certamen: Difference between revisions

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πάντων χρηµάτων µέτρον ἐστίν ἄνθρωπος, τῶν µέν ὄντων ὡς ἐστιν, τῶν δέ οὐκ ὄντων ὡς οὐκ ἔστιν → man is the measure of all things, of things which are, that they are, and of things which are not, that they are not (Protagoras fr.1)

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{{LaEn
|lnetxt=certamen certaminis N N :: contest, competition; battle, combat, struggle; rivalry; (matter in) dispute
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{{Lewis
{{Lewis
|lshtext=<b>certāmen</b>: ĭnis, n. id.,<br /><b>I</b> a [[contest]], [[struggle]], [[strife]], [[whether]] [[friendly]] or [[hostile]], [[physical]] or [[intellectual]]; [[most]] freq. of a [[pugilistic]] [[contest]] of [[any]] [[kind]]; [[but]] also of [[contention]] in [[war]].<br /><b>I</b> A [[contest]], [[struggle]] in games or [[otherwise]].<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<b>A</b> Lit.: videmusne [[apud]] quos eorum ludorum, qui gymnici nominantur, [[magnus]] [[honos]] [[sit]], nullum ab iis, qui in id [[certamen]] [[descendant]], devitari dolorem? Cic. Tusc. 2, 26, 62; cf. id. de Or. 2, 78, 317: Hac celebrata [[tenus]] sancto certamina patri, Verg. A. 5, 603; cf. Ov. M. 1, 446: luctandi, Quint. 12, 2, 12: saliendi, id. 10, 3, 6: citharoedorum, id. 4, 1, 2: sacra, id. 2, 8, 7 Spald.: quinquennale [[triplex]], musicum, gymnicum, equestre, Suet. Ner. 12; cf. id. Vit. 4; id. Dom. 4: bijugum, Verg. A. 5, 144: quadrigarum, Suet. Claud. 21: [[pedum]], Ov. M. 12, 304: [[cursus]], id. ib. 7, 792; 10, 560: disci, id. ib. 10, 177: Veneris, id. Am. 2, 10, 29 et saep.—<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<b>2</b>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; [[Meton]]., [[poet]]., the [[object]] contended for, the [[prize]], Ov. M. 13, 129: pecoris magistris Velocis jaculi certamina ponit in ulmo, Verg. G. 2, 530 Heyne.—<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<b>B</b> Trop., a [[rivalry]], [[contest]], [[struggle]], [[emulation]], etc.: [[certamen]] honestum (Stoicorum et Peripateticorum), Cic. Fin. 2, 21, 68: est mihi [[tecum]] pro [[aris]] et focis [[certamen]], id. N. D. 3, 40, 94: est alicui [[certamen]] cum [[aliquo]] de principatu, Nep. Them. 6, 3: [[certamen]] honoris et gloriae. Cic. Lael. 10, 34; cf. id. Off. 1, 12, 38; Sall. J. 41, 2; Quint. 10, 5, 5: bona [[ratio]] cum perditā confligit. In ejus modi certamine ac [[proelio]], Cic. Cat. 2, 11, 25: [[pugna]] forensium certaminum, id. 5, 12, 22: eloquentiae [[inter]] juvenes, Quint. 2, 17, 8: verborum linguaeque, Liv. 10, 22, 6: laboris ac periculi, id. 28, 19, 14: amicitiae, benevolentiae, id. 37, 53, 7: bonae artis ac virtutis, id. 37, 54, 19: irarum, id. 1, 7, 2; cf. id. 3, 39, 3: conferendi (pecuniam), id. 4, 60, 8: patrum animos [[certamen]] regni ac [[cupido]] versabat, id. 1, 17, 1; cf. id. 21, 31, 6: leti ([[inter]] mulieres Indas), Prop. 3 (4), 13, 19: diu magnum [[inter]] mortales [[certamen]] fuit, [[vine]] corporis an virtute animi, etc., Sall. C. 1, 5; cf. Tib. 4, 1, 37.—Rarely [[with]] gen. of [[adversary]]: si in virtutis [[certamen]] venerint ( = cum virtute), Cic. Fin. 5, 24, 71 Madv. ad loc.—Poet.: [[mite]] vini, a [[drinking]] [[bout]], Tib. 3, 6, 11.—Also [[poet]].: certamina ponere, syn. [[with]] certamina instituere = ἀγῶνα προτιθέναι, to [[order]], [[arrange]] a [[fight]] or [[contest]], Verg. A. 5, 66; 8, 639; cf. id. G. 2, 530 Wagn.—Of [[inanimate]] things: Arboribusque datumst variis [[exinde]] per auras Crescendi magnum inmissis [[certamen]] habenis, Lucr. 5, 787.—<br /><b>II</b> Esp., a [[military]] [[strife]], [[battle]], [[engagement]], [[contest]], [[fight]], [[combat]].<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<b>A</b> Subject. (diff. from the objective; cf.: proeliam, [[pugna]], [[bellum]], etc.): horrida Romuleum certamina [[pango]] [[duellum]], Enn. Ann. 1, 1; 1, 476; 2, 6; 5, 1295; Planc. ap. Cic. Fam. 10, 18, 2; Lucr. 4, 844; Ov. M. 12, 180; Liv. 36, 19, 13: [[aeterno]] certamine proelia pugnasque edere, Lucr. 2, 117: [[fit]] [[proelium]] acri certamine, Hirt. B. G. 8, 28; cf.: proelii [[certamen]], id. B. Alex. 16: certamine, [[with]] [[zeal]], [[emulously]], [[earnestly]], Verg. A. 5, 197; Curt. 9, 4; Sil. 10, 536; cf.: nec magni certaminis ea [[dimicatio]] fuit, not [[severe]], Liv. 21, 60, 7. —<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<b>B</b> Object., = [[proelium]], [[pugna]], etc.: [[vario]] certamine pugnatum est, Caes. B. C. 1, 46: erat in celeritate omne positum [[certamen]], utri, etc., id. ib. 1, 70: bella [[atque]] certamina, Sall. C. 33, 5: ubi res ad [[certamen]] venit, id. J. 13, 4: in certamine ipso, Liv. 2, 44, 11: navalia, a [[naval]] [[engagement]], [[sea]]-[[fight]], id. 31, 14, 4: [[classicum]], Vell. 2, 85, 2: saevit [[medio]] in certamine [[Mavors]], Verg. A. 8, 700 et saep.—Hence.<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<b>C</b> In the postAug. histt. for [[war]] in gen., Flor. 1, 20; Eutr. 1, 16; Just. 7, 2, 6; 7, 6, 6.
|lshtext=<b>certāmen</b>: ĭnis, n. id.,<br /><b>I</b> a [[contest]], [[struggle]], [[strife]], [[whether]] [[friendly]] or [[hostile]], [[physical]] or [[intellectual]]; [[most]] freq. of a [[pugilistic]] [[contest]] of [[any]] [[kind]]; [[but]] also of [[contention]] in [[war]].<br /><b>I</b> A [[contest]], [[struggle]] in games or [[otherwise]].<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<b>A</b> Lit.: videmusne [[apud]] quos eorum ludorum, qui gymnici nominantur, [[magnus]] [[honos]] [[sit]], nullum ab iis, qui in id [[certamen]] [[descendant]], devitari dolorem? Cic. Tusc. 2, 26, 62; cf. id. de Or. 2, 78, 317: Hac celebrata [[tenus]] sancto certamina patri, Verg. A. 5, 603; cf. Ov. M. 1, 446: luctandi, Quint. 12, 2, 12: saliendi, id. 10, 3, 6: citharoedorum, id. 4, 1, 2: sacra, id. 2, 8, 7 Spald.: quinquennale [[triplex]], musicum, gymnicum, equestre, Suet. Ner. 12; cf. id. Vit. 4; id. Dom. 4: bijugum, Verg. A. 5, 144: quadrigarum, Suet. Claud. 21: [[pedum]], Ov. M. 12, 304: [[cursus]], id. ib. 7, 792; 10, 560: disci, id. ib. 10, 177: Veneris, id. Am. 2, 10, 29 et saep.—<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<b>2</b>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Meton., [[poet]]., the [[object]] contended for, the [[prize]], Ov. M. 13, 129: pecoris magistris Velocis jaculi certamina ponit in ulmo, Verg. G. 2, 530 Heyne.—<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<b>B</b> Trop., a [[rivalry]], [[contest]], [[struggle]], [[emulation]], etc.: [[certamen]] honestum (Stoicorum et Peripateticorum), Cic. Fin. 2, 21, 68: est mihi [[tecum]] pro [[aris]] et focis [[certamen]], id. N. D. 3, 40, 94: est alicui [[certamen]] cum [[aliquo]] de principatu, Nep. Them. 6, 3: [[certamen]] honoris et gloriae. Cic. Lael. 10, 34; cf. id. Off. 1, 12, 38; Sall. J. 41, 2; Quint. 10, 5, 5: bona [[ratio]] cum perditā confligit. In ejus modi certamine ac [[proelio]], Cic. Cat. 2, 11, 25: [[pugna]] forensium certaminum, id. 5, 12, 22: eloquentiae [[inter]] juvenes, Quint. 2, 17, 8: verborum linguaeque, Liv. 10, 22, 6: laboris ac periculi, id. 28, 19, 14: amicitiae, benevolentiae, id. 37, 53, 7: bonae artis ac virtutis, id. 37, 54, 19: irarum, id. 1, 7, 2; cf. id. 3, 39, 3: conferendi (pecuniam), id. 4, 60, 8: patrum animos [[certamen]] regni ac [[cupido]] versabat, id. 1, 17, 1; cf. id. 21, 31, 6: leti ([[inter]] mulieres Indas), Prop. 3 (4), 13, 19: diu magnum [[inter]] mortales [[certamen]] fuit, [[vine]] corporis an virtute animi, etc., Sall. C. 1, 5; cf. Tib. 4, 1, 37.—Rarely [[with]] gen. of [[adversary]]: si in virtutis [[certamen]] venerint ( = cum virtute), Cic. Fin. 5, 24, 71 Madv. ad loc.—Poet.: [[mite]] vini, a [[drinking]] [[bout]], Tib. 3, 6, 11.—Also [[poet]].: certamina ponere, syn. [[with]] certamina instituere = ἀγῶνα προτιθέναι, to [[order]], [[arrange]] a [[fight]] or [[contest]], Verg. A. 5, 66; 8, 639; cf. id. G. 2, 530 Wagn.—Of [[inanimate]] things: Arboribusque datumst variis [[exinde]] per auras Crescendi magnum inmissis [[certamen]] habenis, Lucr. 5, 787.—<br /><b>II</b> Esp., a [[military]] [[strife]], [[battle]], [[engagement]], [[contest]], [[fight]], [[combat]].<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<b>A</b> Subject. (diff. from the objective; cf.: proeliam, [[pugna]], [[bellum]], etc.): horrida Romuleum certamina [[pango]] [[duellum]], Enn. Ann. 1, 1; 1, 476; 2, 6; 5, 1295; Planc. ap. Cic. Fam. 10, 18, 2; Lucr. 4, 844; Ov. M. 12, 180; Liv. 36, 19, 13: [[aeterno]] certamine proelia pugnasque edere, Lucr. 2, 117: [[fit]] [[proelium]] acri certamine, Hirt. B. G. 8, 28; cf.: proelii [[certamen]], id. B. Alex. 16: certamine, [[with]] [[zeal]], [[emulously]], [[earnestly]], Verg. A. 5, 197; Curt. 9, 4; Sil. 10, 536; cf.: nec magni certaminis ea [[dimicatio]] fuit, not [[severe]], Liv. 21, 60, 7. —<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<b>B</b> Object., = [[proelium]], [[pugna]], etc.: [[vario]] certamine pugnatum est, Caes. B. C. 1, 46: erat in celeritate omne positum [[certamen]], utri, etc., id. ib. 1, 70: bella [[atque]] certamina, Sall. C. 33, 5: ubi res ad [[certamen]] venit, id. J. 13, 4: in certamine ipso, Liv. 2, 44, 11: navalia, a [[naval]] [[engagement]], [[sea]]-[[fight]], id. 31, 14, 4: [[classicum]], Vell. 2, 85, 2: saevit [[medio]] in certamine [[Mavors]], Verg. A. 8, 700 et saep.—Hence.<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<b>C</b> In the postAug. histt. for [[war]] in gen., Flor. 1, 20; Eutr. 1, 16; Just. 7, 2, 6; 7, 6, 6.
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{{esel
{{esel
|sltx=[[ἀγώνισμα]]
|sltx=[[ἀγών]], [[ἀγώνισμα]]
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{{LaZh
|lnztxt=certamen, inis. n. :: 打仗。爭賞。爭鬥。賭。危。— vini 爭飲酒。— inire 交手。下塲。Certamina divitiarum 财帛繁瑣。
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Latest revision as of 16:16, 12 October 2024

Latin > English

certamen certaminis N N :: contest, competition; battle, combat, struggle; rivalry; (matter in) dispute

Latin > English (Lewis & Short)

certāmen: ĭnis, n. id.,
I a contest, struggle, strife, whether friendly or hostile, physical or intellectual; most freq. of a pugilistic contest of any kind; but also of contention in war.
I A contest, struggle in games or otherwise.
   A Lit.: videmusne apud quos eorum ludorum, qui gymnici nominantur, magnus honos sit, nullum ab iis, qui in id certamen descendant, devitari dolorem? Cic. Tusc. 2, 26, 62; cf. id. de Or. 2, 78, 317: Hac celebrata tenus sancto certamina patri, Verg. A. 5, 603; cf. Ov. M. 1, 446: luctandi, Quint. 12, 2, 12: saliendi, id. 10, 3, 6: citharoedorum, id. 4, 1, 2: sacra, id. 2, 8, 7 Spald.: quinquennale triplex, musicum, gymnicum, equestre, Suet. Ner. 12; cf. id. Vit. 4; id. Dom. 4: bijugum, Verg. A. 5, 144: quadrigarum, Suet. Claud. 21: pedum, Ov. M. 12, 304: cursus, id. ib. 7, 792; 10, 560: disci, id. ib. 10, 177: Veneris, id. Am. 2, 10, 29 et saep.—
   2    Meton., poet., the object contended for, the prize, Ov. M. 13, 129: pecoris magistris Velocis jaculi certamina ponit in ulmo, Verg. G. 2, 530 Heyne.—
   B Trop., a rivalry, contest, struggle, emulation, etc.: certamen honestum (Stoicorum et Peripateticorum), Cic. Fin. 2, 21, 68: est mihi tecum pro aris et focis certamen, id. N. D. 3, 40, 94: est alicui certamen cum aliquo de principatu, Nep. Them. 6, 3: certamen honoris et gloriae. Cic. Lael. 10, 34; cf. id. Off. 1, 12, 38; Sall. J. 41, 2; Quint. 10, 5, 5: bona ratio cum perditā confligit. In ejus modi certamine ac proelio, Cic. Cat. 2, 11, 25: pugna forensium certaminum, id. 5, 12, 22: eloquentiae inter juvenes, Quint. 2, 17, 8: verborum linguaeque, Liv. 10, 22, 6: laboris ac periculi, id. 28, 19, 14: amicitiae, benevolentiae, id. 37, 53, 7: bonae artis ac virtutis, id. 37, 54, 19: irarum, id. 1, 7, 2; cf. id. 3, 39, 3: conferendi (pecuniam), id. 4, 60, 8: patrum animos certamen regni ac cupido versabat, id. 1, 17, 1; cf. id. 21, 31, 6: leti (inter mulieres Indas), Prop. 3 (4), 13, 19: diu magnum inter mortales certamen fuit, vine corporis an virtute animi, etc., Sall. C. 1, 5; cf. Tib. 4, 1, 37.—Rarely with gen. of adversary: si in virtutis certamen venerint ( = cum virtute), Cic. Fin. 5, 24, 71 Madv. ad loc.—Poet.: mite vini, a drinking bout, Tib. 3, 6, 11.—Also poet.: certamina ponere, syn. with certamina instituere = ἀγῶνα προτιθέναι, to order, arrange a fight or contest, Verg. A. 5, 66; 8, 639; cf. id. G. 2, 530 Wagn.—Of inanimate things: Arboribusque datumst variis exinde per auras Crescendi magnum inmissis certamen habenis, Lucr. 5, 787.—
II Esp., a military strife, battle, engagement, contest, fight, combat.
   A Subject. (diff. from the objective; cf.: proeliam, pugna, bellum, etc.): horrida Romuleum certamina pango duellum, Enn. Ann. 1, 1; 1, 476; 2, 6; 5, 1295; Planc. ap. Cic. Fam. 10, 18, 2; Lucr. 4, 844; Ov. M. 12, 180; Liv. 36, 19, 13: aeterno certamine proelia pugnasque edere, Lucr. 2, 117: fit proelium acri certamine, Hirt. B. G. 8, 28; cf.: proelii certamen, id. B. Alex. 16: certamine, with zeal, emulously, earnestly, Verg. A. 5, 197; Curt. 9, 4; Sil. 10, 536; cf.: nec magni certaminis ea dimicatio fuit, not severe, Liv. 21, 60, 7. —
   B Object., = proelium, pugna, etc.: vario certamine pugnatum est, Caes. B. C. 1, 46: erat in celeritate omne positum certamen, utri, etc., id. ib. 1, 70: bella atque certamina, Sall. C. 33, 5: ubi res ad certamen venit, id. J. 13, 4: in certamine ipso, Liv. 2, 44, 11: navalia, a naval engagement, sea-fight, id. 31, 14, 4: classicum, Vell. 2, 85, 2: saevit medio in certamine Mavors, Verg. A. 8, 700 et saep.—Hence.
   C In the postAug. histt. for war in gen., Flor. 1, 20; Eutr. 1, 16; Just. 7, 2, 6; 7, 6, 6.

Latin > French (Gaffiot 2016)

certāmen,⁷ ĭnis, n. (certo),
1 action de se mesurer avec un adversaire, lutte, joute : in certamen descendere Cic. Tusc. 2, 62, affronter la lutte ; certamen saliendi Quint. 10, 3, 6, concours de saut ; certamen quadrigarum Suet. Claud. 21, 3, course de quadriges ; certamen pedum Ov. M. 12, 304, course à pied ; certamen eloquentiæ Quint. 2, 17, 8, joute oratoire ; certamina ponere Virg. En. 5, 66, organiser des joutes
2 combat, bataille, engagement : prœlii certamen Cic. Rep. 2, 13, les engagements (la lutte) au cours de la bataille, cf. Mur. 33 ; Cæs. G. 3, 14, 8 ; in certamine ipso Liv. 2, 44, 11, en pleine bataille
3 lutte, conflit, rivalité : certamen honestum et disputatio splendida Cic. Fin. 2, 68, lutte honorable et discussion brillante ; certamen honoris Cic. Off. 1, 38, lutte pour les magistratures ; dominationis certamen Sall. J. 41, 2, conflit pour la suprématie ; certamen periculi Liv. 28, 19, 14, émulation à s’exposer au danger
4 [fig.] : certamen controversiæ Cic. Or. 126, point vif du débat.

Latin > German (Georges)

certāmen, minis, n. (2. certo), das Sich-Messen, der Streit, Kampf, um gegenseitig die Kräfte zu messen, 1) das Sich-Messen zweier Rebenbuhler, um einander den Vorrang abzugewinnen, der Wettkampf, Wettstreit, a) der gymnastische, zirzensische, musikalische (griech. ἀγών), musicum, gymnicum, equestre, Suet.: gladiatorium vitae (um das L.), Cic.: luctandi, Quint.: quadrigarum, Suet.: pedum, cursus, disci, Ov.: in id certamen descendere, Cic.: antequam legitimum certamen inchoent (citharoedi), Quint.: poet., certamen (certamina) ponere = ἀγῶνα προτιθέναι, einen W. anstellen, Verg. georg. 2, 530 u. Aen. 5, 66. – b) jede andere Art von Wettkampf, Wettstreit, Wetteifer, arborum, Lucr.: honestum, Cic.: laboris ac periculi, Liv.: honoris et gloriae, Cic.: conferendi (im Beisteuern), Liv.: venire in certamen, Anteil nehmen am W. (um die Schönheit), Ov.: aber in certamen virtutis venire, sich mit der T. im Streite messen, Cic.: est mihi certamen cum alqo de principatu od. de fortitudine, Nep. u. Curt.: proponere certamen eloquentiae inter iuvenes, Quint. – 2) das Sich-Messen zweier Gegner, damit einer den andern besiege, a) der Waffenkampf, der Kampf, das Gefecht, singulare, Zweikampf, Flor.: c. armorum, das Fechten (zur Übung), Quint.: proelii, Cic.: pugnae, Liv. (vgl. Weißenb. Liv. 23, 45, 7). – dah. α) = das Treffen, dieSchlacht, c. navale, Liv.: classicum, Vell.: certamen inire od. conserere, Liv.: cruentum c. edere, Liv.: ubi res ad certamen venit, Sall.: vario certamine pugnatum est, Caes. – β) Kampf = Krieg übh., Flor. 1, 20. Eutr. 1, 16. Iustin. 7, 2. § 2 u. 6. – b) jeder andere feindliche Streit, die Streitigkeit, Rechthaberei (Opposition), die Fehde, die Händel (oft mit Anspielung auf den Waffenkampf), illa certamina animorum (Hitze des Parteistreits), Liv.: verborum linguaeque certamina, Liv.: irarum, animi (der Erbitterung), Liv.: iuris (um das R.), Liv.: pravum certamen notarum inter censores, Cic.: imbuere animis certamen, den Geist der Opposition einsaugen, Liv.: in certamen venire cum alqo, Cic.: instituere sibi certamen cum alqo, Cic.: differri adversus nos certamen, Liv.: est mihi tecum pro aris et focis certamen, Cic. – meton., certamen controversiae, quod Graece κρινόμενον dicitur, der eigentliche Streitpunkt, der zur Entscheidung kommen soll, Cic. de or. 126: ideo (Campania) Liberi Cererisque certamen (Zankapfel) dicitur, Flor. 1, 16, 3.

Spanish > Greek

ἀγών, ἀγώνισμα