calculus

Latin > English (Lewis & Short)

calcŭlus: i, m.
dim. 2. calx; cf. Paul. ex Fest. p. 46.
I In gen., a small stone, a pebble: conjectis in os calculis, Cic. de Or. 1, 61, 261: Demosthenes calculos linguā volvens dicere domi solebat, Quint. 11, 3, 54; Vitr. 7, 2: argilla et dumosis calculus arvis, gravel in the thorny fields, Serv. ad Verg. G. 2, 180; Plin. 4, 8, 15, § 37; 28, 9, 33, § 124.—
   B Trop., of discourse: qui tenui venulā per calculos fluunt, Quint. 12, 10, 25.—
II Esp.
   A A stone in the bladder or kidneys, the gravel, stone, Cels. 7, 26: curare, Plin. 20, 21, 86, § 234: comminuere et eicere, id. 20, 4, 13, § 23; cf. eicere, Suet. Aug. 80: movere, Plin. 20, 22, 91, § 248: exturbare, id. 20, 10, 42, § 109: frangere, id. 22, 21, 29, § 59: rumpere, id. 23, 8, 80, § 153. —
   B A draughtsman, a stone or counter used in playing draughts. called duodecim scripta, in which, as in chess, by driving a piece from one square to another, the person beaten could not finally move at all (ad incitas redactus est): in lusu duodecim scriptorum cum prior calculum promovisset, etc., Quint. 11, 2, 38; cf. Ov. A. A. 2, 207; 3, 357; id. Tr. 2, 478; Plin. Ep. 7, 24, 5; Mart. 14, 20; Isid. Orig. 18, 67: calculorum ludus, Cael. Aur. Tard. 1, 5, 165.—
   2    Trop.: calculum reducere, to take back a move: tibi concedo, quod in XII. scriptis solemus, ut calculum reducas, si te alicujus dati paenitet, Cic. ap. Non. p. 170, 28 (Hortens. Fragm. 51 B. and K.): quā re nunc saltem ad illos calculos revertamur, quos tum abjecimus, i. e. those principles of action, id. Att. 8, 12, 5.—
   C A stone used in reckoning on the counting-board; hence meton., a reckoning, computing, calculating: calculi et rationes, Quint. 11, 3, 59; 7, 4, 35; 8, 3, 14; 12, 11, 18 Spald.: calculos subducere, to compute, reckon, cast up, Cic. Fin. 2, 19, 60: ponere, Col. 3, 3, 7: ponere cum aliquo, Plin. Pan. 20, 5: de posteris cogitanti in condicionibus deligendus ponendus est calculus, id. ib. 1, 14, 9: amicitiam ad calculos vocare, to subject to an accurate reckoning, hold to a strict account, Cic. Lael. 16, 58: si ad calculos eum respublica vocet, settles accounts, reckons, Liv. 5, 4, 7: revocare aliquid ad calculos, Val. Max. 4, 7, 1: ratio calculorum, Col. 1, 3, 8.—
   2    Trop.: cum aliquā re parem calculum ponere, i.e. to render equal for equal, Plin. Ep. 5, 2, 1: quos ego movi calculos, considerations which I have suggested, id. ib. 2, 19, 9.—
   D In the most ancient per., a stone used in voting; a vote, sentence, decision, suffrage; a white one for assent or acquittal, a black for denial or condemnation; cf. Ov. M. 15, 41 sq.; App. M. 10, p. 242.— Hence judicialis, Imp. Just. Cod. 3, 1, 12: deteriorem reportare, i. e. an adverse decision, Impp. Diocl. et Max. Cod. 7, 62, 10: calculis omnibus, by a unanimous vote, App. M. 7, p. 191, 21.—Trop.: si modo tu fortasse errori nostro album calculum adjeceris, i. e. approve, Plin. Ep. 1, 2, 5.—
   E The Thracians were accustomed to preserve the recollection of fortunate occurrences by white stones, and of unfortunate by black, Plin. 7, 40, 41, § 131.—Hence,
   2    Trop.: o diem laetum, notandumque mihi candidissimo calculo! i. e. a most happy day! Plin. Ep. 6, 11, 3; cf. Mart. 12, 34, 9, § 53; Pers. 2, 1 sq.—
   F In late Lat., a small weight: calculus constat ex granis ciceris duobus, Auct. Ponder ap. Goes. Agr. p. 322 (in Isid. Orig. 16, 25, 8, called calcus).

Latin > French (Gaffiot 2016)

calcŭlus,¹¹ ī, m. (dimin. de calx 2 ), petite pierre
1 caillou : conjectis in os calculis Cic. de Or. 1, 261, s’étant mis des cailloux dans la. bouche ; dumosis calculus arvis Virg. G. 2, 180, des graviers dans un sol hérissé de buissons || calcul de la vessie, pierre, gravelle ( Isid. Orig. 4, 7, 32 ) : Cic. Div. 2, 143 ; Vitr. Arch. 8, 3, 17 ; Cels. Med. 2, 7, etc.
2 caillou pour voter : Ov. M. 15, 44 ; Apul. M. 10, 8, etc. ; [d’où] vote, suffrage : album calculum adjicere alicui rei Plin. Min. Ep. 1, 2, 5, accorder un vote favorable à qqch. (cf. Ov. M. 15, 41 ), donner une approbation à qqch. || caillou blanc [pour marquer les jours heureux] : Plin. Min. Ep. 6, 11, 3 (cf. Hor. O. 1, 36, 10 ; Plin. 7, 131 )
3 caillou, pion [d’une espèce de jeu de dames ou d’échecs] : calculum reducere Cic. Fr. F 5, 60, ramener un jeton en arrière ; promovere Quint. 11, 2, 38, le pousser en avant, cf. Ov. Ars 2, 207 ; 2, 478 ; 3, 358 ; Sen. Tranq. 14, 7 ; ut sciat, quomodo alligatus exeat calculus Sen. Ep. 117, 30, pour savoir comment un pion bloqué se tirera d’affaire
4 caillou de la table à calculer ( Isid. Orig. 10, 43 ), [d’où] calcul, compte : ad calculos aliquem vocare Liv. 5, 4, 7, inviter qqn à calculer (à faire un compte) ; ad calculos aliquid vocare Cic. Læl. 58, mettre qqch. en calcul, calculer qqch. ; calculos ponere Sen. Polyb. 9, 1 ( Plin. Min. Ep. 2, 19, 9 ), établir un calcul ; utrosque calculos ponere Sen. Ep. 81, 6, faire des comptes en partie double || [fig.] voluptatum calculis subductis Cic. Fin. 2, 60, après avoir fait un calcul des plaisirs ; ad calculos amicitiam vocare Cic. Læl. 58, soumettre l’amitié à un calcul exact
5 cailloux des escamoteurs : Sen. Ep. 45, 8
6 poids le plus faible possible : Grom. p. 373, 21.