ἔχθος: Difference between revisions

From LSJ

κεῖται μὲν γαίῃ φθίμενον δέμας, ἡ δὲ δοθεῖσα ψυχή μοι ναίει δώματ' ἐπουράνια → my body lies mouldering in the ground, but the soul entrusted to me dwells in heavenly abodes

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{{etym
{{etym
|etymtx=Grammatical information: n.<br />Meaning: [[hatred]], [[enmity]] (Il.).<br />Compounds: As 2. member in <b class="b3">φιλ-εχθής</b> <b class="b2">who is prone to hate</b> (Theoc. 5, 137), .<br />Derivatives: <b class="b3">ἐχθρός</b> [[hated]] (thus always in Hom.), [[hateful]], m. [[enemy]] (Hes., Pi.); with <b class="b3">ἐχθίων</b>, <b class="b3">ἔχθιστος</b> (A. resp. Il.); <b class="b3">ἔχθρα</b>, ion. <b class="b3">-ρη</b> f. [[hate]], [[enmity]] (Ion.-Att., Pi.; on the formation Chantraine Formation 226). - Verbs: <b class="b3">ἔχθομαι</b>, only present-stem, <b class="b2">be hated</b> (Od.), act. <b class="b3">ἔχθω</b> [[hate]] (trag.); <b class="b3">ἀπ-εχθάνομαι</b> (β 202), aor. <b class="b3">ἀπ-εχθέσθαι</b> (Il.), fut. <b class="b3">ἀπ-εχθήσομαι</b> (Hdt.), late present <b class="b3">ἀπ-έχθομαι</b> (Theoc., Lyc.) <b class="b2">make oneself hated</b> with <b class="b3">ἀπεχθής</b> [[hated]] (S., D.), <b class="b3">ἀπέχθεια</b> <b class="b2">be hated, hate</b> (Att.), <b class="b3">ἀπέχθημα</b> <b class="b2">object of hate</b> (E. Tr. 425; cf. Chantraine Formation 177f.); <b class="b3">ἐχθαίρω</b>, aor. <b class="b3">ἐχθῆραι</b>, also with <b class="b3">ἀπ-</b>, <b class="b3">ὑπερ-</b>, <b class="b3">συν-</b>, [[hate]] (Il.); <b class="b3">ἐχθραίνω</b>, aor. <b class="b3">ἐχθρᾶναι</b> (X.) <b class="b2">be enemy, hate</b> with <b class="b3">ἔχθρασμα ἔχθρα</b> H.; <b class="b3">ἐχθρεύω</b> <b class="b2">be enemy</b> (LXX, Phld.).<br />Origin: IE [Indo-European] [292] <b class="b2">*h₁eǵʰs-to-</b> [[outsider]]<br />Etymology: The relation of the words cited is not always clear. Clearly <b class="b3">ἐχθραίνω</b> and <b class="b3">ἐχθρεύω</b> are late derivations of <b class="b3">ἐχθρός</b>; much older <b class="b3">ἐχθαίρω</b> is also a denominative of <b class="b3">ἐχθρός</b> (Schwyzer 725). Also <b class="b3">ἀπ-εχθάνομαι</b> could with <b class="b2">r:n-</b>interchange be related to <b class="b3">ἐχθρός</b> (Benveniste Origines 16), though it could as well be a nasal enlargement of <b class="b3">ἔχθομαι</b>, <b class="b3">ἀπ-εχθέσθαι</b> (Schwyzer 700, Chantraine Gramm. hom. 1, 315f..). <b class="b3">ἔχθομαι</b> is acc. to Schwyzer 725 a backformation from <b class="b3">ἐχθαίρω</b>, but it is better connected to <b class="b3">ἔχθος</b> like <b class="b3">σθένω</b> to <b class="b3">σθένος</b> (Schwyzer 723). - More difficult is the interpretation of <b class="b3">ἔχθος</b> and <b class="b3">ἐχθρός</b>, for which cf. <b class="b3">αἶσχος</b> : <b class="b3">αἰσχρός</b>, <b class="b3">κῦδος</b> : <b class="b3">κυδρός</b>. If we start from <b class="b3">ἐχθρός</b> and consider <b class="b3">ἔχθος</b> with <b class="b3">ἔχθομαι</b>, <b class="b3">ἐχθίων</b>, <b class="b3">ἔχθιστος</b> as innovations, perhaps after <b class="b3">κυδρός</b>, <b class="b3">κυδίων</b>, <b class="b3">κύδιστος</b>, <b class="b3">τὸ κῦδος</b>, we can connect <b class="b3">ἐχθρός</b> with Lat. [[extrā]] [[outside]], [[exterus]] <b class="b2">being outside</b>, and so also with <b class="b3">ἐχθός</b> = <b class="b3">ἐκτός</b> [[outside]] (Leumann Hom. Wörter 158 n. 1 with Keil Hermes 25, 601, s. also Pisani Ist. Lomb. 73 : 2, 30; against this Wackernagel KZ 31, 41 = Kl. Schr. 1, 720); <b class="b3">ἐχθρός</b> then would be prop. <b class="b2">outside, being in foreign territory, foreigner, enemy</b>; cf. Lat. [[hostis]]. - More in Bq, Seiler Steigerungsformen 77f., W.-Hofmann s. [[ex]], Pok. 292f. Now Čop KZ 74, 225f.
|etymtx=Grammatical information: n.<br />Meaning: [[hatred]], [[enmity]] (Il.).<br />Compounds: As 2. member in <b class="b3">φιλ-εχθής</b> <b class="b2">who is prone to hate</b> (Theoc. 5, 137), .<br />Derivatives: <b class="b3">ἐχθρός</b> [[hated]] (thus always in Hom.), [[hateful]], m. [[enemy]] (Hes., Pi.); with <b class="b3">ἐχθίων</b>, <b class="b3">ἔχθιστος</b> (A. resp. Il.); <b class="b3">ἔχθρα</b>, ion. <b class="b3">-ρη</b> f. [[hate]], [[enmity]] (Ion.-Att., Pi.; on the formation Chantraine Formation 226). - Verbs: <b class="b3">ἔχθομαι</b>, only present-stem, <b class="b2">be hated</b> (Od.), act. <b class="b3">ἔχθω</b> [[hate]] (trag.); <b class="b3">ἀπ-εχθάνομαι</b> (β 202), aor. <b class="b3">ἀπ-εχθέσθαι</b> (Il.), fut. <b class="b3">ἀπ-εχθήσομαι</b> (Hdt.), late present <b class="b3">ἀπ-έχθομαι</b> (Theoc., Lyc.) <b class="b2">make oneself hated</b> with <b class="b3">ἀπεχθής</b> [[hated]] (S., D.), <b class="b3">ἀπέχθεια</b> <b class="b2">be hated, hate</b> (Att.), <b class="b3">ἀπέχθημα</b> <b class="b2">object of hate</b> (E. Tr. 425; cf. Chantraine Formation 177f.); <b class="b3">ἐχθαίρω</b>, aor. <b class="b3">ἐχθῆραι</b>, also with <b class="b3">ἀπ-</b>, <b class="b3">ὑπερ-</b>, <b class="b3">συν-</b>, [[hate]] (Il.); <b class="b3">ἐχθραίνω</b>, aor. <b class="b3">ἐχθρᾶναι</b> (X.) <b class="b2">be enemy, hate</b> with <b class="b3">ἔχθρασμα ἔχθρα</b> H.; <b class="b3">ἐχθρεύω</b> <b class="b2">be enemy</b> (LXX, Phld.).<br />Origin: IE [Indo-European] [292] <b class="b2">*h₁eǵʰs-to-</b> [[outsider]]<br />Etymology: The relation of the words cited is not always clear. Clearly <b class="b3">ἐχθραίνω</b> and <b class="b3">ἐχθρεύω</b> are late derivations of <b class="b3">ἐχθρός</b>; much older <b class="b3">ἐχθαίρω</b> is also a denominative of <b class="b3">ἐχθρός</b> (Schwyzer 725). Also <b class="b3">ἀπ-εχθάνομαι</b> could with <b class="b2">r:n-</b>interchange be related to <b class="b3">ἐχθρός</b> (Benveniste Origines 16), though it could as well be a nasal enlargement of <b class="b3">ἔχθομαι</b>, <b class="b3">ἀπ-εχθέσθαι</b> (Schwyzer 700, Chantraine Gramm. hom. 1, 315f..). <b class="b3">ἔχθομαι</b> is acc. to Schwyzer 725 a backformation from <b class="b3">ἐχθαίρω</b>, but it is better connected to <b class="b3">ἔχθος</b> like <b class="b3">σθένω</b> to <b class="b3">σθένος</b> (Schwyzer 723). - More difficult is the interpretation of <b class="b3">ἔχθος</b> and <b class="b3">ἐχθρός</b>, for which cf. <b class="b3">αἶσχος</b> : <b class="b3">αἰσχρός</b>, <b class="b3">κῦδος</b> : <b class="b3">κυδρός</b>. If we start from <b class="b3">ἐχθρός</b> and consider <b class="b3">ἔχθος</b> with <b class="b3">ἔχθομαι</b>, <b class="b3">ἐχθίων</b>, <b class="b3">ἔχθιστος</b> as innovations, perhaps after <b class="b3">κυδρός</b>, <b class="b3">κυδίων</b>, <b class="b3">κύδιστος</b>, <b class="b3">τὸ κῦδος</b>, we can connect <b class="b3">ἐχθρός</b> with Lat. [[extrā]] [[outside]], [[exterus]] <b class="b2">being outside</b>, and so also with <b class="b3">ἐχθός</b> = <b class="b3">ἐκτός</b> [[outside]] (Leumann Hom. Wörter 158 n. 1 with Keil Hermes 25, 601, s. also Pisani Ist. Lomb. 73 : 2, 30; against this Wackernagel KZ 31, 41 = Kl. Schr. 1, 720); <b class="b3">ἐχθρός</b> then would be prop. <b class="b2">outside, being in foreign territory, foreigner, enemy</b>; cf. Lat. [[hostis]]. - More in Bq, Seiler Steigerungsformen 77f., W.-Hofmann s. [[ex]], Pok. 292f. Now Čop KZ 74, 225f.
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{{mdlsj
|mdlsjtxt=![[ἔχθος]], εος,<br /><b class="num">I.</b> [[hate]], [[hatred]], Hom., etc.; [[ἔχθος]] τινός [[hatred]] for one, Hdt., Thuc.; ἐς [[ἔχθος]] ἀπικέσθαι τινί to incur his [[hatred]] or [[enmity]], Hdt.; εἰς [[ἔχθος]] [[ἐλθεῖν]] τινί Eur.<br /><b class="num">II.</b> of persons, ὦ πλεῖστον [[ἔχθος]] [[object]] of direst [[hate]], Aesch.
}}
}}

Revision as of 14:05, 9 January 2019

Click links below for lookup in third sources:
Full diacritics: ἔχθος Medium diacritics: ἔχθος Low diacritics: έχθος Capitals: ΕΧΘΟΣ
Transliteration A: échthos Transliteration B: echthos Transliteration C: echthos Beta Code: e)/xqos

English (LSJ)

εος, τό,

   A hate, Διὸς ἔχθος ἀλευάμενος Od.9.277: and in pl., ἐχθεα λυγρά Il.3.416, cf. Pi.P.2.55; ἴδια, κοινὰ ἔχθεα, Hdt.3.82; κατὰ ἔχθος τινός hatred for one, Id.9.15, cf. Th.1.103, 7.57; ἔχθει c.gen., A.Supp.332, Th.1.95; ἐς ἔχθεα ἀπικνέεσθαί τινι to incur his enmity, Hdt.3.82; εἰς ἔχθος ἐλθεῖν τινι E.Ph.879; ὑπ' ἔχθους Plu.Publ.9.    II ὦ πλεῖστον ἔ. object of direst hate, A.Pers.284.—In Prose ἔχθρα is more freq.

German (Pape)

[Seite 1125] τό, die Feindschaft, der Haß; οὐδ' ἂν ἐγὼ Διὸς ἔχθος ἀλευάμενος πεφιδοίμην Od. 9, 277; ἔχθεα λυγρά Il. 3, 416 im plur., wie βαρύλογα ἔχθη Pind. P. 2, 55; Tragg. (vgl. ἐχθαίρω), εἰς ἔχθος ἦλθον παισὶ τοῖσιν Οἰδίπου, ich ward ihnen verhaßt, Eur. Phoen. 879; τινός, gegen Jem., Her. 9, 37; τῷ ἐκείνου ἔχθει, aus Haß gegen Jenen, Thuc. 1, 95, öfter; κατ' ἔχθος τινός, 1, 103. 4, 1; τῷ πρὸς αὐτὸν ἔχθει Plut. Lucull. 22; Ggstz φιλότης, Opp. Cyn. 1, 38. – In Prosa ist das Folgende geläufiger.

Greek (Liddell-Scott)

ἔχθος: -εος, τό, ἔχθρα, μῖσος, Διὸς ἔχθος ἀλευάμενος Ὀδ. Ι. 277· καὶ ἐν τῷ πληθ., ἔχθεα λυγρὰ Ἰλ. Γ. 416, πρβλ. Πινδ. Π. 2.100· ἔχθος τινός, μῖσος διά τινα, Ἡρόδ. 9. 15, Αἰσχύλ. Ἱκ. 331, Θουκ. 1. 95· κατ’ ἔχθος τινὸς ὁ αὐτ. 1. 103., 1. 57· ἐς ἔχθος ἐπικέσθαι τινί, ἐχθρὸς γενέσθαι, Ἡρόδ. 3. 82· εἰς ἔχθος ἐλθεῖν τινι Εὐρ. Φοίν. 879· ὑπ’ ἔχθους Πλουτάρχ. Ποπλικ. 19. ΙΙ. ὦ πλεῖστον ἔχθος, ἀντικείμενον μίσους, ἔχθρας τῆς μεγίστης (ὡς τὸ μῖσος ΙΙ), Αἰσχύλ. Πέρσ. 284· πρβλ. ἐχθαίρω. ― Παρὰ πεζολόγοις ἡ λέξις: ἔχθρα εἶναι ἡ συνηθεστέρα. (Κατὰ τὸν Buttm. ἐν Λεξιλόγῳ ἐν λέξει ὀχθῆσαι ἐν τέλει, ἐκ τοῦ ἐκ, ἐξ, ἐκτός, ἀκριβῶς ὅπως ἡ πρώτη σημασία τοῦ Λατ. hostis ἤτοι ξένος).

French (Bailly abrégé)

εος -ους (τό) :
1 haine, inimitié : ἔχθος τινος, πρός τινα, haine contre qqn ; κατ’ ἔχθος THC, ὑπ’ ἔχθους PLUT par haine ; ἐς ἔχθος ἀπικέσθαι τινί HDT encourir la haine de qqn;
2 objet de haine.
Étymologie: ἔχθω.

English (Autenrieth)

εος: hate, enmity, wrath.

English (Slater)

ἔχθος
   1 hatred Ἀρχίλοχον βαρυλόγοις ἔχθεσιν πιαινόμενον (P. 2.55)

Greek Monotonic

ἔχθος: -εος, τό,
I. έχθρα, μίσος, σε Όμηρ. κ.λπ.· ἔχθος τινός, μίσος για κάποιον, αντιπάθεια, απέχθεια, σε Ηρόδ., Θουκ.· ἐς ἔχθος ἀπικέσθαι τινί, προκαλώ το μίσος του ή την έχθρα του, σε Ηρόδ.· εἰς ἔχθος ἐλθεῖν τινι, σε Ευρ.
II. λέγεται για πρόσωπα, ὦ πλεῖστον ἔχθος, αντικείμενο μεγίστου μίσους, σε Αισχύλ.

Russian (Dvoretsky)

ἔχθος: εος τό
1) неприязнь, ненависть, враждебность, вражда (τινός Aesch., Her., Thuc. и πρός τινα Plut.): κατ᾽ ἐ. или τῷ ἔχθει Thuc. и ὑπ᾽ ἔχθους Plut. из ненависти; ἐς ἔ. ἀπικέσθαι τινί Her. и εἰς ἔ. ἐλθεῖν τινι Eur. навлечь на себя чью-л. ненависть;
2) предмет ненависти: ὦ πλεῖστον ἔ. ὄνομα! Aesch. о, ненавистнейшее из имен!

Frisk Etymological English

Grammatical information: n.
Meaning: hatred, enmity (Il.).
Compounds: As 2. member in φιλ-εχθής who is prone to hate (Theoc. 5, 137), .
Derivatives: ἐχθρός hated (thus always in Hom.), hateful, m. enemy (Hes., Pi.); with ἐχθίων, ἔχθιστος (A. resp. Il.); ἔχθρα, ion. -ρη f. hate, enmity (Ion.-Att., Pi.; on the formation Chantraine Formation 226). - Verbs: ἔχθομαι, only present-stem, be hated (Od.), act. ἔχθω hate (trag.); ἀπ-εχθάνομαι (β 202), aor. ἀπ-εχθέσθαι (Il.), fut. ἀπ-εχθήσομαι (Hdt.), late present ἀπ-έχθομαι (Theoc., Lyc.) make oneself hated with ἀπεχθής hated (S., D.), ἀπέχθεια be hated, hate (Att.), ἀπέχθημα object of hate (E. Tr. 425; cf. Chantraine Formation 177f.); ἐχθαίρω, aor. ἐχθῆραι, also with ἀπ-, ὑπερ-, συν-, hate (Il.); ἐχθραίνω, aor. ἐχθρᾶναι (X.) be enemy, hate with ἔχθρασμα ἔχθρα H.; ἐχθρεύω be enemy (LXX, Phld.).
Origin: IE [Indo-European] [292] *h₁eǵʰs-to- outsider
Etymology: The relation of the words cited is not always clear. Clearly ἐχθραίνω and ἐχθρεύω are late derivations of ἐχθρός; much older ἐχθαίρω is also a denominative of ἐχθρός (Schwyzer 725). Also ἀπ-εχθάνομαι could with r:n-interchange be related to ἐχθρός (Benveniste Origines 16), though it could as well be a nasal enlargement of ἔχθομαι, ἀπ-εχθέσθαι (Schwyzer 700, Chantraine Gramm. hom. 1, 315f..). ἔχθομαι is acc. to Schwyzer 725 a backformation from ἐχθαίρω, but it is better connected to ἔχθος like σθένω to σθένος (Schwyzer 723). - More difficult is the interpretation of ἔχθος and ἐχθρός, for which cf. αἶσχος : αἰσχρός, κῦδος : κυδρός. If we start from ἐχθρός and consider ἔχθος with ἔχθομαι, ἐχθίων, ἔχθιστος as innovations, perhaps after κυδρός, κυδίων, κύδιστος, τὸ κῦδος, we can connect ἐχθρός with Lat. extrā outside, exterus being outside, and so also with ἐχθός = ἐκτός outside (Leumann Hom. Wörter 158 n. 1 with Keil Hermes 25, 601, s. also Pisani Ist. Lomb. 73 : 2, 30; against this Wackernagel KZ 31, 41 = Kl. Schr. 1, 720); ἐχθρός then would be prop. outside, being in foreign territory, foreigner, enemy; cf. Lat. hostis. - More in Bq, Seiler Steigerungsformen 77f., W.-Hofmann s. ex, Pok. 292f. Now Čop KZ 74, 225f.

Middle Liddell

!ἔχθος, εος,
I. hate, hatred, Hom., etc.; ἔχθος τινός hatred for one, Hdt., Thuc.; ἐς ἔχθος ἀπικέσθαι τινί to incur his hatred or enmity, Hdt.; εἰς ἔχθος ἐλθεῖν τινί Eur.
II. of persons, ὦ πλεῖστον ἔχθος object of direst hate, Aesch.