄμπνυτο]], [[ἔμπνυτο]]: when concrete the Homeric <b class="b3">ψ</b>. is rather <b class="b2">warm blood</b> than <b class="b2">breath</b>, cf. <span class="bibl">Il.14.518</span>, <span class="bibl">16.505</span>, where the <b class="b3">ψ</b>. escapes through a wound; cf. <b class="b3">ψυχοπότης, ψυχορροφέω</b>, and <span class="bibl">S.<span class="title">El.</span>786</span>, <span class="bibl">Ar.<span class="title">Nu.</span>712</span> (v. supr.<span class="bibl">1</span>).)</span> | |Definition=<span class="sense"><p> <span class="bld">A</span> <b class="b2">life</b>, λύθη ψ. τε μένος τε <span class="bibl">Il.5.296</span>, etc.; ψ. τεκαὶ αἰών <span class="bibl">16.453</span>, cf. <span class="bibl">Od.9.523</span>; θυμοῦ καὶ ψ. <span class="bibl">Il.11.334</span>, <span class="bibl">Od.21.154</span>; λαυκανίην, ἵνα τε ψυχῆς ὤκιστος ὄλεθρος <span class="bibl">Il.22.325</span>; <b class="b3">ψυχὰς παρθέμενοι</b> at hazard of their <b class="b2">lives</b>, <span class="bibl">Od.3.74</span>,<span class="bibl">9.255</span>; αἰεὶ ἐμὴν ψ. παραβαλλόμενος <span class="bibl">Il.9.322</span>; <b class="b3">λίσσου' ὑπὲρ ψ. καὶ γούνων</b> by your <b class="b2">life</b>, <span class="bibl">22.338</span>; so ἀντὶ ψ. <span class="bibl">S.<span class="title">OC</span>1326</span>: but <b class="b3">περὶ ψ</b>. to save their <b class="b2">life</b>, <span class="bibl">Od.9.423</span>; περί τε ψυχέων ἐμάχοντο <span class="bibl">22.245</span>; περὶ ψ. θέον Ἕκτορος <span class="bibl">Il.22.161</span>; τρέχων περὶ τῆς ψ. <span class="bibl">Hdt.9.37</span>; τῆς ἐμῆς περὶ ψ. <span class="bibl">A.<span class="title">Eu.</span>115</span>, cf. <span class="bibl">E.<span class="title">Hel.</span>946</span>, <span class="bibl"><span class="title">Heracl.</span>984</span>; περὶ ψ. κινδυνεύων <span class="bibl">Antipho 2.1.4</span>, cf. <span class="bibl">Th. 8.50</span>; ἁγὼν . . σῆς ψ. πέρι <span class="bibl">S.<span class="title">El.</span>1492</span>, cf. <span class="bibl">E.<span class="title">Ph.</span>1330</span>, <span class="bibl"><span class="title">Or.</span>847</span>, <span class="bibl">X.<span class="title">Cyr.</span>3.3.44</span>; τὸν περὶ ψ. δρόμον δραμεῖν <span class="bibl">Ar.<span class="title">V.</span>375</span> (lyr.); ἀγωνίζεσθαι περὶ τῆς ψ. <span class="bibl">X.<span class="title">Eq.Mag.</span>1.19</span>; <b class="b3">ὃ ἂν θέλῃ, ψυχῆς ὠνεῖται [θυμός</b>] in exchange for <b class="b2">life</b>, <span class="bibl">Heraclit.85</span>; τῆς ψ. πρίασθαί τι <span class="bibl">X.<span class="title">Cyr.</span>3.1.36</span>; τί γὰρ δοῖ ἄνθρωπος ἀντάλλαγμα τῆς ψ. αὐτοῦ; <span class="bibl"><span class="title">Ev.Marc.</span>8.37</span>. In early poets: ψυχὰν ἀποπνεῖν <span class="bibl">Simon.52</span>; ψυχὰς ἔχοντες κυμάτων ἐν ἀγκάλαις <span class="bibl">Archil.23</span>; ψυχέων φειδόμενοι <span class="bibl">Tyrt.10.14</span>; θειδωλὴν ψ. θέμενος <span class="bibl">Sol.13.46</span>; ψυχῆς εἵνεκα καὶ βιότου <span class="bibl">Thgn.730</span>; ψυχὰν Ἀΐδᾳ τελέων <span class="bibl">Pi.<span class="title">I.</span>1.68</span>; ψυχὰς βαλον <span class="bibl">Id.<span class="title">O.</span>8.39</span>; χαλκῷ ἀπὸ ψυχὴν ἀρύσας <span class="bibl">Emp.138</span>; τοὐμὸν ἐκπίνουσ' ἀεὶ ψυχῆς ἄκρατον αἷμα <span class="bibl">S.<span class="title">El.</span>786</span>; <b class="b3">τῆς ἐμῆς ψ. γεγώς</b> ib.<span class="bibl">775</span>; τὴν ψ. ἐκπίνουσιν <span class="bibl">Ar.<span class="title">Nu.</span>712</span> (anap.); ψ. ἀφήσω <span class="bibl">E.<span class="title">Or.</span>1171</span>; ψ. σέθεν ἔκτεινε <span class="bibl">Id.<span class="title">Tr.</span>1214</span>; ψ. παραιτέεσθαι <span class="bibl">Hdt.1.24</span>; <b class="b3">ποινὴν τῆς Αἰσώπου ψ</b>. satisfaction for the <b class="b2">life</b> of A., Id.2.134; ψυχῆς ἀποστερῆσαί τινα <span class="bibl">Antipho 4.1.6</span>, cf. <span class="bibl">Th.1.136</span>, etc.; τὴν ψ. ἢ τὴν οὐσίαν ἢ τὴν ἐπιτιμίαν τινὸς ἀφελόμενος <span class="bibl">Aeschin.2.88</span>; τὸ τῆς ψ. ἀπαιτηθεὶς χρέος <span class="bibl">LXX <span class="title">Wi.</span>15</span>. <span class="bibl">8</span>, cf. <span class="bibl"><span class="title">Ev.Luc.</span>12.20</span>; ζητοῦσι τὴν ψ. μου <span class="bibl">LXX <span class="title">3 Ki.</span>19.10</span>, cf. <span class="bibl"><span class="title">Ev.Matt.</span> 2.20</span>; τὴν ψ. αὐτοῦ τίθησιν ὑπὲρ τῶν προβάτων <span class="bibl"><span class="title">Ev.Jo.</span>10.11</span>, etc.; <b class="b3">δεῖρον ἄχρις ἡ ψ . . . ἐπὶ χειλέων λειφθῇ</b> within an inch of his <b class="b2">life</b>, <span class="bibl">Herod.3.3</span>:—the phrase <b class="b3">ἐν τῇ χειρὶ τὴν ψ. ἔχοντα</b> taking his <b class="b2">life</b> in his hands, is prob. f.l. in <span class="bibl">Xenarch.4.20</span>; ἡ ψ. μου ἐν ταῖς χερσί [σου] διὰ πάντος <span class="bibl">LXX <span class="title">Ps.</span>118(119).109</span>, cf. <span class="bibl"><span class="title">1 Ki.</span>19.5</span>, <span class="bibl">28.21</span>, al.; of <b class="b2">life</b> in animals, <span class="bibl">Od.14.426</span>, <span class="bibl">Hes.<span class="title">Sc.</span>173</span>, <span class="bibl">Pi.<span class="title">N.</span>1.47</span>, etc.; τὰ ἄλλα ζῷα, ὅσα ψ. ἔχει Anaxag.4, cf. 12; πάντων τῶν ζῴων ἡ ψ. τὸ αὐτό, ἀήρ Diog. Apoll.5 (cf. infr. IV. 1); <b class="b3">ἡ φύσις τοιαύτη πάντων ὅσσα ψ. ἔχει</b> Democrit.278; <b class="b3">ἐπῴζει καὶ ποιεῖ ψ. ἔχειν</b> (of incubation) <span class="bibl">Epich.172</span>; [ἑρπετὸν] ὃ ἔχει ἐν ἑαυτῷ ψ. ζωῆς <span class="bibl">LXX <span class="title">Ge.</span>1.30</span>; <b class="b3">ἡ ψ. πάσης σαρκὸς αἷμα αὐτοῦ ἐστιν</b> ib.<span class="bibl"><span class="title">Le.</span>17.11</span>, cf. <span class="bibl"><span class="title">De.</span>12.23</span>. </span><span class="sense"> <span class="bld">2</span> metaph. of things <b class="b2">dear as life</b>, χρήματα γὰρ ψ . . . βροτοῖσι <span class="bibl">Hes.<span class="title">Op.</span>686</span>; πᾶσι δ' ἀνθρώποις ἄρ' ἦν ψ. τέκν' <span class="bibl">E.<span class="title">Andr.</span>419</span>; τἀργύριόν ἐστιν αἷμα καὶ ψ. βροτοῖς <span class="bibl">Timocl.35</span>; so as an endearing name, <span class="bibl">Hld.1.8</span>, al.; ζωὴ καὶ ψ. Juv.6.195; ψ. μου Mart.10.68. </span><span class="sense"> <span class="bld">II</span> in Hom., <b class="b2">departed spirit, ghost</b> (ὑποτίθεται [Ὅμηρος] τὰς ψ. τοῖς εἰδώλοις τοῖς ἐν τοῖς κατόπτροις φαινομένοις ὁμοίας . . ἃ καθάπαξ ἡμῖν ἐξείκασται καὶ τὰς κινήσεις μιμεῖται, στερεμνιώδη δὲ ὑπόστασιν οὐδεμίαν ἔχει εἰς ἀντίληψιν καὶ ἁφήν Apollod. Hist.<span class="title">Fr.</span>102(a)J.); ψ. Πατροκλῆος . . πάντ' αὐτῷ . . ἐϊκυῖα <span class="bibl">Il.23.65</span>: freq. in <span class="bibl">Od.11</span>, <b class="b3">ψ. Ἀγαμέμνονος, Ἀχιλῆος</b>, etc., <span class="bibl">387</span>, <span class="bibl">467</span>, al.; ψ. καὶ εἴδωλον <span class="bibl">Il.23.104</span>, cf. <span class="bibl">72</span>, <span class="bibl">Od.24.14</span>; ψ. κατὰ χθονὸς ᾤχετο τετριγυῖα <span class="bibl">Il.23.100</span>; <b class="b3">ψυχὰς ἡρώων</b>, opp. <b class="b3">αὐτούς</b>, <span class="bibl">1.3</span>, cf. <span class="bibl">Hes.<span class="title">Sc.</span>151</span>; ψυχαὶ δ' Ἄϊδόσδε κατῆλθον <span class="bibl">Il.7.330</span>; ψ. δὲ κατ' οὐταμένην ὠτειλὴν ἔσσυτ' ἐπειγομένη <span class="bibl">14.518</span>; sts. hardly dist. from signf. <span class="bibl">1</span>, ἅμα ψ. τε καὶ ἔγχεος ἐξέρυσ' αἰχμήν <span class="bibl">16.505</span>; in swoons it leaves the body, τὸν δὲ λίπε ψ. <span class="bibl">5.696</span>; so in later writers (seldom in Trag.), σὺν Ἀγαμεμνονίᾳ ψυχᾷ <span class="bibl">Pi.<span class="title">P.</span>11.21</span>; <b class="b3">ἑὰν ψυχὰν κομίξαι</b> ib.<span class="bibl">4.159</span>, cf. <span class="bibl"><span class="title">N.</span>8.44</span>; αἱ ψ. ὀσμῶνται καθ' Ἅιδην <span class="bibl">Heraclit.98</span>; πέμψατ' ἔνερθεν ψυχὴν ἐς φῶς <span class="bibl">A.<span class="title">Pers.</span>630</span> (anap.); ποτωμένην ψ. ὑπὲρ σοῦ <span class="bibl">E.<span class="title">Or.</span>676</span>, cf. <span class="bibl"><span class="title">Fr.</span> 912.9</span> (anap.); τὰς τῶν κεκμηκότων ψ., αἷς ἐστιν ἐν τῇ φύσει τῶν αὑτῶν ἐκγόνων κήδεσθαι <span class="bibl">Pl.<span class="title">Lg.</span>927b</span>; <b class="b3">ψ. σοφαί</b>, perh. 'wise <b class="b2">ghosts'</b>, <span class="bibl">Ar.<span class="title">Nu.</span> 94</span>; δὶς ἀποθανουμένη ψ. Anon. ap. Plu.2.236d. </span><span class="sense"> <span class="bld">III</span> the immaterial and immortal <b class="b2">soul</b>, first in Pindar, ἐς τὸν ὕπερθεν ἅλιον κείνων . . ἀνδιδοῖ [Φερσεφόνα] ψυχὰς πάλιν <span class="bibl"><span class="title">Fr.</span>133</span>, cf. <span class="bibl">Pl.<span class="title">Men.</span>81b</span>; εἰπόντες ὡς ἀνθρώπου ψ. ἀθάνατός ἐστι <span class="bibl">Hdt.2.123</span>; ἀγένητόν τε καὶ ἀθάνατον ψ. <span class="bibl">Pl.<span class="title">Phdr.</span>246a</span>, cf. <span class="bibl"><span class="title">Phd.</span>70c</span>, al.; ἀθάνατος ἡμῶν ἡ ψ. καὶ οὐδέποτε ἀπόλλυται <span class="bibl">Id.<span class="title">R.</span>608d</span>; ἁψ. τῷ σώματι συνέζευκται καὶ καθάπερ ἐν σάματι τέθαπται <span class="bibl">Philol.14</span>, cf. <span class="bibl">Pl.<span class="title">Cra.</span>400c</span>: hence freq. opp. σῶμα, ψ. καὶ σῶμα <span class="bibl">X.<span class="title">Mem.</span>1.3.5</span>, cf. <span class="bibl"><span class="title">An.</span>3.2.20</span>; ψ. ἢ σῶμα ἢ συναμφότερον, τὸ ὅλον τοῦτο Pl.<span class="title">Alc.</span>1.130a; εἰς θηρίου βίον ἀνθρωπίνη ψ. ἀφικνεῖται καὶ ἐκ θηρίου . . πάλιν εἰς ἄνθρωπον <span class="bibl">Id.<span class="title">Phdr.</span>249b</span>; κατὰ τοὺς Πυθαγορικοὺς μύθους τὴν τυχοῦσαν ψ. εἰς τὸ τυχὸν ἐνδύεσθαι σῶμα <span class="bibl">Arist.<span class="title">de An.</span> 407b22</span>; οὐδὲ τοῦτο ἐπείσθην, ὡς ἡ ψ., ἕως μὲν ἂν ἐν θνητῷ σώματι ᾖ, ζῇ, ὅταν δὲ τούτου ἀπαλλαγῇ, τέθνηκεν <span class="bibl">X.<span class="title">Cyr.</span>8.7.19</span>; ἀνθρώπου γε ψ., ἣ τοῦ θείου μετέχει, . . ὁρᾶται δ' οὐδ' αὐτή <span class="bibl">Id.<span class="title">Mem.</span>4.3.14</span>, cf. <span class="bibl"><span class="title">Cyr.</span> 8.7.17</span>; <b class="b3">αἰθὴρ μὲμ ψυχὰς ὑπεδέξατο, σώ[ματα δὲ χθών</b>] <span class="title">IG</span>12.945 (v B. C.); ὁπόταμ ψ. προλίπῃ φάος ἀελίοιο <span class="bibl">Orph.<span class="title">Fr.</span>32</span><b class="b2">f</b>.<span class="bibl">1</span>; ἡμεῖς ἐσμεν ψ., ζῷον ἀθάνατον ἐν θνητῷ καθειργμένον φρουρίῳ <span class="bibl">Pl.<span class="title">Ax.</span> 365e</span>. </span><span class="sense"> <span class="bld">IV</span> the <b class="b2">conscious self</b> or <b class="b2">personality</b> as centre of emotions, desires, and affections, χερσὶ καὶ ψυχᾷ δυνατοί <span class="bibl">Pi.<span class="title">N.</span>9.39</span>; μορφὰν βραχύς, ψυχὰν δ' ἄκαμπτος <span class="bibl">Id.<span class="title">I.</span>4(3).53(71)</span>; ἐνίους τῶν καλῶν τὰς μορφὰς μοχθηροὺς ὄντας τὰς ψ. <span class="bibl">X.<span class="title">Oec.</span>6.16</span>; θνητοῦ σώματος ἔτυχες, πειρῶ τῆς ψ. ἀθάνατον μνήμην καταλιπεῖν <span class="bibl">Isoc.2.37</span>; opp. material blessings, κτεάνων ψ. ἔχοντες κρέσσονας <span class="bibl">Pi.<span class="title">N.</span>9.32</span>; μήτε σωμάτων ἐπιμελεῖσθαι μήτε χρημάτων . . οὕτω σφόδρα ὡς τῆς ψ. ὅπως ὡς ἀρίστη ἔσται <span class="bibl">Pl.<span class="title">Ap.</span> 30b</span>, cf. <span class="bibl">29e</span>: hence regarded in abstraction, τὸ παρεχόμενον ἡμῶν ἕκαστον τοῦτ' εἶναι μηδὲν ἀλλ' ἢ τὴν ψ., τὸ δὲ σῶμα ἰνδαλλόμενον ἡμῶν ἑκάστοις ἕπεσθαι <span class="bibl">Pl.<span class="title">Lg.</span>959a</span>; ἡ ψ. ἐστιν ἄνθρωπος Id.<span class="title">Alc.</span>1.130c; οὐδὲ νῦν τήν γ ἐμὴν ψ. ἑωρᾶτε <span class="bibl">X.<span class="title">Cyr.</span>8.7.17</span>, cf. supr.<span class="bibl">111</span>: sts., therefore, distd. from oneself, ψ. γὰρ ηὔδα πολλά μοι μυθουμένη <span class="bibl">S.<span class="title">Ant.</span>227</span>; ἡ ψ. μου πεπότηται <span class="bibl">Ar.<span class="title">Nu.</span>319</span> (anap.); τί ποτ' ἔστι μαθεῖν ἔραται ψ. <span class="bibl">E.<span class="title">Hipp.</span>173</span> (anap.); ἄλλο τι βουλομένη ἑκατέρου ἡ ψ. δήλη ἐστίν <span class="bibl">Pl.<span class="title">Smp.</span>192c</span>; <b class="b3">οἴμοι ψυχή</b> woe is <b class="b2">me!</b> <span class="bibl">LXX <span class="title">Mi.</span>7.1</span>; <b class="b3">καὶ ἐρῶ τῇ ψ. μου, "yuxh/, e)/xeis polla\ a)gaqa/</b>" <span class="bibl"><span class="title">Ev.Luc.</span>12.19</span>; in periphrases, <b class="b3">ψ. Ὀρέστου</b>, = [[Ὀρέστης]], <span class="bibl">S.<span class="title">El.</span>1127</span>, al.: but <b class="b3">τὴν Φιλοκτήτου ψ. ἐκκλέψεις</b> his <b class="b2">wits</b>, <span class="bibl">Id.<span class="title">Ph.</span>55</span>; ἡ δ' ἐμὴ ψ. τέθνηκεν <span class="bibl">Id.<span class="title">Ant.</span>559</span>, cf. <span class="bibl"><span class="title">OC</span>999</span>; so <b class="b3">ψυχαί</b> abs., = [[ἄνθρωποι, ψ. ὀλέσασα]] <span class="bibl">A.<span class="title">Ag.</span>1457</span> (lyr.); <b class="b3">ψ. πολλαὶ ἔθανον</b> many <b class="b2">souls</b> perished, <span class="bibl">Ar.<span class="title">Th.</span>864</span>; πᾶσαι αἱ ψ., υἱοὶ καὶ αἱ θυγατέρες λ γ <span class="bibl">LXX <span class="title">Ge.</span>46.15</span>, cf. <span class="bibl"><span class="title">Ex.</span>12.4</span>, al.; [κιβωτὸς] εἰς ἣν ὀλίγοι, τοῦτ' ἔστιν ὀκτὼ ψ., διεσώθησαν <span class="bibl"><span class="title">1 Ep.Pet.</span>3.20</span>. In apostrophe, μή, φίλα ψ. <span class="bibl">Pi.<span class="title">P.</span>3.61</span>; ὦ μελέα ψ. <span class="bibl">S.<span class="title">Ph.</span>712</span> (lyr.); ὦ ἀγαθὴ καὶ πιστὴ ψ. <span class="bibl">X.<span class="title">Cyr.</span>7.3.8</span>; in referring to persons, ὅταν μεγάλη ψ. φυῇ <span class="bibl">Pl.<span class="title">R.</span> 496b</span> (cf. [[μεγαλόψυχος]]) <b class="b3">; καλεῖται γοῦν ἡ ψ. Κρινοκοράκα</b> the <b class="b2">creature</b>, <span class="bibl">Thphr.<span class="title">Char.</span>28.2</span>; πάσῃ ψ. τετελευτηκυίᾳ <span class="bibl">LXX <span class="title">Nu.</span>6.6</span>,<span class="bibl">11</span>; πᾶσα ψ. ὑποτασσέσθω <span class="bibl"><span class="title">Ep.Rom.</span>13.1</span>, etc.: generally, <b class="b2">being</b>, <b class="b3">ψυχὴ ζῶσα</b> living <b class="b2">creature</b>, <span class="bibl">LXX <span class="title">Ge.</span>1.24</span>, cf. <span class="bibl">20</span>(pl.). </span><span class="sense"> <span class="bld">2</span> of various aspects of the <b class="b2">self</b>, <b class="b3">ἐν πολέμοιο μάχαις τλάμονι ψ. παρέμειν</b>) enduring <b class="b2">heart</b>, <span class="bibl">Pi.<span class="title">P.</span>1.48</span>; διεπειρᾶτο αὐτοῦ τῆς ψ. <span class="bibl">Hdt.3.14</span>, <b class="b3">ἦν ηὰρ . . ψυχὴν οὐκ ἄκρος</b> poor-<b class="b2">spirited</b>, <span class="bibl">Id.5.124</span>; ψυχὴν ἄριστε πάντων <span class="bibl">Ar.<span class="title">Eq.</span>457</span>; καρτερὰν ψ. λαβεῖν <span class="bibl">Id.<span class="title">Ach.</span>393</span>; κράτιστοι ἂν τὴν ψ. κριθεῖεν <span class="bibl">Th.2.40</span>; τοῖς σώμασι δύνανται τὰς δὲ ψ. οὐκ ἔχουσιν <span class="bibl">Lys.10.29</span>; ὁ γὰρ' λόγχην ἀκονῶν καὶ τὴν ψ. τι παρακονᾷ <span class="bibl">X.<span class="title">Cyr.</span>6.2.33</span>, cf. <span class="bibl"><span class="title">Oec.</span>21.3</span>. </span><span class="sense"> <span class="bld">3</span> of the emotional self, ὑπείργασμαι μὲν εὖ ψυχὴν ἔρωτι <span class="bibl">E.<span class="title">Hipp.</span>505</span>, cf. <span class="bibl">527</span> (lyr.); πάνυ μου ἡ ψ. ἐπεθύμει <span class="bibl">X.<span class="title">Oec.</span>6.14</span>; τίνα ποτὲ ψ. ἔχων; <span class="bibl">Lys.32.12</span>; <b class="b3">τίν' οἴεσθ' αὐτὴν ψ. ἕξειν, ὅταν ἐμὲ ῒδῃ;</b> how will she <b class="b2">feel?</b> <span class="bibl">D.28.21</span>; <b class="b3">μία ψ</b>., prov. of friends, <span class="bibl">Arist.<span class="title">EN</span>1168b7</span>; <b class="b3">ψ. μία ἤστην</b> prob. in <span class="bibl">Phryn. <span class="title">PS</span>p.128B.</span>; of appetite, ψυχῇ διδόντες ἡδονήν <span class="bibl">A.<span class="title">Pers.</span>841</span> (s. v.l.), cf. <span class="bibl">Epich.297</span>, Theocr.<span class="bibl">16.24</span>; λίχνῳ δὲ ὄντι τὴν ψ. <span class="bibl">Pl.<span class="title">R.</span>579b</span>; τῷ δὲ ἡ ψ. σῖτον μὲν οὐ προσίετο, διψῆν δ' ἐδόκει <span class="bibl">X.<span class="title">Cyr.</span>8.7.4</span>. </span><span class="sense"> <span class="bld">4</span> of the moral and intellectual <b class="b2">self</b>, ἀπὸ πάμπαν ἀδίκων ἔχειν ψ. <span class="bibl">Pi.<span class="title">O.</span> 2.70</span>; ψ. τε καὶ φρόνημα καὶ γνώμην <span class="bibl">S.<span class="title">Ant.</span>176</span>; ἀρκεῖν . . κἀντὶ μυρίων μίαν ψ. τάδ' ἐκτίνουσαν, ἢν εὔνους παρῇ <span class="bibl">Id.<span class="title">OC</span>499</span>; ψ. γὰρ εὔνους καὶ φρονοῦσα τοὔνδικον <span class="bibl">Id.<span class="title">Fr.</span>101</span>; ἡ κακὴ σὴ ψ. <span class="bibl">Id.<span class="title">Ph.</span>1014</span>; ψυχῆς κατήγορος κακῆς <span class="bibl">X.<span class="title">Oec.</span>20.15</span>, cf. <span class="bibl">Pl.<span class="title">R.</span>353e</span>; ἡ βουλεύσασα ψ. <span class="bibl">Antipho 4.1.7</span>, cf. <span class="bibl">Pl.<span class="title">Lg.</span>873a</span>; <b class="b3">τὸ σῶμα ἀπειρηκὸς ἡ ψ. συνεξέσωσεν . . διὰ τὸ μὴ ξυνειδέναι ἑαυτῇ</b> the <b class="b2">mind</b> conscious of innocence, <span class="bibl">Antipho 5.93</span>; τὸ ἐπιμελεῖσθαι καὶ ἄρχειν καὶ βουλεύεσθαι . . ἐσθ' ὅτῳ ἄλλῳ ἢ ψυχῇ δικαίως ἂν ἀποδοῖμεν; <span class="bibl">Pl.<span class="title">R.</span>353d</span>; τὴν τῆς ψ. ἐπιμέλειαν <span class="bibl">X.<span class="title">Mem.</span> 1.2.4</span>, <span class="bibl">Isoc.15.304</span>; <b class="b3">τὰ ἐν τῇ ψ. διὰ τὴν παιδείαν ἐγγιγνόμενα</b> ib.290; τῆς ψ. ἐξελθούσης, ἐν ᾗ μόνῃ γίγνεται φρόνησις <span class="bibl">X.<span class="title">Mem.</span>1.2.53</span>; νοῦς τε καὶ ψ. <span class="bibl">Pl.<span class="title">Cra.</span>400a</span>, cf. <span class="bibl"><span class="title">Phdr.</span>247c</span>, al.; ἐμπαίει τί μοι ψυχῇ σύνηθες ὄμμα <span class="bibl">S.<span class="title">El.</span>903</span>; ἰδὼν μὲν γνούς τε σῇ ψ., τέκνον <span class="bibl">E.<span class="title">Tr.</span>1171</span>. Phrases:— ἐκ τῆς ψ. φίλος <span class="bibl">X.<span class="title">An.</span>7.7.43</span>; <b class="b3">ἀπὸ τῆς ψ. φιλεῖν</b> with all the <b class="b2">heart</b>, <span class="bibl">Thphr. <span class="title">Char.</span>17.3</span>; βόσκοιτ' ἐκ ψυχᾶς τὰς ἀμνάδας <span class="bibl">Theoc.8.35</span>; ὅλῃ τῇ ψ. κεχαρίσθαι τινί <span class="bibl">X.<span class="title">Mem.</span>3.11.10</span>; <b class="b3">οὐκ ἐᾷ ἡμᾶς οὐδὲ ψυχῆς λαχεῖν</b> he won't let us call our <b class="b2">soul</b> our own, <span class="bibl">Phryn.<span class="title">PS</span>p.128B.</span> </span><span class="sense"> <span class="bld">5</span> of animals, <b class="b3">ψ. μεγαλόφρων</b>, of a horse, <span class="bibl">X.<span class="title">Eq.</span>11.1</span>; θηρίων ψ. ἡμεροῦμεν <span class="bibl">Isoc.2.12</span>; <b class="b3">ψ. χηνός, ὀρτυγίου</b>, <span class="bibl">Eub.101</span>, <span class="bibl">Antiph.5</span>. </span><span class="sense"> <span class="bld">6</span> of inanimate things, πᾶσα πολιτεία ψ. πόλεώς ἐστιν <span class="bibl">Isoc.12.138</span>, cf. <span class="bibl">7.14</span>; ἡ τῶνδε τῶν ἀνδρῶν ἀρετὴ τῆς Ἑλλάδος ἦν ψ. <span class="bibl">D.60.23</span>; οἷον ψ. ὁ μῦθος τῆς τραγῳδίας <span class="bibl">Arist.<span class="title">Po.</span>1450a38</span>; also of the <b class="b2">spirit</b> of an author, <span class="bibl">D.H.<span class="title">Lys.</span>11</span>. </span><span class="sense"> <span class="bld">V</span> Philosophical uses: </span><span class="sense"> <span class="bld">1</span> In the early physicists, of the primary substance, the source of <b class="b2">life and consciousness</b>, <b class="b3">ὁρίζονται πάντες</b> (sc. <b class="b3">οἱ πρότεροι</b>) τὴν ψ. τρισίν, κινήσει, αἰσθήσει, τῷ ἀσωμάτῳ <span class="bibl">Arist.<span class="title">de An.</span> 405b11</span>; <b class="b3">τὸν λίθον ἔφη [Θαλῆς] ψ. ἔχειν ὅτι τὸν σίδηρον κινεῖ</b>, of the magnet, ib.<span class="bibl">405a20</span>; <b class="b3">ψυχῇσιν θάνατος ὕδωρ γενέσθαι, ὕδατι δὲ θάνατος γῆν γενέσθαι, ἐκ γῆς δὲ ὕδωρ γίνεται, ἐξ ὕδατος δὲ ψ</b>. (sc. <b class="b3">πῦρ</b>) <span class="bibl">Heraclit. 36</span>; ἡ ψ. πνεῦμα Xenoph. ap. <span class="bibl">D.L.9.19</span>; <b class="b3">καρδία ψυχῆς καὶ αἰσθήσιος [ἀρχά</b>] <span class="bibl">Philol.13</span>; τοῦτο [ἀὴρ] αὐτοῖς καὶ ψ. ἐστι καὶ νόησις Diog. Apoll.4; τὴν τῶν ἄλλων ἁπάντων φύσιν οὐ πιστεύεις Ἀναξαγόρᾳ νοῦν καὶ ψ. εἶναι τὴν διακοσμοῦσαν; <span class="bibl">Pl.<span class="title">Cra.</span>400a</span>, cf. <span class="bibl">Arist.<span class="title">de An.</span>404a25</span>; <b class="b3">Δημόκριτος πῦρ τι καὶ θερμόν θησιν αὐτὴν</b> (sc. <b class="b3">ψυχὴν</b>) <b class="b3"> εἶναι</b> ib.<span class="bibl">404a1</span>, cf. <span class="bibl"><span class="title">Resp.</span>472a4</span>. </span><span class="sense"> <span class="bld">2</span> the <b class="b2">spirit</b> of the universe, ψ. εἰς τὸ μέσον [τοῦ κόσμου] θείς <span class="bibl">Pl.<span class="title">Ti.</span>34b</span>, cf. <span class="bibl">30b</span>; τὴν τοῦ παντὸς δῆλον ὅτι τοιαύτην εἶναι βούλεται [ὁ Τίμαιος] οἷόν ποτ' ἐστὶν ὁ καλούμενος νοῦς <span class="bibl">Arist.<span class="title">de An.</span>407a3</span>; <b class="b3">ἐν τῷ ὅλῳ τινὲς [τὴν ψ.] μεμεῖχθαί φασιν, ὅθεν ἴσως καὶ Θαλῆς ᾠήθη πάντα πλήρη θεῶν εἶναι</b> ib.<span class="bibl">411a8</span>; ὁ κόσμος ψ. ἐστὶν ἑαυτοῦ καὶ ἡγεμονικόν <span class="bibl">Chrysipp.Stoic.2.186</span>; <b class="b3">ψ. [κόσμου</b>] Plu.2.1013e, cf. <span class="bibl">M.Ant.4.40</span>; ψ. ἐλθοῦσα εἰς σῶμα οὐρανοῦ <span class="bibl">Plot.5.1.2</span>; τόδε τὸ πᾶν ψ. μίαν ἔχον εἰς πάντα αὐτοῦ μέρη <span class="bibl">Id.4.4.32</span>; <b class="b3">περὶ ψυχᾶς κόσμου καὶ φύσιος</b>, title of work by Ti.Locr. </span><span class="sense"> <span class="bld">3</span> In Pl. the immaterial principle of movement and life, ὅταν παρῇ [ψυχὴ] τῷ σώματι, αἴτιόν ἐστι τοῦ ζῆν αὐτῷ <span class="bibl">Pl.<span class="title">Cra.</span>399d</span>, cf. <span class="bibl"><span class="title">Def.</span>411c</span>; [ψυχῆς λόγον ἔχομεν] τὴν δυναμένην αὐτὴν αὑτὴν κινεῖν κίνησιν <span class="bibl">Id.<span class="title">Lg.</span>896a</span>; <b class="b3">μεταβολῆς τε καὶ κινήσεως ἁπάσης αἰτία [ἡ ψ.] ἅπασιν</b> ib. b, cf. <span class="bibl">892c</span>; its presence is requisite for thought, σοφία καὶ νοῦς ἄνευ ψ. οὐκ ἂν γενοίσθην <span class="bibl">Id.<span class="title">Phlb.</span>30c</span>, cf. <span class="bibl"><span class="title">Ti.</span> 30b</span>, <span class="bibl"><span class="title">Sph.</span>249a</span>; defined by Arist. as οὐσία ὡς εἶδος σώματος φυσικοῦ δυνάμει ζωὴν ἔχοντος <span class="bibl"><span class="title">de An.</span>412a20</span>; <b class="b3">ἐντελέχεια ἡ πρώτη σώματος φυσικοῦ ὀργανικοῦ</b> ib.<span class="bibl">412b5</span>; the tripartite division of ψ., οἱ δὲ περὶ Πλάτωνα καὶ Ἀρχύτας καὶ οἱ λοιποὶ Πυθαγόρειοι τὴν ψ. τριμερῆ ἀποφαίνονται, διαιροῦντες εἰς λογισμὸν καὶ θυμὸν καὶ ἐπιθυμίαν Iamb. ap. Stob.1.49.34, cf. <span class="bibl">Pl.<span class="title">R.</span>439e</span> sqq.; in Arist. ἡ ψ. τούτοις ὥρισται, θρεπτικῷ, αἰσθητικῷ, διανοητικῷ, κινήσει· πότερον δὲ τοὔτων ἕκαστόν ἐστι ψ. ἢ ψυχῆς μόριον; <span class="bibl"><span class="title">de An.</span>413b11</span>, cf. <span class="bibl"><span class="title">PA</span>641b4</span>; ἡ θρεπτικὴ ψ. <span class="bibl">Id.<span class="title">de An.</span>434a22</span>, al.; in the Stoics and Epicureans, <b class="b3">σῶμα ἡ ψ</b>. Zeno and <span class="bibl">Chrysipp.Stoic.1.38</span>; of the <b class="b2">scala naturae</b>, τὰ μὲν ἕξει διοικεῖται, τὰ δὲ φύσει, τὰ δ' ἀλόγῳ ψ., τὰ δὲ καὶ λόγον ἐχούσῃ καὶ διάνοιαν <span class="title">Stoic.</span>2.150, cf. <span class="bibl">M.Ant.6.14</span>; ἡ ψ. σῶμά ἐστι λεπτομερές . . προσεμφερέστατον πνεύματι θερμοῦ τινα κρᾶσιν ἔχοντι <span class="bibl">Epicur.<span class="title">Ep.</span>1p.19U.</span>; τέλος . . τὸ μήτε ἀλγεῖν κατὰ σῶμα μήτε ταράττεσθαι κατὰ ψ. <span class="bibl">Id.<span class="title">Ep.</span>3p.64U.</span>; in the Neo-Platonists characterized by discursive thinking, τοὺς λογισμοὺς ψυχῆς εἶναι ἐνεργήματα <span class="bibl">Plot.1.1.7</span>; related to <b class="b3">νοῦς</b> as image to archetype, <b class="b3">εἰκών τίς ἐστι νοῦ [ψ</b>.] <span class="bibl">Id.5.1.3</span>; present in entirety in every part, πάρεστι πᾶσα πανταχοῦ ψ. <span class="bibl">Id.5.1.2</span>, cf. <span class="bibl">4.7.5</span>; φύσις ψ. οὖσα, γέννημα ψυχῆς προτέρας <span class="bibl">Id.3.8.4</span>; animal and vegetable bodies possess οἷον σκιὰν ψυχῆς <span class="bibl">Id.4.4.18</span>; πᾶν σῶμα . . ψυχῆς μετουσίᾳ κινεῖται ἐξ ἑαυτοῦ καὶ ζῇ διὰ ψ. <span class="bibl">Procl.<span class="title">Inst.</span>20</span>. </span><span class="sense"> <span class="bld">VI</span> <b class="b2">butterfly</b> or <b class="b2">moth</b>, <span class="bibl">Arist.<span class="title">HA</span>551a14</span>, <span class="bibl">Thphr.<span class="title">HP</span>2.4.4</span>, Plu.2.636c. </span><span class="sense"> <span class="bld">2</span> <b class="b3">τριπόλιον</b>, Ps.-Dsc.4.132. </span><span class="sense"> <span class="bld">VII</span> <b class="b2">Psyche</b>, in the allegory of Psyche and Eros, Apul.<span class="title">Metam.</span> bks. 4-6, Aristophontes ap. Fulg.<span class="title">Myth.</span>3.6. (See ancient speculations on the derivation, <span class="bibl">Pl.<span class="title">Cra.</span>399d</span>-<span class="bibl">400a</span>, <span class="bibl">Arist.<span class="title">de An.</span>405b29</span>, <span class="bibl">Chrysipp.Stoic.2.222</span>; Hom. usage gives little support to the derivation from <b class="b3">ψύχω</b> 'blow, breathe'; τὸν δὲ λίπε ψ. <span class="bibl">Il.5.696</span> means 'his <b class="b2">spirit</b> left his body', and so <b class="b3">λειποψυχέω</b> means 'swoon', not 'become breathless'; ἀπὸ δὲ ψ. ἐκάπυσσε <span class="bibl">Il.22.467</span> means 'she gasped out her <b class="b2">spirit</b>', viz. 'swooned'; the resemblance of <b class="b3">ἄμπνυτο</b> 'recovered consciousness' to <b class="b3">ἀμπνέω</b> 'recover breath' is deceptive, v. [[ἄμπνυτο]], [[ἔμπνυτο]]: when concrete the Homeric <b class="b3">ψ</b>. is rather <b class="b2">warm blood</b> than <b class="b2">breath</b>, cf. <span class="bibl">Il.14.518</span>, <span class="bibl">16.505</span>, where the <b class="b3">ψ</b>. escapes through a wound; cf. <b class="b3">ψυχοπότης, ψυχορροφέω</b>, and <span class="bibl">S.<span class="title">El.</span>786</span>, <span class="bibl">Ar.<span class="title">Nu.</span>712</span> (v. supr.<span class="bibl">1</span>).)</span> | ||
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|ptext=[[https://www.translatum.gr/images/pape/pape-02-1403.png Seite 1403]] ἡ, Hauch, Athem, Odem, und weil dieser früh als Zeichen und Bedingung des Lebens erkannt wurde, <b class="b2">Leben</b>, Lebenskraft, <b class="b2">Seele</b>; oft bei Hom.: τοῦ δ' [[αὖθι]] λύθη [[ψυχή]] τε [[μένος]] τε Il. 5, 296, u. oft; ψυχὴν Ἄϊδι δώσειν 5, 654; χερσὶν ὺπ' Ἀργείων ψυχὰς ὀλέσαντες 13, 763; τὸν δ' ἔλιπε [[ψυχή]], κατὰ δ' ὀφθαλμῶν κέχυτ' [[ἀχλύς]] 5, 696; Od. 14, 426; ἐπὴν δὴ τόν γε λίπῃ [[ψυχή]] τε καὶ [[αἰών]] Il. 16, 453, wie αἲ γὰρ δὴ ψυχῆς τε καὶ αἰῶνός σε δυναίμην εὖνιν ποιήσας πέμψαι δόμον [[Ἄϊδος]] [[εἴσω]] Od. 9, 523; auch θυμοῦ καὶ ψυχῆς κεκαδών vrbdn, Il. 11, 334, wie Od. 21, 154; ψυχῆς [[ὄλεθρος]], Vernichtung des Lebens, ll. 11, 325; ψυχὴν παρθέμενος, sein Leben daran setzend, wagend, Od. 3, 74. 9, 255, wie αἰεὶ ἐμὴν ψυχὴν παραβαλλόμενος πολεμίζειν Il. 9, 322; περὶ ψυχῆς, ums Leben, zur Rettung oder Erhaltung des Lebens, Od. 9, 423; μάχεσθ αι περὶ ψυχῆς 22, 245, wie θέειν περὶ ψυχῆς Il. 22, 161; τρέχειν περὶ ψυχῆς Her. 7, 37. 9, 37; ὁ περὶ τῆς ψυχῆς [[ἀγών]], Kampf auf Leben und Tod, s. Jac. Ach. Tat. p. 896; οὓς (ἀγῶνας) περὶ τῆς ψυχῆς ἀγωνίζεσθε Dem. 18, 262; κινδυνεύειν περὶ τῆς ψυχῆς Thuc. 8, 50; τῆς ψυχῆς πρίασθαί τι, Etwas mit seinem Leben erkaufen, Xen. Cyr. 3, 1,36; τὴν ψυχήν τινος ζημιοῦσθαι, an Jemandes Leben, d. i. dadurch gestraft werden, daß einem Andern das Leben genommen wird, Her. 7, 39; ποινὴν τῆς Αἰσώπου ψυχῆς ἀνελέσθαι, Rache nehmen für das dem Aesop genommene Leben, 2, 134; so auch Pind.: ἀπὸ ψυχὰν λιπών P. 3, 101; ἀπέπνευσεν ψυχάς N. 1, 47, vgl. Ol. 8, 39 N. 9, 32; ψυχὴν Ἀΐδᾳ τελέων I. 1, 68; οὐκ ἐᾷ ἡμᾶς οὐδὲ ψυχῆς [[λαχεῖν]], das Leben genießen, seiner froh werden, van einem Menschen, der uns plagt und ängstigt, Phryn. in B. A. 73; τὰς [[πάνυ]] πολλὰς ψυχὰς ὀλέσασ' ὑπὸ Τροίᾳ Aesch. Ag. 1432, vgl. 1445; ὡς ἔλεξα τῆς ἐμῆς περὶ ψυχῆς Eum. 115; τῶνδε γὰρ [[πλέον]] [[φέρω]] [[πένθος]] ἢ καὶ τῆς ἐμῆς ψυχῆς πέρι Soph. O. R. 94; ἐπ' ἀργύρῳ γε τὴν ψυχὴν προδούς Ant. 322; ἐκπνέων ψυχὴν ἐμήν Eur. Gr. 1163; ψυχὴν δώσω τῆσδ' ὑπερθανεῖν χθονός Phoen. 1005; ψυχὴν [[σέθεν]] ἔκτεινε Troad. 1214, u. öfter; φιλῶ τὴν ἐμὴν ψυχήν Ar. Ach. 338; τὸν περὶ ψυχῆς δρόμον [[δραμεῖν]] Vesp. 376; ψυχὴν ἐκπίνειν, das Blut aussaugen, Nubb. 703; τῆς ψυχῆς ἀποστερεῖν τινα Thuc. 1, 136; σώζειν τὰς ψυχάς Xen. Cyr. 4, 1,5. – Auch vom Leben der Thiere, Hes. Sc. 173. – Dieser Lebenshauch, der im Tode erlischt, geht nach der Vorstellung der Alten in die Unterwelt, dort mit einem Schattenkörper (der nicht mit Händen zu greifen ist, Od. 11, 207) verbunden, ohne den denkenden Geist (vgl. [[φρήν]]); dah. [[ψυχή]] die<b class="b2"> Seele des Abgeschiedenen</b> in der Unterwelt; ψυχαὶ δ' Ἄϊδόσδε κατῆλθον Il. 7, 330, wie Od. 10, 560. 11, 65; u. noch genauer beschrieben : ἀνδρὸς δὲ ψυχὴ [[πάλιν]] [[ἐλθεῖν]] [[οὔτε]] λεϊστή, οὔθ' ἑλετή, ἐπεὶ ἄρ κεν ἀμείψεται [[ἕρκος]] ὀδόντων, Il. 9, 408; ψυχὴ δὲ κατ' οὐταμένην ὠτειλὴν ἔσσυτ' ἐπενγομένη 14, 518, wo die Seele also mit dem Blute entströmt; vgl. [[τοῖο]] δ' ἅμα ψυχήν τε καὶ ἔγχεος ἐξέρυσ' αἰχμήν 16, 505; 23, 104 ἦ ῥά [[τίς]] ἐστι καὶ εἰν Ἀΐδαο δόμοισιν ψυχὴ καὶ [[εἴδωλον]]· ἀτὰρ φρένες οὐκ ἔνι [[πάμπαν]]; vgl. 72, wo ausdrücklich bemerkt ist, daß der Schatten vollkommen die Gestalt dessen behielt, dem er im Leben angehört hatte; oft in Od. 11, u. 24, 1 ff.; vgl. noch Il. 1, 3 Od. 14, 134; so auch Tragg., wie Aesch. Pers. 622 Soph. O. C. 1003. – Auch ein <b class="b2">Schmetterling</b>, eine <b class="b2">Motte</b>, die man als Sinnbild des Lebens und der Unsterblichkeit der Seele brauchte, wegen der Verwandlung aus einer Raupe und Puppe, Arist. H. A. 4, 7. – Der abstrakte Begriff der Seele entwickelt sich seit Her., ἀνθρώπ ου ψυχὴ ἀθάνατός ἐστι 2, 123; Plat. Phaedr. 245 c Prot. 313 a u. öfter. – <b class="b2">Seele, Herz</b>, als Sitz des Willens, der Begierden und der Leidenschaften, Gesinnung, Gemüth, Her. 3, 14; auch = Muth, τὴν ψυχὴν [[πονηρός]], ἐν ναυμαχίᾳ, Lys. 20, 14; [[οἷος]] ἦν τὴν ψυχήν ib. 24; ἐκ τῆς ψυχῆς, aus innerster Seele, von ganzem Herzen, [[τίνα]] οἴεσθέ με τὴν ψυχὴν ἔχειν, wie glaubt ihr, daß mir zu Muthe ist, Dem. 28, 21. – Sinnliche Neigung, Appetit, ἡ ψυχὴ οὐ προσίεται [[σῖτον]] Xen. Cyr. 8, 7,4; – δοῦναί τι τῇ ψυχῇ, der Neigung, dem Hange wozu folgen, nachgeben, ψυχῇ διδόντες ἡδονὴν καθ' ἡμέραν Aesch. Pers. 827 (vgl. Theocr. 16, 24); ἐκμαθεῖν ἀνδρὸς ψυχήν τε καὶ [[φρόνημα]] καὶ γνώμην Soph. Ant. 176; ἐν τοῖσιν ὠσὶν ἢ 'πὶ τῇ ψυχῇ δάκνει 317, u. öfter; τίν' ἔχεις ψυχήν Eur. Or. 525; ἀρσένων μείζονες ψυχαί Suppl. 1103; τῶν γερόντων [[οἶδα]] τὰς ψυχάς Ar. Ach. 353; ψυχὴν ἐμπλησάμενος Διοπείθους Vesp. 380; ταῖς ψυχαῖς παρεσκευασμένοι Xen. Cyr. 2, 1,11; ἥ μου ψυχὴ παρεσκεύασται, ich will, bin bereit, 5, 1,26; ἐκ τῆς ψυχῆς [[φίλος]], ein wahrer Freund, An. 7, 7,43; ὅλῃ τῇ ψυχῇ Mem. 3, 11, 18. – Auch Geist, Verstand, Her. 5, 124; τῇ ψυχῇ τοῦτ' οἶδε Dem. 21, 221. – In der Anrede, [[φίλη]] [[ψυχή]], liebe Seele, ὧ ἀγαθὴ καὶ πιστὴ [[ψυχή]] Xen. Cyr. 7, 3,8. | |||
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Revision as of 19:35, 2 August 2017
English (LSJ)
A life, λύθη ψ. τε μένος τε Il.5.296, etc.; ψ. τεκαὶ αἰών 16.453, cf. Od.9.523; θυμοῦ καὶ ψ. Il.11.334, Od.21.154; λαυκανίην, ἵνα τε ψυχῆς ὤκιστος ὄλεθρος Il.22.325; ψυχὰς παρθέμενοι at hazard of their lives, Od.3.74,9.255; αἰεὶ ἐμὴν ψ. παραβαλλόμενος Il.9.322; λίσσου' ὑπὲρ ψ. καὶ γούνων by your life, 22.338; so ἀντὶ ψ. S.OC1326: but περὶ ψ. to save their life, Od.9.423; περί τε ψυχέων ἐμάχοντο 22.245; περὶ ψ. θέον Ἕκτορος Il.22.161; τρέχων περὶ τῆς ψ. Hdt.9.37; τῆς ἐμῆς περὶ ψ. A.Eu.115, cf. E.Hel.946, Heracl.984; περὶ ψ. κινδυνεύων Antipho 2.1.4, cf. Th. 8.50; ἁγὼν . . σῆς ψ. πέρι S.El.1492, cf. E.Ph.1330, Or.847, X.Cyr.3.3.44; τὸν περὶ ψ. δρόμον δραμεῖν Ar.V.375 (lyr.); ἀγωνίζεσθαι περὶ τῆς ψ. X.Eq.Mag.1.19; ὃ ἂν θέλῃ, ψυχῆς ὠνεῖται [θυμός] in exchange for life, Heraclit.85; τῆς ψ. πρίασθαί τι X.Cyr.3.1.36; τί γὰρ δοῖ ἄνθρωπος ἀντάλλαγμα τῆς ψ. αὐτοῦ; Ev.Marc.8.37. In early poets: ψυχὰν ἀποπνεῖν Simon.52; ψυχὰς ἔχοντες κυμάτων ἐν ἀγκάλαις Archil.23; ψυχέων φειδόμενοι Tyrt.10.14; θειδωλὴν ψ. θέμενος Sol.13.46; ψυχῆς εἵνεκα καὶ βιότου Thgn.730; ψυχὰν Ἀΐδᾳ τελέων Pi.I.1.68; ψυχὰς βαλον Id.O.8.39; χαλκῷ ἀπὸ ψυχὴν ἀρύσας Emp.138; τοὐμὸν ἐκπίνουσ' ἀεὶ ψυχῆς ἄκρατον αἷμα S.El.786; τῆς ἐμῆς ψ. γεγώς ib.775; τὴν ψ. ἐκπίνουσιν Ar.Nu.712 (anap.); ψ. ἀφήσω E.Or.1171; ψ. σέθεν ἔκτεινε Id.Tr.1214; ψ. παραιτέεσθαι Hdt.1.24; ποινὴν τῆς Αἰσώπου ψ. satisfaction for the life of A., Id.2.134; ψυχῆς ἀποστερῆσαί τινα Antipho 4.1.6, cf. Th.1.136, etc.; τὴν ψ. ἢ τὴν οὐσίαν ἢ τὴν ἐπιτιμίαν τινὸς ἀφελόμενος Aeschin.2.88; τὸ τῆς ψ. ἀπαιτηθεὶς χρέος LXX Wi.15. 8, cf. Ev.Luc.12.20; ζητοῦσι τὴν ψ. μου LXX 3 Ki.19.10, cf. Ev.Matt. 2.20; τὴν ψ. αὐτοῦ τίθησιν ὑπὲρ τῶν προβάτων Ev.Jo.10.11, etc.; δεῖρον ἄχρις ἡ ψ . . . ἐπὶ χειλέων λειφθῇ within an inch of his life, Herod.3.3:—the phrase ἐν τῇ χειρὶ τὴν ψ. ἔχοντα taking his life in his hands, is prob. f.l. in Xenarch.4.20; ἡ ψ. μου ἐν ταῖς χερσί [σου] διὰ πάντος LXX Ps.118(119).109, cf. 1 Ki.19.5, 28.21, al.; of life in animals, Od.14.426, Hes.Sc.173, Pi.N.1.47, etc.; τὰ ἄλλα ζῷα, ὅσα ψ. ἔχει Anaxag.4, cf. 12; πάντων τῶν ζῴων ἡ ψ. τὸ αὐτό, ἀήρ Diog. Apoll.5 (cf. infr. IV. 1); ἡ φύσις τοιαύτη πάντων ὅσσα ψ. ἔχει Democrit.278; ἐπῴζει καὶ ποιεῖ ψ. ἔχειν (of incubation) Epich.172; [ἑρπετὸν] ὃ ἔχει ἐν ἑαυτῷ ψ. ζωῆς LXX Ge.1.30; ἡ ψ. πάσης σαρκὸς αἷμα αὐτοῦ ἐστιν ib.Le.17.11, cf. De.12.23. 2 metaph. of things dear as life, χρήματα γὰρ ψ . . . βροτοῖσι Hes.Op.686; πᾶσι δ' ἀνθρώποις ἄρ' ἦν ψ. τέκν' E.Andr.419; τἀργύριόν ἐστιν αἷμα καὶ ψ. βροτοῖς Timocl.35; so as an endearing name, Hld.1.8, al.; ζωὴ καὶ ψ. Juv.6.195; ψ. μου Mart.10.68. II in Hom., departed spirit, ghost (ὑποτίθεται [Ὅμηρος] τὰς ψ. τοῖς εἰδώλοις τοῖς ἐν τοῖς κατόπτροις φαινομένοις ὁμοίας . . ἃ καθάπαξ ἡμῖν ἐξείκασται καὶ τὰς κινήσεις μιμεῖται, στερεμνιώδη δὲ ὑπόστασιν οὐδεμίαν ἔχει εἰς ἀντίληψιν καὶ ἁφήν Apollod. Hist.Fr.102(a)J.); ψ. Πατροκλῆος . . πάντ' αὐτῷ . . ἐϊκυῖα Il.23.65: freq. in Od.11, ψ. Ἀγαμέμνονος, Ἀχιλῆος, etc., 387, 467, al.; ψ. καὶ εἴδωλον Il.23.104, cf. 72, Od.24.14; ψ. κατὰ χθονὸς ᾤχετο τετριγυῖα Il.23.100; ψυχὰς ἡρώων, opp. αὐτούς, 1.3, cf. Hes.Sc.151; ψυχαὶ δ' Ἄϊδόσδε κατῆλθον Il.7.330; ψ. δὲ κατ' οὐταμένην ὠτειλὴν ἔσσυτ' ἐπειγομένη 14.518; sts. hardly dist. from signf. 1, ἅμα ψ. τε καὶ ἔγχεος ἐξέρυσ' αἰχμήν 16.505; in swoons it leaves the body, τὸν δὲ λίπε ψ. 5.696; so in later writers (seldom in Trag.), σὺν Ἀγαμεμνονίᾳ ψυχᾷ Pi.P.11.21; ἑὰν ψυχὰν κομίξαι ib.4.159, cf. N.8.44; αἱ ψ. ὀσμῶνται καθ' Ἅιδην Heraclit.98; πέμψατ' ἔνερθεν ψυχὴν ἐς φῶς A.Pers.630 (anap.); ποτωμένην ψ. ὑπὲρ σοῦ E.Or.676, cf. Fr. 912.9 (anap.); τὰς τῶν κεκμηκότων ψ., αἷς ἐστιν ἐν τῇ φύσει τῶν αὑτῶν ἐκγόνων κήδεσθαι Pl.Lg.927b; ψ. σοφαί, perh. 'wise ghosts', Ar.Nu. 94; δὶς ἀποθανουμένη ψ. Anon. ap. Plu.2.236d. III the immaterial and immortal soul, first in Pindar, ἐς τὸν ὕπερθεν ἅλιον κείνων . . ἀνδιδοῖ [Φερσεφόνα] ψυχὰς πάλιν Fr.133, cf. Pl.Men.81b; εἰπόντες ὡς ἀνθρώπου ψ. ἀθάνατός ἐστι Hdt.2.123; ἀγένητόν τε καὶ ἀθάνατον ψ. Pl.Phdr.246a, cf. Phd.70c, al.; ἀθάνατος ἡμῶν ἡ ψ. καὶ οὐδέποτε ἀπόλλυται Id.R.608d; ἁψ. τῷ σώματι συνέζευκται καὶ καθάπερ ἐν σάματι τέθαπται Philol.14, cf. Pl.Cra.400c: hence freq. opp. σῶμα, ψ. καὶ σῶμα X.Mem.1.3.5, cf. An.3.2.20; ψ. ἢ σῶμα ἢ συναμφότερον, τὸ ὅλον τοῦτο Pl.Alc.1.130a; εἰς θηρίου βίον ἀνθρωπίνη ψ. ἀφικνεῖται καὶ ἐκ θηρίου . . πάλιν εἰς ἄνθρωπον Id.Phdr.249b; κατὰ τοὺς Πυθαγορικοὺς μύθους τὴν τυχοῦσαν ψ. εἰς τὸ τυχὸν ἐνδύεσθαι σῶμα Arist.de An. 407b22; οὐδὲ τοῦτο ἐπείσθην, ὡς ἡ ψ., ἕως μὲν ἂν ἐν θνητῷ σώματι ᾖ, ζῇ, ὅταν δὲ τούτου ἀπαλλαγῇ, τέθνηκεν X.Cyr.8.7.19; ἀνθρώπου γε ψ., ἣ τοῦ θείου μετέχει, . . ὁρᾶται δ' οὐδ' αὐτή Id.Mem.4.3.14, cf. Cyr. 8.7.17; αἰθὴρ μὲμ ψυχὰς ὑπεδέξατο, σώ[ματα δὲ χθών] IG12.945 (v B. C.); ὁπόταμ ψ. προλίπῃ φάος ἀελίοιο Orph.Fr.32f.1; ἡμεῖς ἐσμεν ψ., ζῷον ἀθάνατον ἐν θνητῷ καθειργμένον φρουρίῳ Pl.Ax. 365e. IV the conscious self or personality as centre of emotions, desires, and affections, χερσὶ καὶ ψυχᾷ δυνατοί Pi.N.9.39; μορφὰν βραχύς, ψυχὰν δ' ἄκαμπτος Id.I.4(3).53(71); ἐνίους τῶν καλῶν τὰς μορφὰς μοχθηροὺς ὄντας τὰς ψ. X.Oec.6.16; θνητοῦ σώματος ἔτυχες, πειρῶ τῆς ψ. ἀθάνατον μνήμην καταλιπεῖν Isoc.2.37; opp. material blessings, κτεάνων ψ. ἔχοντες κρέσσονας Pi.N.9.32; μήτε σωμάτων ἐπιμελεῖσθαι μήτε χρημάτων . . οὕτω σφόδρα ὡς τῆς ψ. ὅπως ὡς ἀρίστη ἔσται Pl.Ap. 30b, cf. 29e: hence regarded in abstraction, τὸ παρεχόμενον ἡμῶν ἕκαστον τοῦτ' εἶναι μηδὲν ἀλλ' ἢ τὴν ψ., τὸ δὲ σῶμα ἰνδαλλόμενον ἡμῶν ἑκάστοις ἕπεσθαι Pl.Lg.959a; ἡ ψ. ἐστιν ἄνθρωπος Id.Alc.1.130c; οὐδὲ νῦν τήν γ ἐμὴν ψ. ἑωρᾶτε X.Cyr.8.7.17, cf. supr.111: sts., therefore, distd. from oneself, ψ. γὰρ ηὔδα πολλά μοι μυθουμένη S.Ant.227; ἡ ψ. μου πεπότηται Ar.Nu.319 (anap.); τί ποτ' ἔστι μαθεῖν ἔραται ψ. E.Hipp.173 (anap.); ἄλλο τι βουλομένη ἑκατέρου ἡ ψ. δήλη ἐστίν Pl.Smp.192c; οἴμοι ψυχή woe is me! LXX Mi.7.1; καὶ ἐρῶ τῇ ψ. μου, "yuxh/, e)/xeis polla\ a)gaqa/" Ev.Luc.12.19; in periphrases, ψ. Ὀρέστου, = Ὀρέστης, S.El.1127, al.: but τὴν Φιλοκτήτου ψ. ἐκκλέψεις his wits, Id.Ph.55; ἡ δ' ἐμὴ ψ. τέθνηκεν Id.Ant.559, cf. OC999; so ψυχαί abs., = ἄνθρωποι, ψ. ὀλέσασα A.Ag.1457 (lyr.); ψ. πολλαὶ ἔθανον many souls perished, Ar.Th.864; πᾶσαι αἱ ψ., υἱοὶ καὶ αἱ θυγατέρες λ γ LXX Ge.46.15, cf. Ex.12.4, al.; [κιβωτὸς] εἰς ἣν ὀλίγοι, τοῦτ' ἔστιν ὀκτὼ ψ., διεσώθησαν 1 Ep.Pet.3.20. In apostrophe, μή, φίλα ψ. Pi.P.3.61; ὦ μελέα ψ. S.Ph.712 (lyr.); ὦ ἀγαθὴ καὶ πιστὴ ψ. X.Cyr.7.3.8; in referring to persons, ὅταν μεγάλη ψ. φυῇ Pl.R. 496b (cf. μεγαλόψυχος) ; καλεῖται γοῦν ἡ ψ. Κρινοκοράκα the creature, Thphr.Char.28.2; πάσῃ ψ. τετελευτηκυίᾳ LXX Nu.6.6,11; πᾶσα ψ. ὑποτασσέσθω Ep.Rom.13.1, etc.: generally, being, ψυχὴ ζῶσα living creature, LXX Ge.1.24, cf. 20(pl.). 2 of various aspects of the self, ἐν πολέμοιο μάχαις τλάμονι ψ. παρέμειν) enduring heart, Pi.P.1.48; διεπειρᾶτο αὐτοῦ τῆς ψ. Hdt.3.14, ἦν ηὰρ . . ψυχὴν οὐκ ἄκρος poor-spirited, Id.5.124; ψυχὴν ἄριστε πάντων Ar.Eq.457; καρτερὰν ψ. λαβεῖν Id.Ach.393; κράτιστοι ἂν τὴν ψ. κριθεῖεν Th.2.40; τοῖς σώμασι δύνανται τὰς δὲ ψ. οὐκ ἔχουσιν Lys.10.29; ὁ γὰρ' λόγχην ἀκονῶν καὶ τὴν ψ. τι παρακονᾷ X.Cyr.6.2.33, cf. Oec.21.3. 3 of the emotional self, ὑπείργασμαι μὲν εὖ ψυχὴν ἔρωτι E.Hipp.505, cf. 527 (lyr.); πάνυ μου ἡ ψ. ἐπεθύμει X.Oec.6.14; τίνα ποτὲ ψ. ἔχων; Lys.32.12; τίν' οἴεσθ' αὐτὴν ψ. ἕξειν, ὅταν ἐμὲ ῒδῃ; how will she feel? D.28.21; μία ψ., prov. of friends, Arist.EN1168b7; ψ. μία ἤστην prob. in Phryn. PSp.128B.; of appetite, ψυχῇ διδόντες ἡδονήν A.Pers.841 (s. v.l.), cf. Epich.297, Theocr.16.24; λίχνῳ δὲ ὄντι τὴν ψ. Pl.R.579b; τῷ δὲ ἡ ψ. σῖτον μὲν οὐ προσίετο, διψῆν δ' ἐδόκει X.Cyr.8.7.4. 4 of the moral and intellectual self, ἀπὸ πάμπαν ἀδίκων ἔχειν ψ. Pi.O. 2.70; ψ. τε καὶ φρόνημα καὶ γνώμην S.Ant.176; ἀρκεῖν . . κἀντὶ μυρίων μίαν ψ. τάδ' ἐκτίνουσαν, ἢν εὔνους παρῇ Id.OC499; ψ. γὰρ εὔνους καὶ φρονοῦσα τοὔνδικον Id.Fr.101; ἡ κακὴ σὴ ψ. Id.Ph.1014; ψυχῆς κατήγορος κακῆς X.Oec.20.15, cf. Pl.R.353e; ἡ βουλεύσασα ψ. Antipho 4.1.7, cf. Pl.Lg.873a; τὸ σῶμα ἀπειρηκὸς ἡ ψ. συνεξέσωσεν . . διὰ τὸ μὴ ξυνειδέναι ἑαυτῇ the mind conscious of innocence, Antipho 5.93; τὸ ἐπιμελεῖσθαι καὶ ἄρχειν καὶ βουλεύεσθαι . . ἐσθ' ὅτῳ ἄλλῳ ἢ ψυχῇ δικαίως ἂν ἀποδοῖμεν; Pl.R.353d; τὴν τῆς ψ. ἐπιμέλειαν X.Mem. 1.2.4, Isoc.15.304; τὰ ἐν τῇ ψ. διὰ τὴν παιδείαν ἐγγιγνόμενα ib.290; τῆς ψ. ἐξελθούσης, ἐν ᾗ μόνῃ γίγνεται φρόνησις X.Mem.1.2.53; νοῦς τε καὶ ψ. Pl.Cra.400a, cf. Phdr.247c, al.; ἐμπαίει τί μοι ψυχῇ σύνηθες ὄμμα S.El.903; ἰδὼν μὲν γνούς τε σῇ ψ., τέκνον E.Tr.1171. Phrases:— ἐκ τῆς ψ. φίλος X.An.7.7.43; ἀπὸ τῆς ψ. φιλεῖν with all the heart, Thphr. Char.17.3; βόσκοιτ' ἐκ ψυχᾶς τὰς ἀμνάδας Theoc.8.35; ὅλῃ τῇ ψ. κεχαρίσθαι τινί X.Mem.3.11.10; οὐκ ἐᾷ ἡμᾶς οὐδὲ ψυχῆς λαχεῖν he won't let us call our soul our own, Phryn.PSp.128B. 5 of animals, ψ. μεγαλόφρων, of a horse, X.Eq.11.1; θηρίων ψ. ἡμεροῦμεν Isoc.2.12; ψ. χηνός, ὀρτυγίου, Eub.101, Antiph.5. 6 of inanimate things, πᾶσα πολιτεία ψ. πόλεώς ἐστιν Isoc.12.138, cf. 7.14; ἡ τῶνδε τῶν ἀνδρῶν ἀρετὴ τῆς Ἑλλάδος ἦν ψ. D.60.23; οἷον ψ. ὁ μῦθος τῆς τραγῳδίας Arist.Po.1450a38; also of the spirit of an author, D.H.Lys.11. V Philosophical uses: 1 In the early physicists, of the primary substance, the source of life and consciousness, ὁρίζονται πάντες (sc. οἱ πρότεροι) τὴν ψ. τρισίν, κινήσει, αἰσθήσει, τῷ ἀσωμάτῳ Arist.de An. 405b11; τὸν λίθον ἔφη [Θαλῆς] ψ. ἔχειν ὅτι τὸν σίδηρον κινεῖ, of the magnet, ib.405a20; ψυχῇσιν θάνατος ὕδωρ γενέσθαι, ὕδατι δὲ θάνατος γῆν γενέσθαι, ἐκ γῆς δὲ ὕδωρ γίνεται, ἐξ ὕδατος δὲ ψ. (sc. πῦρ) Heraclit. 36; ἡ ψ. πνεῦμα Xenoph. ap. D.L.9.19; καρδία ψυχῆς καὶ αἰσθήσιος [ἀρχά] Philol.13; τοῦτο [ἀὴρ] αὐτοῖς καὶ ψ. ἐστι καὶ νόησις Diog. Apoll.4; τὴν τῶν ἄλλων ἁπάντων φύσιν οὐ πιστεύεις Ἀναξαγόρᾳ νοῦν καὶ ψ. εἶναι τὴν διακοσμοῦσαν; Pl.Cra.400a, cf. Arist.de An.404a25; Δημόκριτος πῦρ τι καὶ θερμόν θησιν αὐτὴν (sc. ψυχὴν) εἶναι ib.404a1, cf. Resp.472a4. 2 the spirit of the universe, ψ. εἰς τὸ μέσον [τοῦ κόσμου] θείς Pl.Ti.34b, cf. 30b; τὴν τοῦ παντὸς δῆλον ὅτι τοιαύτην εἶναι βούλεται [ὁ Τίμαιος] οἷόν ποτ' ἐστὶν ὁ καλούμενος νοῦς Arist.de An.407a3; ἐν τῷ ὅλῳ τινὲς [τὴν ψ.] μεμεῖχθαί φασιν, ὅθεν ἴσως καὶ Θαλῆς ᾠήθη πάντα πλήρη θεῶν εἶναι ib.411a8; ὁ κόσμος ψ. ἐστὶν ἑαυτοῦ καὶ ἡγεμονικόν Chrysipp.Stoic.2.186; ψ. [κόσμου] Plu.2.1013e, cf. M.Ant.4.40; ψ. ἐλθοῦσα εἰς σῶμα οὐρανοῦ Plot.5.1.2; τόδε τὸ πᾶν ψ. μίαν ἔχον εἰς πάντα αὐτοῦ μέρη Id.4.4.32; περὶ ψυχᾶς κόσμου καὶ φύσιος, title of work by Ti.Locr. 3 In Pl. the immaterial principle of movement and life, ὅταν παρῇ [ψυχὴ] τῷ σώματι, αἴτιόν ἐστι τοῦ ζῆν αὐτῷ Pl.Cra.399d, cf. Def.411c; [ψυχῆς λόγον ἔχομεν] τὴν δυναμένην αὐτὴν αὑτὴν κινεῖν κίνησιν Id.Lg.896a; μεταβολῆς τε καὶ κινήσεως ἁπάσης αἰτία [ἡ ψ.] ἅπασιν ib. b, cf. 892c; its presence is requisite for thought, σοφία καὶ νοῦς ἄνευ ψ. οὐκ ἂν γενοίσθην Id.Phlb.30c, cf. Ti. 30b, Sph.249a; defined by Arist. as οὐσία ὡς εἶδος σώματος φυσικοῦ δυνάμει ζωὴν ἔχοντος de An.412a20; ἐντελέχεια ἡ πρώτη σώματος φυσικοῦ ὀργανικοῦ ib.412b5; the tripartite division of ψ., οἱ δὲ περὶ Πλάτωνα καὶ Ἀρχύτας καὶ οἱ λοιποὶ Πυθαγόρειοι τὴν ψ. τριμερῆ ἀποφαίνονται, διαιροῦντες εἰς λογισμὸν καὶ θυμὸν καὶ ἐπιθυμίαν Iamb. ap. Stob.1.49.34, cf. Pl.R.439e sqq.; in Arist. ἡ ψ. τούτοις ὥρισται, θρεπτικῷ, αἰσθητικῷ, διανοητικῷ, κινήσει· πότερον δὲ τοὔτων ἕκαστόν ἐστι ψ. ἢ ψυχῆς μόριον; de An.413b11, cf. PA641b4; ἡ θρεπτικὴ ψ. Id.de An.434a22, al.; in the Stoics and Epicureans, σῶμα ἡ ψ. Zeno and Chrysipp.Stoic.1.38; of the scala naturae, τὰ μὲν ἕξει διοικεῖται, τὰ δὲ φύσει, τὰ δ' ἀλόγῳ ψ., τὰ δὲ καὶ λόγον ἐχούσῃ καὶ διάνοιαν Stoic.2.150, cf. M.Ant.6.14; ἡ ψ. σῶμά ἐστι λεπτομερές . . προσεμφερέστατον πνεύματι θερμοῦ τινα κρᾶσιν ἔχοντι Epicur.Ep.1p.19U.; τέλος . . τὸ μήτε ἀλγεῖν κατὰ σῶμα μήτε ταράττεσθαι κατὰ ψ. Id.Ep.3p.64U.; in the Neo-Platonists characterized by discursive thinking, τοὺς λογισμοὺς ψυχῆς εἶναι ἐνεργήματα Plot.1.1.7; related to νοῦς as image to archetype, εἰκών τίς ἐστι νοῦ [ψ.] Id.5.1.3; present in entirety in every part, πάρεστι πᾶσα πανταχοῦ ψ. Id.5.1.2, cf. 4.7.5; φύσις ψ. οὖσα, γέννημα ψυχῆς προτέρας Id.3.8.4; animal and vegetable bodies possess οἷον σκιὰν ψυχῆς Id.4.4.18; πᾶν σῶμα . . ψυχῆς μετουσίᾳ κινεῖται ἐξ ἑαυτοῦ καὶ ζῇ διὰ ψ. Procl.Inst.20. VI butterfly or moth, Arist.HA551a14, Thphr.HP2.4.4, Plu.2.636c. 2 τριπόλιον, Ps.-Dsc.4.132. VII Psyche, in the allegory of Psyche and Eros, Apul.Metam. bks. 4-6, Aristophontes ap. Fulg.Myth.3.6. (See ancient speculations on the derivation, Pl.Cra.399d-400a, Arist.de An.405b29, Chrysipp.Stoic.2.222; Hom. usage gives little support to the derivation from ψύχω 'blow, breathe'; τὸν δὲ λίπε ψ. Il.5.696 means 'his spirit left his body', and so λειποψυχέω means 'swoon', not 'become breathless'; ἀπὸ δὲ ψ. ἐκάπυσσε Il.22.467 means 'she gasped out her spirit', viz. 'swooned'; the resemblance of ἄμπνυτο 'recovered consciousness' to ἀμπνέω 'recover breath' is deceptive, v. ἄμπνυτο, ἔμπνυτο: when concrete the Homeric ψ. is rather warm blood than breath, cf. Il.14.518, 16.505, where the ψ. escapes through a wound; cf. ψυχοπότης, ψυχορροφέω, and S.El.786, Ar.Nu.712 (v. supr.1).)
German (Pape)
[Seite 1403] ἡ, Hauch, Athem, Odem, und weil dieser früh als Zeichen und Bedingung des Lebens erkannt wurde, Leben, Lebenskraft, Seele; oft bei Hom.: τοῦ δ' αὖθι λύθη ψυχή τε μένος τε Il. 5, 296, u. oft; ψυχὴν Ἄϊδι δώσειν 5, 654; χερσὶν ὺπ' Ἀργείων ψυχὰς ὀλέσαντες 13, 763; τὸν δ' ἔλιπε ψυχή, κατὰ δ' ὀφθαλμῶν κέχυτ' ἀχλύς 5, 696; Od. 14, 426; ἐπὴν δὴ τόν γε λίπῃ ψυχή τε καὶ αἰών Il. 16, 453, wie αἲ γὰρ δὴ ψυχῆς τε καὶ αἰῶνός σε δυναίμην εὖνιν ποιήσας πέμψαι δόμον Ἄϊδος εἴσω Od. 9, 523; auch θυμοῦ καὶ ψυχῆς κεκαδών vrbdn, Il. 11, 334, wie Od. 21, 154; ψυχῆς ὄλεθρος, Vernichtung des Lebens, ll. 11, 325; ψυχὴν παρθέμενος, sein Leben daran setzend, wagend, Od. 3, 74. 9, 255, wie αἰεὶ ἐμὴν ψυχὴν παραβαλλόμενος πολεμίζειν Il. 9, 322; περὶ ψυχῆς, ums Leben, zur Rettung oder Erhaltung des Lebens, Od. 9, 423; μάχεσθ αι περὶ ψυχῆς 22, 245, wie θέειν περὶ ψυχῆς Il. 22, 161; τρέχειν περὶ ψυχῆς Her. 7, 37. 9, 37; ὁ περὶ τῆς ψυχῆς ἀγών, Kampf auf Leben und Tod, s. Jac. Ach. Tat. p. 896; οὓς (ἀγῶνας) περὶ τῆς ψυχῆς ἀγωνίζεσθε Dem. 18, 262; κινδυνεύειν περὶ τῆς ψυχῆς Thuc. 8, 50; τῆς ψυχῆς πρίασθαί τι, Etwas mit seinem Leben erkaufen, Xen. Cyr. 3, 1,36; τὴν ψυχήν τινος ζημιοῦσθαι, an Jemandes Leben, d. i. dadurch gestraft werden, daß einem Andern das Leben genommen wird, Her. 7, 39; ποινὴν τῆς Αἰσώπου ψυχῆς ἀνελέσθαι, Rache nehmen für das dem Aesop genommene Leben, 2, 134; so auch Pind.: ἀπὸ ψυχὰν λιπών P. 3, 101; ἀπέπνευσεν ψυχάς N. 1, 47, vgl. Ol. 8, 39 N. 9, 32; ψυχὴν Ἀΐδᾳ τελέων I. 1, 68; οὐκ ἐᾷ ἡμᾶς οὐδὲ ψυχῆς λαχεῖν, das Leben genießen, seiner froh werden, van einem Menschen, der uns plagt und ängstigt, Phryn. in B. A. 73; τὰς πάνυ πολλὰς ψυχὰς ὀλέσασ' ὑπὸ Τροίᾳ Aesch. Ag. 1432, vgl. 1445; ὡς ἔλεξα τῆς ἐμῆς περὶ ψυχῆς Eum. 115; τῶνδε γὰρ πλέον φέρω πένθος ἢ καὶ τῆς ἐμῆς ψυχῆς πέρι Soph. O. R. 94; ἐπ' ἀργύρῳ γε τὴν ψυχὴν προδούς Ant. 322; ἐκπνέων ψυχὴν ἐμήν Eur. Gr. 1163; ψυχὴν δώσω τῆσδ' ὑπερθανεῖν χθονός Phoen. 1005; ψυχὴν σέθεν ἔκτεινε Troad. 1214, u. öfter; φιλῶ τὴν ἐμὴν ψυχήν Ar. Ach. 338; τὸν περὶ ψυχῆς δρόμον δραμεῖν Vesp. 376; ψυχὴν ἐκπίνειν, das Blut aussaugen, Nubb. 703; τῆς ψυχῆς ἀποστερεῖν τινα Thuc. 1, 136; σώζειν τὰς ψυχάς Xen. Cyr. 4, 1,5. – Auch vom Leben der Thiere, Hes. Sc. 173. – Dieser Lebenshauch, der im Tode erlischt, geht nach der Vorstellung der Alten in die Unterwelt, dort mit einem Schattenkörper (der nicht mit Händen zu greifen ist, Od. 11, 207) verbunden, ohne den denkenden Geist (vgl. φρήν); dah. ψυχή die Seele des Abgeschiedenen in der Unterwelt; ψυχαὶ δ' Ἄϊδόσδε κατῆλθον Il. 7, 330, wie Od. 10, 560. 11, 65; u. noch genauer beschrieben : ἀνδρὸς δὲ ψυχὴ πάλιν ἐλθεῖν οὔτε λεϊστή, οὔθ' ἑλετή, ἐπεὶ ἄρ κεν ἀμείψεται ἕρκος ὀδόντων, Il. 9, 408; ψυχὴ δὲ κατ' οὐταμένην ὠτειλὴν ἔσσυτ' ἐπενγομένη 14, 518, wo die Seele also mit dem Blute entströmt; vgl. τοῖο δ' ἅμα ψυχήν τε καὶ ἔγχεος ἐξέρυσ' αἰχμήν 16, 505; 23, 104 ἦ ῥά τίς ἐστι καὶ εἰν Ἀΐδαο δόμοισιν ψυχὴ καὶ εἴδωλον· ἀτὰρ φρένες οὐκ ἔνι πάμπαν; vgl. 72, wo ausdrücklich bemerkt ist, daß der Schatten vollkommen die Gestalt dessen behielt, dem er im Leben angehört hatte; oft in Od. 11, u. 24, 1 ff.; vgl. noch Il. 1, 3 Od. 14, 134; so auch Tragg., wie Aesch. Pers. 622 Soph. O. C. 1003. – Auch ein Schmetterling, eine Motte, die man als Sinnbild des Lebens und der Unsterblichkeit der Seele brauchte, wegen der Verwandlung aus einer Raupe und Puppe, Arist. H. A. 4, 7. – Der abstrakte Begriff der Seele entwickelt sich seit Her., ἀνθρώπ ου ψυχὴ ἀθάνατός ἐστι 2, 123; Plat. Phaedr. 245 c Prot. 313 a u. öfter. – Seele, Herz, als Sitz des Willens, der Begierden und der Leidenschaften, Gesinnung, Gemüth, Her. 3, 14; auch = Muth, τὴν ψυχὴν πονηρός, ἐν ναυμαχίᾳ, Lys. 20, 14; οἷος ἦν τὴν ψυχήν ib. 24; ἐκ τῆς ψυχῆς, aus innerster Seele, von ganzem Herzen, τίνα οἴεσθέ με τὴν ψυχὴν ἔχειν, wie glaubt ihr, daß mir zu Muthe ist, Dem. 28, 21. – Sinnliche Neigung, Appetit, ἡ ψυχὴ οὐ προσίεται σῖτον Xen. Cyr. 8, 7,4; – δοῦναί τι τῇ ψυχῇ, der Neigung, dem Hange wozu folgen, nachgeben, ψυχῇ διδόντες ἡδονὴν καθ' ἡμέραν Aesch. Pers. 827 (vgl. Theocr. 16, 24); ἐκμαθεῖν ἀνδρὸς ψυχήν τε καὶ φρόνημα καὶ γνώμην Soph. Ant. 176; ἐν τοῖσιν ὠσὶν ἢ 'πὶ τῇ ψυχῇ δάκνει 317, u. öfter; τίν' ἔχεις ψυχήν Eur. Or. 525; ἀρσένων μείζονες ψυχαί Suppl. 1103; τῶν γερόντων οἶδα τὰς ψυχάς Ar. Ach. 353; ψυχὴν ἐμπλησάμενος Διοπείθους Vesp. 380; ταῖς ψυχαῖς παρεσκευασμένοι Xen. Cyr. 2, 1,11; ἥ μου ψυχὴ παρεσκεύασται, ich will, bin bereit, 5, 1,26; ἐκ τῆς ψυχῆς φίλος, ein wahrer Freund, An. 7, 7,43; ὅλῃ τῇ ψυχῇ Mem. 3, 11, 18. – Auch Geist, Verstand, Her. 5, 124; τῇ ψυχῇ τοῦτ' οἶδε Dem. 21, 221. – In der Anrede, φίλη ψυχή, liebe Seele, ὧ ἀγαθὴ καὶ πιστὴ ψυχή Xen. Cyr. 7, 3,8.