ἆρα: Difference between revisions

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Ὁ σοφὸς ἐν αὑτῷ περιφέρει τὴν οὐσίαν → Qui sapit, is in se cuncta circumfert sua → Der Weise trägt, was er besitzt, in sich herum

Menander, Monostichoi, 404
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|Transliteration C=ara
|Transliteration C=ara
|Beta Code=a)=ra
|Beta Code=a)=ra
|Definition=interrog. Particle, implying <span class="sense"><p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">A</span> <b class="b2">anxiety</b> or <b class="b2">impatience</b>, = Ep. and Lyr. <b class="b3">ἦ ῥα</b>: </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">1</span> alone, it simply marks the question, the nature of which is determined by the context: e.g. in <span class="bibl">D.35.44</span> a <b class="b2">negative</b> answer is implied in the question <b class="b3">ἆρ' ἂν οἴεσθε</b> . . ; but an <b class="b2">affirmative</b> in <span class="bibl">X.<span class="title">Cyr.</span>4.6.4</span> <b class="b3">ἆ. βέβληκα δὶς ἐφεξῆς;</b> cf. <b class="b3">ἆρ' εὐτυχεῖς . . ἢ δυστυχεῖς</b>; <span class="bibl">E.<span class="title">Ph.</span>424</span>.—To make it plainly neg., we have <b class="b3">ἆ. μή</b> . . ; <span class="bibl">A.<span class="title">Th.</span>208</span>, <span class="bibl">Pl.<span class="title">Phd.</span>64c</span>; and to make it plainly affirmative, <b class="b3">ἆρ' οὐ; ἆρ' οὐχί</b>; <span class="bibl">S. <span class="title">OC</span>791</span>, <span class="bibl"><span class="title">OT</span>540</span>; <b class="b3">ἆρ' οὐχ οὕτως</b>; <span class="bibl">Pl.<span class="title">Phlb.</span>11d</span>. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">2</span> <b class="b3">ἆ. οὖν;</b> is used to draw an affirmative inference, <span class="bibl">Id.<span class="title">Grg.</span>477a</span>, <span class="bibl"><span class="title">La.</span>190b</span>; also when a neg. answer is expected, <span class="bibl">Id.<span class="title">Chrm.</span>159b</span>; with a neg., <b class="b3">ἆρ' οὖν οὐ</b> . . ; <span class="bibl">Id.<span class="title">Phdr.</span>263a</span>, etc. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">3</span> in <b class="b3">ἆρά γε</b>, each Particle retains its force, γε serving to make the question more definite, <span class="bibl">Ar.<span class="title">Pl.</span>546</span>, <span class="bibl">X.<span class="title">Mem.</span>1.5.4</span>, etc. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">4</span> less freq. with <b class="b3">τίς</b> interrog., τίνος ποτ' ἆρ' ἔπραξε χειρί <span class="bibl">S.<span class="title">Aj.</span>905</span>; <b class="b3">τίδ' ἆρ' ἐγὼ σέ</b>; <span class="bibl">E.<span class="title">IA</span>1228</span>; τίς ἆρ' ὁ φεύγων; <span class="bibl">Ar.<span class="title">V.</span>893</span>; with <b class="b3">ἤν</b>, <span class="bibl">E.<span class="title">Rh.</span>118</span>. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">5</span> in indirect questions, <b class="b3">σκεψώμεθα τοῦτο ἆ</b> . . . <span class="bibl">Pl.<span class="title">Phd.</span>70e</span>, cf. <span class="bibl"><span class="title">R.</span>526c</span>, al., <span class="bibl">Arist.<span class="title">Ph.</span>204b3</span>, etc. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">II</span> in Poets sts. like [[ἄρα]], <span class="bibl">Archil.86</span>,<span class="bibl">89</span>, <span class="bibl">Pi.<span class="title">P.</span>4.78</span>, <span class="bibl">Ar.<span class="title">V.</span>3</span>; τοιοῖσδε χρησμοῖς ἆ. χρὴ πεποιθέναι; <span class="bibl">A.<span class="title">Ch.</span>297</span>, cf.<span class="bibl">435</span>; τῷ δὲ ξιφήρης ἆρ' ὑφειστήκει λόχος <span class="bibl">E. <span class="title">Andr.</span>1114</span>: in exclamations, βραδεῖαν ἡμᾶς ἆρ' ὁ τήνδε τὴν ὁδὸν πέμπων ἔπεμψεν <span class="bibl">S.<span class="title">Aj.</span>738</span>; ὀδυνηρὸς ἆρ' ὁ πλοῦτος <span class="bibl">E.<span class="title">Ph.</span>566</span>, cf.<span class="bibl"><span class="title">El.</span>1229</span>, <span class="bibl"><span class="title">Hipp.</span>1086</span>; ἦ δεινὸν ἆρ' ἦν <span class="bibl">Id.<span class="title">Fr.</span>931</span>; ἔμελλόν σ' ἆ. κινήσειν <span class="bibl">Ar.<span class="title">Nu.</span> 1301</span>, cf. <span class="bibl"><span class="title">Ach.</span>347</span>. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">B</span> In Prose, <b class="b3">ἆ</b>. almost always stands first in the sentence, but cf. <span class="bibl">Pl.<span class="title">Grg.</span>467e</span>; <b class="b3">καὶ ὑπὲρ τούτων ἆ</b>. . . <span class="bibl">Jul.<span class="title">Or.</span>2.61c</span>: in Poetry greater licence is taken, v. supr. <span class="bibl">1.4</span>,<span class="bibl">11</span>.</span>
|Definition=interrog. Particle, implying <span class="sense"><p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">A</span> <b class="b2">anxiety</b> or <b class="b2">impatience</b>, = Ep. and Lyr. <b class="b3">ἦ ῥα</b>: </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">1</span> alone, it simply marks the question, the nature of which is determined by the context: e.g. in <span class="bibl">D.35.44</span> a <b class="b2">negative</b> answer is implied in the question <b class="b3">ἆρ' ἂν οἴεσθε</b> . . ; but an <b class="b2">affirmative</b> in <span class="bibl">X.<span class="title">Cyr.</span>4.6.4</span> <b class="b3">ἆ. βέβληκα δὶς ἐφεξῆς;</b> cf. <b class="b3">ἆρ' εὐτυχεῖς . . ἢ δυστυχεῖς</b>; <span class="bibl">E.<span class="title">Ph.</span>424</span>.—To make it plainly neg., we have <b class="b3">ἆ. μή</b> . . ; <span class="bibl">A.<span class="title">Th.</span>208</span>, <span class="bibl">Pl.<span class="title">Phd.</span>64c</span>; and to make it plainly affirmative, <b class="b3">ἆρ' οὐ; ἆρ' οὐχί</b>; <span class="bibl">S. <span class="title">OC</span>791</span>, <span class="bibl"><span class="title">OT</span>540</span>; <b class="b3">ἆρ' οὐχ οὕτως</b>; <span class="bibl">Pl.<span class="title">Phlb.</span>11d</span>. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">2</span> <b class="b3">ἆ. οὖν;</b> is used to draw an affirmative inference, <span class="bibl">Id.<span class="title">Grg.</span>477a</span>, <span class="bibl"><span class="title">La.</span>190b</span>; also when a neg. answer is expected, <span class="bibl">Id.<span class="title">Chrm.</span>159b</span>; with a neg., <b class="b3">ἆρ' οὖν οὐ</b> . . ; <span class="bibl">Id.<span class="title">Phdr.</span>263a</span>, etc. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">3</span> in <b class="b3">ἆρά γε</b>, each Particle retains its force, γε serving to make the question more definite, <span class="bibl">Ar.<span class="title">Pl.</span>546</span>, <span class="bibl">X.<span class="title">Mem.</span>1.5.4</span>, etc. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">4</span> less freq. with <b class="b3">τίς</b> interrog., τίνος ποτ' ἆρ' ἔπραξε χειρί <span class="bibl">S.<span class="title">Aj.</span>905</span>; <b class="b3">τίδ' ἆρ' ἐγὼ σέ</b>; <span class="bibl">E.<span class="title">IA</span>1228</span>; τίς ἆρ' ὁ φεύγων; <span class="bibl">Ar.<span class="title">V.</span>893</span>; with <b class="b3">ἤν</b>, <span class="bibl">E.<span class="title">Rh.</span>118</span>. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">5</span> in indirect questions, <b class="b3">σκεψώμεθα τοῦτο ἆ</b><span class="bibl">Pl.<span class="title">Phd.</span>70e</span>, cf. <span class="bibl"><span class="title">R.</span>526c</span>, al., <span class="bibl">Arist.<span class="title">Ph.</span>204b3</span>, etc. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">II</span> in Poets sts. like [[ἄρα]], <span class="bibl">Archil.86</span>,<span class="bibl">89</span>, <span class="bibl">Pi.<span class="title">P.</span>4.78</span>, <span class="bibl">Ar.<span class="title">V.</span>3</span>; τοιοῖσδε χρησμοῖς ἆ. χρὴ πεποιθέναι; <span class="bibl">A.<span class="title">Ch.</span>297</span>, cf.<span class="bibl">435</span>; τῷ δὲ ξιφήρης ἆρ' ὑφειστήκει λόχος <span class="bibl">E. <span class="title">Andr.</span>1114</span>: in exclamations, βραδεῖαν ἡμᾶς ἆρ' ὁ τήνδε τὴν ὁδὸν πέμπων ἔπεμψεν <span class="bibl">S.<span class="title">Aj.</span>738</span>; ὀδυνηρὸς ἆρ' ὁ πλοῦτος <span class="bibl">E.<span class="title">Ph.</span>566</span>, cf.<span class="bibl"><span class="title">El.</span>1229</span>, <span class="bibl"><span class="title">Hipp.</span>1086</span>; ἦ δεινὸν ἆρ' ἦν <span class="bibl">Id.<span class="title">Fr.</span>931</span>; ἔμελλόν σ' ἆ. κινήσειν <span class="bibl">Ar.<span class="title">Nu.</span> 1301</span>, cf. <span class="bibl"><span class="title">Ach.</span>347</span>. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">B</span> In Prose, <b class="b3">ἆ</b>. almost always stands first in the sentence, but cf. <span class="bibl">Pl.<span class="title">Grg.</span>467e</span>; <b class="b3">καὶ ὑπὲρ τούτων ἆ</b>. . . <span class="bibl">Jul.<span class="title">Or.</span>2.61c</span>: in Poetry greater licence is taken, v. supr. <span class="bibl">1.4</span>,<span class="bibl">11</span>.</span>
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Revision as of 10:50, 25 February 2019

Click links below for lookup in third sources:
Full diacritics: ἆρᾰ Medium diacritics: ἆρα Low diacritics: άρα Capitals: ΑΡΑ
Transliteration A: âra Transliteration B: ara Transliteration C: ara Beta Code: a)=ra

English (LSJ)

interrog. Particle, implying

   A anxiety or impatience, = Ep. and Lyr. ἦ ῥα:    1 alone, it simply marks the question, the nature of which is determined by the context: e.g. in D.35.44 a negative answer is implied in the question ἆρ' ἂν οἴεσθε . . ; but an affirmative in X.Cyr.4.6.4 ἆ. βέβληκα δὶς ἐφεξῆς; cf. ἆρ' εὐτυχεῖς . . ἢ δυστυχεῖς; E.Ph.424.—To make it plainly neg., we have ἆ. μή . . ; A.Th.208, Pl.Phd.64c; and to make it plainly affirmative, ἆρ' οὐ; ἆρ' οὐχί; S. OC791, OT540; ἆρ' οὐχ οὕτως; Pl.Phlb.11d.    2 ἆ. οὖν; is used to draw an affirmative inference, Id.Grg.477a, La.190b; also when a neg. answer is expected, Id.Chrm.159b; with a neg., ἆρ' οὖν οὐ . . ; Id.Phdr.263a, etc.    3 in ἆρά γε, each Particle retains its force, γε serving to make the question more definite, Ar.Pl.546, X.Mem.1.5.4, etc.    4 less freq. with τίς interrog., τίνος ποτ' ἆρ' ἔπραξε χειρί S.Aj.905; τίδ' ἆρ' ἐγὼ σέ; E.IA1228; τίς ἆρ' ὁ φεύγων; Ar.V.893; with ἤν, E.Rh.118.    5 in indirect questions, σκεψώμεθα τοῦτο ἆPl.Phd.70e, cf. R.526c, al., Arist.Ph.204b3, etc.    II in Poets sts. like ἄρα, Archil.86,89, Pi.P.4.78, Ar.V.3; τοιοῖσδε χρησμοῖς ἆ. χρὴ πεποιθέναι; A.Ch.297, cf.435; τῷ δὲ ξιφήρης ἆρ' ὑφειστήκει λόχος E. Andr.1114: in exclamations, βραδεῖαν ἡμᾶς ἆρ' ὁ τήνδε τὴν ὁδὸν πέμπων ἔπεμψεν S.Aj.738; ὀδυνηρὸς ἆρ' ὁ πλοῦτος E.Ph.566, cf.El.1229, Hipp.1086; ἦ δεινὸν ἆρ' ἦν Id.Fr.931; ἔμελλόν σ' ἆ. κινήσειν Ar.Nu. 1301, cf. Ach.347.    B In Prose, . almost always stands first in the sentence, but cf. Pl.Grg.467e; καὶ ὑπὲρ τούτων ἆ. . . Jul.Or.2.61c: in Poetry greater licence is taken, v. supr. 1.4,11.

German (Pape)

[Seite 342] (dasselbe Wort mit verstärktem Ton), Fragepartikel, Pind. u. Att., worauf meist eine verneinende Antwort erwartet wird; häufig noch durch μή verstärkt, so daß ἆρα μή; doch wohl nicht? = μῶν ist, u. darauf οὐκ ἔστι geantwortet wird, Soph. El. 433; zuweilen hat eine solche Frage einen ironischen Anstrich: doch nicht gar? – ἆρ' οὐ läßt aber eine bejahende Antwort erwarten, Plat. Prot. 330 c 354 a u. sonst: zuweilen auch das bloße ἆρα, Xen. Cyr. 4, 6, 4. 7, 5, 40. Es fängt auch eine Doppelfrage an, so daß ἤ folgt, Plat. Phaed. 91 d Conv. 199 d; – ἆρ' οὖν οὐ παντὶ δῆλον Plat. Phaedr. 263 a, ist es nun nicht also? wird wie οὕκουν auch in affirmativen Sätzen gebraucht, so daß die Frage zurücktritt, vgl. Gorg 477 a u. Herm. zu Soph. Ant. 826; ἆρ' οὖν μὴ καὶ ἡμῖν ἐναντιώσεται Xen. An. 7, 6, 5. – Oft geht die Frage in eine Betheuerung über, ὀδυνηρὸς ἆρ' ὁ πλοῦτος Eur. Phoen. 569; vgl. Valck. – In Prosa steht ἆρα stets im Anfang des Satzes; bei Dichtern wird es auch nachgesetzt, vgl. Soph. Ant. 628 Ai. 726. Ueber die Vertauschung mit ἄρα bei Dichtern s. Herm. praef. O. C. p XVI ff. der die einfache Bdtg also dem ἆρα abspricht; vgl. jedoch Ar. Vesp. 839 Av. 91; Eur. Phoen. 1669; Soph. El. 1170 Ai. 959; – ἆρά γε vrbdt Xen. Mem. 1, 5, 4. 3, 2, 6 u. sonst; Dem. 17, 18; D. Hal. 4, 80.

French (Bailly abrégé)

I. particule interrogative pour marquer l’impatience, la crainte : est-ce donc que ? est-ce donc ?;
1 avec une réponse affirmative ou négative : ἆρα βέβληκα δὶς ἐφέξης ; XÉN ai-je bien (ou n’ai-je pas) lancé ou frappé deux fois de suite ? au commenc. d’une prop. ind. σκεψώμεθα τοῦτο ἆρα PLAT examinons si en effet;
2 ἆρ’ οὐ ; ἆρ’ οὐχί ; = lat. nonne avec réponse affirmative;
3 ἆρα μή ; = lat. num avec réponse négative : est-il possible que ?;
II. équivalent de ἄρα donc :
1 après un mot interr. : τίς ἆρα ; τί δ’ ἆρα ; qui donc ? quoi donc ?;
2 abs. τοιοῖσδε χρησμοῖς ἆρα χρὴ πεποιθέναι ESCHL certes à de tels oracles il faut obéir.
Étymologie: ἄρα.

English (Slater)

ἆρα v.
   1 ἦρα (O. 8.46), (P. 4.78), (N. 5.30), (I. 6.55), (I. 8.59)

Spanish (DGE)

• Alolema(s): en otros dial. frec. ἦρα Alcm.47, Sapph.107, Hp.Prorrh.1.121, Herod.4.21, acompañada por partíc. como γε, οὖν, δή, ἀλλ' ἆρα, v. A.D.Coni.223.25, cf. ἄρα
I partíc. interr. ¿acaso? o intraducible, simplemente para marcar la interrogación ἦρ' ἔτι παρθενίας ἐπιβάλλομαι; ¿acaso aún deseo la doncellez? Sapph.l.c., cf. Alc.383, Pi.P.9.37, ἔτ' ἆρ' Ἀθηνῶν ἔστ' ἀπόρθητος πόλις; A.Pers.348, ἆρ' ἔστιν; ἆρ' οὐκ ἔστιν; S.OC 316, cf. E.El.229, Ph.424, ἆρα καταγελάσεσθέ μου ὡς μεθύοντος; Pl.Smp.212e, cf. ἦρά τις ...; B.5.165, ἦρ' ἐσθ' ὕδωρ; Sophr.165, cf. Call.Fr.228.51, ἆρά τις ἡμῖν ἔτι λοιπός ἐστι νόμος; D.23.82, cf. 35.44, A.Al.11B.4.7, LXX Ge.37.10, ἆ. εὑρήσει τὴν πίστιν; Eu.Luc.18.8, cf. Max.Tyr.8.6
en preguntas que expresan hipótesis cien. ἆρα ἐκ τουτέων κωματώδεες ... ἐπιγίνονται; Hp.Prorrh.1.117, ἆρά γε καὶ παρακρουστικὸν τὸ τοιοῦτον; Hp.Prorrh.1.120, cf. 121
frec. c. pron. interr. pues τίς ἆρα δαίμων καὶ τέου χολούμενος; Archil.23, cf. S.Ai.905, E.Tr.247, Ar.Pax 1240, τίς ἦρα ...; Herod.4.21, ἄλλα τίς ἆρα ...; AP 11.26 (Marc.Argent)
ἆρ' ἑτέρου τίνος μάρτυρος δεησόμεθα ...; Iul.Or.3.61c
acompañando a adv. de negación c. μή: ὁ ναύτης ἆρα μὴ 'ς πρῷραν φυγὼν ... ηὗρε μηχανὴν σωτηρίας; ¿acaso el marinero, cuando huye hacia la proa, encuentra la maniobra salvadora? A.Th.208, cf. S.El.446, Ant.632, ἆρά γε μὴ ἐμοῦ προμηθῇ; ¿acaso te preocupas por mí...? Pl.Cri.44e, cf. Phd.64c, Chrm.174a, X.Mem.2.6.34
seguida de οὔ ¿acaso no...? ἆρ' οὐκ ἄμεινον ...; S.OC 791, cf. Ar.V.620, Pl.Grg.453c, Phlb.11d, Lys.26.13, D.19.130
ἦρ' οὐχὶ ...; Herod.5.14
c. interr. indirectas si τοῦτο οὖν σκεψώμεθα ἆρα ἀναγκαῖον ... ἔστι Pl.Phd.70e, cf. R.526c, etc., Arist.Ph.204b3
acompañando a condicionales ἢν ἆρα μὴ ...; ¿... si no es ...? E.Rh.118.
II no interr. (cf. ἄρα A)
1 subrayando un hecho sorprendente ἦρα τὸν Φοῖβον ὄνειρον εἶδον en verdad, vi a Apolo en un sueño Alcm.47
subrayando persona, animal o cosa ante un hecho de sorpresa o desilusión ἰοῦ βραδεῖαν ἡμᾶς ἆρ' ὁ τήνδε τὴν ὁδὸν πέμπων ἔπεμψεν ¡ay, ay, tarde me envió, en verdad, quien me envió a este viaje! S.Ai.738
en rel. c. la expectativa τῷ δ' ἆρ' ἀλώπηξ κερδαλέη συνήντετο con éste, de veras, se encontró la zorra logrera Archil.77.5, ὁ δ' ἦρα χρόνῳ ἵκετ' Pi.P.4.78, cf. S.OC 408, 409, E.Cyc.638
c. μέλλω: ἔμελλον σ' ἆρα κινήσειν ἐγώ Ar.Nu.1301.
2 recogiendo una respuesta o conclusión así pues ἀνήρ τοι δειλὸς ἆρ' ἐφαινόμην Archil.123.12, ὡς ἆρ' ἀλώπηξ καἰετὸς ξυνωνίην ἔμειξαν Archil.27, cf. Pi.O.8.46, I.6.55, N.5.30, S.Ph.106
en comparaciones, Achae.34.1
en frases o γνῶμαι conocidas μέγιστον ἆρ' ἦν ἡ φύσις E.Fr.810, ἆρ' ἐστὶ πάντων ἀγρυπνία λαλίστατον Men.Fr.152.1, cf. Diph.99.

English (Abbott-Smith)

ἆρα, interrog. particle,
implying anxiety or impatience, "quite rare and only in Luke and Paul, therefore a literary word" (Bl., §77, 2).
1.(num igitur) expecting a neg. reply, Lk 18:8; ἆρά γε, Ac 8:30.
2.(ergone) in apodosis, expecting an affirm. reply, Ga 2:17 (Bl., l.c.; Lft., Ga., in l.; MM, s.v.).†

English (Strong)

a form of ἄρα, denoting an interrogation to which a negative answer is presumed: therefore.

Greek Monotonic

ἆρᾰ: ερωτημ. μόριο, ισχυρότερος τύπος ως προς τη θέση του τόνου και τη σημασία του ἄρα·
1. όταν τίθεται στον λόγο μόνο του, συνήθως αναμένει αρνητική απάντηση, όπως το Λατ. num? σε Αττ.· ομοίως, ἆρα μή; Λατ. num vero? σε Αισχύλ.· όταν αναμένεται καταφατική απάντηση, χρησιμοποιείται το ἆρ' οὐ; ἆρ' οὐχί; Λατ. nonne vero? σε Σοφ. κ.λπ.
2. στον πεζό λόγο, το ἆρα σχεδόν πάντοτε τίθεται στην αρχή πρότασης.

Russian (Dvoretsky)

ἆρᾰ:
1) вопрос, частица (тж. ἆρα μή) неужели, разве: ἆρ᾽ ἂν οἴεσθε; Dem. неужели вы полагаете?; ἆρα οὐ (οὐχί) …; Soph., Plat. неужели не …?, разве не …?;
2) Trag., Arph. = ἄρα.

Middle Liddell


Perseus. particle introducing a question
interrog. Particle, in accent and sense a stronger form of ἄρα:
1. when it stands alone it usually expects a negative answer, like Lat. num? attic; so ἆρα μή; num vero? Aesch.:—for an affirmative answer, ἆρ' οὐ; ἆρ' οὐχί; nonne vero? is used, Soph., etc.
2. in prose, ἆρα almost always stands first in the sentence.