flagitium: Difference between revisions
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{{LaEn | |||
|lnetxt=flagitium flagiti(i) N N :: [[shame]], [[disgrace]]; [[scandal]], [[shameful act]], [[outrage]], [[disgraceful thing]]; [[scoundrel]] | |||
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{{Lewis | {{Lewis | ||
|lshtext=<b>flāgĭtĭum</b>: ii, n. [[flagito]]; cf. Doed. Syn. 2, p. 143; Corss. Ausspr. 1, 398 sq.; orig., [[burning]] [[desire]], [[heat]] of [[passion]].<br /><b>I</b> Lit., an [[eager]] or [[furious]] [[demand]], [[importunity]], [[urgency]] ([[post]]-Aug. and [[rare]]; cf. [[flagitatio]]): [[Lentulus]] credebatur [[illa]] militiae flagitia [[primus]] aspernari, Tac. A. 1, 27: pro [[Plancina]] cum pudore et flagitio disseruit, matris [[preces]] obtendens, id. ib. 3, 17.—<br /><b>II</b> Transf.<br /> <b>A</b> Esp., a [[shameful]] or [[disgraceful]] [[act]] done in the [[heat]] of [[passion]]; a [[burning]] [[shame]], [[disgraceful]] [[thing]] ([[class]].; syn.: [[scelus]], [[nefas]], [[facinus]], [[maleficium]], [[peccatum]], [[delictum]], [[crimen]]): quae (convivia) domesticis stupris flagitiisque flagrabunt, Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 32, § 71; so, flagrantissima ([[with]] adulteria), Tac. A. 14, 51; cf.: stupra et adulteria et omne [[tale]] [[flagitium]], Cic. de Sen. 12, 40; id. Verr. 2, 5, 10, § 26: domesticis vitiis [[atque]] flagitiis se inquinare, id. Tusc. 1, 30, 72; cf.: [[homo]] sceleribus flagitiisque contaminatissimus, id. Prov. Cons. 6, 14; and id. Rosc. Am. 9, 25: [[tantum]] sceleris et [[tantum]] flagitii admittere, id. Att. 10, 3: quae [[libido]] ab oculis, [[quod]] [[facinus]] a manibus [[umquam]] tuis, [[quod]] [[flagitium]] a toto corpore abfuit? etc., id. Cat. 1, 6, 13; cf.: Q. [[Curius]], flagitiis [[atque]] facinoribus coopertus, Sall. C. 23, 1; so [[with]] facinora, id. ib. 14, 2 Kritz. N. cr.: [[nihil]] facinoris, [[nihil]] flagitii praetermittere, Liv. 39, 13, 10; 39, 16, 1: tanta flagitia facere et dicere, Cic. Tusc. 4, 34, 73: in hoc flagitio versari ipsum videmus Jovem (corresp. to [[stuprum]]), id. ib. 4, 33, 70: in tot flagitia se ingurgitare, id. Pis. 18, 42.—<br /> <b>B</b> In gen., [[any]] [[shameful]] or [[disgraceful]] [[act]] or [[thing]] ([[without]] the [[accessory]] [[idea]] of [[passion]]): petere honorem pro flagitio [[more]] [[fit]], Plaut. Trin. 4, 3, 28: [[flagitium]] fiet, [[nisi]] dos dabitur virgini, id. ib. 3, 1, 11: cum loquimur [[terni]], [[nihil]] flagitii dicimus: at cum [[bini]], obscoenum est, Cic. Fam. 9, 22, 3: [[flagitium]] rei [[militaris]] admittere, id. Clu. 46, 128: flagiti [[principium]] est, nudare [[inter]] cives corpora, Enn. ap. Cic. Tusc. 4, 33, 70 (Trag. v. 426 ed. Vahl.): [[nonne]] id [[flagitium]] est, te aliis [[consilium]] [[dare]], [[foris]] sapere, [[tibi]] non posse auxiliarier? is it not a [[shame]]? Ter. Heaut. 5, 1, 49: praeesse agro colendo [[flagitium]] putes, Cic. Rosc. Am. 18, 50: [[quantum]] flagitii commisisset (for [[which]], [[shortly]] [[before]]: [[nihil]] turpius, [[quam]], etc.), id. Brut. 61, 219; cf.: ita [[necesse]] fuit aut haec flagitia concipere [[animo]] aut susceptae philosophiae [[nomen]] amittere, [[disgraceful]] assertions, absurdities, id. N. D. 1, 24, 66.—Comically: Co. Fores hae fecerunt magnum [[flagitium]] [[modo]]. Ad. Quid id est flagitii? Crepuerunt [[clare]], Plaut. Poen. 3, 2, 32.— Leg. t. t.: perfectum [[flagitium]], a completed [[crime]] (opp. imperfectum), Paul. Sent. 5, 4, 14.—<br /> <b>C</b> In vulg. lang., concr. [[like]] [[scelus]], [[shame]], [[disgrace]], as a [[term]] of [[reproach]], i. q. [[rascal]], [[scoundrel]]: [[flagitium]] illud hominis! Plaut. Cas. 2, 1, 8; id. As. 2, 4, 67; id. Cas. 3, 2, 22; id. Men. 3, 2, 24; 5, 1, 9: ipsa quae sis [[stabulum]] flagitii, id. Truc. 2, 7, 31: [[etiam]] opprobras vim, flagiti [[flagrantia]], [[burning]] [[shame]], i. e. [[outrageous]] [[villain]], id. Rud. 3, 4, 28: omnium flagitiorum [[atque]] facinorum [[circum]] se [[tamquam]] stipatorum catervas habebat, Sall. C. 14, 1.—<br /> <b>D</b> (Causa pro effectu.) Shame, [[disgrace]] ([[rare]] [[but]] [[class]].): id erat [[meum]] [[factum]] flagiti plenum et dedecoris, Cic. Att. 16, 7, 4; cf.: magnum [[dedecus]] et [[flagitium]], id. Off. 3, 22, 86: qui non [[gloria]] movemini [[neque]] flagitio, Sall. Or. Licin. fin. (p. 236 ed. Gerl.): [[beatus]] qui pejus [[leto]] [[flagitium]] timet, Hor. C. 4, 9, 50: flagitio additis [[damnum]], id. ib. 3, 5, 26: [[quia]] [[illa]] [[forma]] matrem familias [[flagitium]] [[sit]] si sequatur, Plaut. Merc. 2, 3, 71: facere damni [[mavolo]], Quam obprobramentum aut [[flagitium]] muliebre inferri [[domo]], id. ib. 2, 3, 85; id. Ep. 3, 4, 79: [[flagitium]] imperio demere, Liv. 25, 15, 19: [[consul]] moveri flagitio timoris fatendi, id. 42, 60, 4. | |lshtext=<b>flāgĭtĭum</b>: ii, n. [[flagito]]; cf. Doed. Syn. 2, p. 143; Corss. Ausspr. 1, 398 sq.; orig., [[burning]] [[desire]], [[heat]] of [[passion]].<br /><b>I</b> Lit., an [[eager]] or [[furious]] [[demand]], [[importunity]], [[urgency]] ([[post]]-Aug. and [[rare]]; cf. [[flagitatio]]): [[Lentulus]] credebatur [[illa]] militiae flagitia [[primus]] aspernari, Tac. A. 1, 27: pro [[Plancina]] cum pudore et flagitio disseruit, matris [[preces]] obtendens, id. ib. 3, 17.—<br /><b>II</b> Transf.<br /> <b>A</b> Esp., a [[shameful]] or [[disgraceful]] [[act]] done in the [[heat]] of [[passion]]; a [[burning]] [[shame]], [[disgraceful]] [[thing]] ([[class]].; syn.: [[scelus]], [[nefas]], [[facinus]], [[maleficium]], [[peccatum]], [[delictum]], [[crimen]]): quae (convivia) domesticis stupris flagitiisque flagrabunt, Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 32, § 71; so, flagrantissima ([[with]] adulteria), Tac. A. 14, 51; cf.: stupra et adulteria et omne [[tale]] [[flagitium]], Cic. de Sen. 12, 40; id. Verr. 2, 5, 10, § 26: domesticis vitiis [[atque]] flagitiis se inquinare, id. Tusc. 1, 30, 72; cf.: [[homo]] sceleribus flagitiisque contaminatissimus, id. Prov. Cons. 6, 14; and id. Rosc. Am. 9, 25: [[tantum]] sceleris et [[tantum]] flagitii admittere, id. Att. 10, 3: quae [[libido]] ab oculis, [[quod]] [[facinus]] a manibus [[umquam]] tuis, [[quod]] [[flagitium]] a toto corpore abfuit? etc., id. Cat. 1, 6, 13; cf.: Q. [[Curius]], flagitiis [[atque]] facinoribus coopertus, Sall. C. 23, 1; so [[with]] facinora, id. ib. 14, 2 Kritz. N. cr.: [[nihil]] facinoris, [[nihil]] flagitii praetermittere, Liv. 39, 13, 10; 39, 16, 1: tanta flagitia facere et dicere, Cic. Tusc. 4, 34, 73: in hoc flagitio versari ipsum videmus Jovem (corresp. to [[stuprum]]), id. ib. 4, 33, 70: in tot flagitia se ingurgitare, id. Pis. 18, 42.—<br /> <b>B</b> In gen., [[any]] [[shameful]] or [[disgraceful]] [[act]] or [[thing]] ([[without]] the [[accessory]] [[idea]] of [[passion]]): petere honorem pro flagitio [[more]] [[fit]], Plaut. Trin. 4, 3, 28: [[flagitium]] fiet, [[nisi]] dos dabitur virgini, id. ib. 3, 1, 11: cum loquimur [[terni]], [[nihil]] flagitii dicimus: at cum [[bini]], obscoenum est, Cic. Fam. 9, 22, 3: [[flagitium]] rei [[militaris]] admittere, id. Clu. 46, 128: flagiti [[principium]] est, nudare [[inter]] cives corpora, Enn. ap. Cic. Tusc. 4, 33, 70 (Trag. v. 426 ed. Vahl.): [[nonne]] id [[flagitium]] est, te aliis [[consilium]] [[dare]], [[foris]] sapere, [[tibi]] non posse auxiliarier? is it not a [[shame]]? Ter. Heaut. 5, 1, 49: praeesse agro colendo [[flagitium]] putes, Cic. Rosc. Am. 18, 50: [[quantum]] flagitii commisisset (for [[which]], [[shortly]] [[before]]: [[nihil]] turpius, [[quam]], etc.), id. Brut. 61, 219; cf.: ita [[necesse]] fuit aut haec flagitia concipere [[animo]] aut susceptae philosophiae [[nomen]] amittere, [[disgraceful]] assertions, absurdities, id. N. D. 1, 24, 66.—Comically: Co. Fores hae fecerunt magnum [[flagitium]] [[modo]]. Ad. Quid id est flagitii? Crepuerunt [[clare]], Plaut. Poen. 3, 2, 32.— Leg. t. t.: perfectum [[flagitium]], a completed [[crime]] (opp. imperfectum), Paul. Sent. 5, 4, 14.—<br /> <b>C</b> In vulg. lang., concr. [[like]] [[scelus]], [[shame]], [[disgrace]], as a [[term]] of [[reproach]], i. q. [[rascal]], [[scoundrel]]: [[flagitium]] illud hominis! Plaut. Cas. 2, 1, 8; id. As. 2, 4, 67; id. Cas. 3, 2, 22; id. Men. 3, 2, 24; 5, 1, 9: ipsa quae sis [[stabulum]] flagitii, id. Truc. 2, 7, 31: [[etiam]] opprobras vim, flagiti [[flagrantia]], [[burning]] [[shame]], i. e. [[outrageous]] [[villain]], id. Rud. 3, 4, 28: omnium flagitiorum [[atque]] facinorum [[circum]] se [[tamquam]] stipatorum catervas habebat, Sall. C. 14, 1.—<br /> <b>D</b> (Causa pro effectu.) Shame, [[disgrace]] ([[rare]] [[but]] [[class]].): id erat [[meum]] [[factum]] flagiti plenum et dedecoris, Cic. Att. 16, 7, 4; cf.: magnum [[dedecus]] et [[flagitium]], id. Off. 3, 22, 86: qui non [[gloria]] movemini [[neque]] flagitio, Sall. Or. Licin. fin. (p. 236 ed. Gerl.): [[beatus]] qui pejus [[leto]] [[flagitium]] timet, Hor. C. 4, 9, 50: flagitio additis [[damnum]], id. ib. 3, 5, 26: [[quia]] [[illa]] [[forma]] matrem familias [[flagitium]] [[sit]] si sequatur, Plaut. Merc. 2, 3, 71: facere damni [[mavolo]], Quam obprobramentum aut [[flagitium]] muliebre inferri [[domo]], id. ib. 2, 3, 85; id. Ep. 3, 4, 79: [[flagitium]] imperio demere, Liv. 25, 15, 19: [[consul]] moveri flagitio timoris fatendi, id. 42, 60, 4. | ||
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{{Georges | {{Georges | ||
|georg=flāgitium, iī, (zu [[flagito]], jmd. [[anschreien]], [[also]] ›öffentliche Ausscheltung‹), I) eine [[mit]] großer [[Schande]] verbundene-, eine entehrende (ehrlose) [[Handlung]], [[ein]] entehrendes-, schändendes Vergehen, [[ein]] entehrender [[Streich]], [[ein]] [[Skandal]], eine [[Schändlichkeit]], [[Schandtat]], [[Niederträchtigkeit]] ([[bes]]. [[auch]] [[gegen]] freigeborene, ehrbare Frauen), [[ein]] entehrender Fehltritt, entehrender [[Irrtum]], [[dann]] die aus diesen hervorgehende [[Schande]] (Ggstz. [[decus]]), Plaut., Cic. u.a.: [[oft]] verb. [[scelus]] et [[flagitium]], scelera et flagitia, Cic.: flagitia [[atque]] facinora, Sall. (vgl. no. II): flagitia [[atque]] dedecora, Suet.: [[illa]] militiae flagitia, schmähliche Behauptungen, Tac.: ista flagitia Democriti, schandbare Äußerungen, Cic.: [[praeesse]] [[agro]] colendo [[flagitium]] putas, [[für]] [[etwas]] Entehrendes, Cic.: flagitii [[plenus]] [[atque]] dedecoris, voller [[Schande]] u. [[Unehre]], [[höchst]] beschimpfend u. [[entehrend]], Cic.: flagitio cum maiore [[post]] reddes, Plaut.: [[flagitium]] facere ([[begehen]]), [[Komik]].: [[flagitium]] erit, es wird [[Skandal]] [[geben]], Plaut.: per [[flagitium]] (in ehrenrühriger [[Weise]]) ad inopiam redigere patrem, Ter.: [[flagitium]] est m. folg. Acc. u. Infin., [[Komik]]. u. Tac. – II) meton. = [[ein]] [[Schandbube]], [[flagitium]] hominis, Plaut. asin. 473; Men. 489; Cas. 552: flagitia [[atque]] facinora (Bösewichter), Sall. Cat. 14, 1. | |georg=flāgitium, iī, (zu [[flagito]], jmd. [[anschreien]], [[also]] ›öffentliche Ausscheltung‹), I) eine [[mit]] großer [[Schande]] verbundene-, eine entehrende (ehrlose) [[Handlung]], [[ein]] entehrendes-, schändendes Vergehen, [[ein]] entehrender [[Streich]], [[ein]] [[Skandal]], eine [[Schändlichkeit]], [[Schandtat]], [[Niederträchtigkeit]] ([[bes]]. [[auch]] [[gegen]] freigeborene, ehrbare Frauen), [[ein]] entehrender Fehltritt, entehrender [[Irrtum]], [[dann]] die aus diesen hervorgehende [[Schande]] (Ggstz. [[decus]]), Plaut., Cic. u.a.: [[oft]] verb. [[scelus]] et [[flagitium]], scelera et flagitia, Cic.: flagitia [[atque]] facinora, Sall. (vgl. no. II): flagitia [[atque]] dedecora, Suet.: [[illa]] militiae flagitia, schmähliche Behauptungen, Tac.: ista flagitia Democriti, schandbare Äußerungen, Cic.: [[praeesse]] [[agro]] colendo [[flagitium]] putas, [[für]] [[etwas]] Entehrendes, Cic.: flagitii [[plenus]] [[atque]] dedecoris, voller [[Schande]] u. [[Unehre]], [[höchst]] beschimpfend u. [[entehrend]], Cic.: flagitio cum maiore [[post]] reddes, Plaut.: [[flagitium]] facere ([[begehen]]), [[Komik]].: [[flagitium]] erit, es wird [[Skandal]] [[geben]], Plaut.: per [[flagitium]] (in ehrenrühriger [[Weise]]) ad inopiam redigere patrem, Ter.: [[flagitium]] est m. folg. Acc. u. Infin., [[Komik]]. u. Tac. – II) meton. = [[ein]] [[Schandbube]], [[flagitium]] hominis, Plaut. asin. 473; Men. 489; Cas. 552: flagitia [[atque]] facinora (Bösewichter), Sall. Cat. 14, 1. | ||
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{{LaZh | |||
|lnztxt=flagitium, ii. n. :: [[切求]]。[[惡]]。[[辱]]。[[錯]] | |||
}} | }} | ||
Latest revision as of 19:20, 12 June 2024
Latin > English
flagitium flagiti(i) N N :: shame, disgrace; scandal, shameful act, outrage, disgraceful thing; scoundrel
Latin > English (Lewis & Short)
flāgĭtĭum: ii, n. flagito; cf. Doed. Syn. 2, p. 143; Corss. Ausspr. 1, 398 sq.; orig., burning desire, heat of passion.
I Lit., an eager or furious demand, importunity, urgency (post-Aug. and rare; cf. flagitatio): Lentulus credebatur illa militiae flagitia primus aspernari, Tac. A. 1, 27: pro Plancina cum pudore et flagitio disseruit, matris preces obtendens, id. ib. 3, 17.—
II Transf.
A Esp., a shameful or disgraceful act done in the heat of passion; a burning shame, disgraceful thing (class.; syn.: scelus, nefas, facinus, maleficium, peccatum, delictum, crimen): quae (convivia) domesticis stupris flagitiisque flagrabunt, Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 32, § 71; so, flagrantissima (with adulteria), Tac. A. 14, 51; cf.: stupra et adulteria et omne tale flagitium, Cic. de Sen. 12, 40; id. Verr. 2, 5, 10, § 26: domesticis vitiis atque flagitiis se inquinare, id. Tusc. 1, 30, 72; cf.: homo sceleribus flagitiisque contaminatissimus, id. Prov. Cons. 6, 14; and id. Rosc. Am. 9, 25: tantum sceleris et tantum flagitii admittere, id. Att. 10, 3: quae libido ab oculis, quod facinus a manibus umquam tuis, quod flagitium a toto corpore abfuit? etc., id. Cat. 1, 6, 13; cf.: Q. Curius, flagitiis atque facinoribus coopertus, Sall. C. 23, 1; so with facinora, id. ib. 14, 2 Kritz. N. cr.: nihil facinoris, nihil flagitii praetermittere, Liv. 39, 13, 10; 39, 16, 1: tanta flagitia facere et dicere, Cic. Tusc. 4, 34, 73: in hoc flagitio versari ipsum videmus Jovem (corresp. to stuprum), id. ib. 4, 33, 70: in tot flagitia se ingurgitare, id. Pis. 18, 42.—
B In gen., any shameful or disgraceful act or thing (without the accessory idea of passion): petere honorem pro flagitio more fit, Plaut. Trin. 4, 3, 28: flagitium fiet, nisi dos dabitur virgini, id. ib. 3, 1, 11: cum loquimur terni, nihil flagitii dicimus: at cum bini, obscoenum est, Cic. Fam. 9, 22, 3: flagitium rei militaris admittere, id. Clu. 46, 128: flagiti principium est, nudare inter cives corpora, Enn. ap. Cic. Tusc. 4, 33, 70 (Trag. v. 426 ed. Vahl.): nonne id flagitium est, te aliis consilium dare, foris sapere, tibi non posse auxiliarier? is it not a shame? Ter. Heaut. 5, 1, 49: praeesse agro colendo flagitium putes, Cic. Rosc. Am. 18, 50: quantum flagitii commisisset (for which, shortly before: nihil turpius, quam, etc.), id. Brut. 61, 219; cf.: ita necesse fuit aut haec flagitia concipere animo aut susceptae philosophiae nomen amittere, disgraceful assertions, absurdities, id. N. D. 1, 24, 66.—Comically: Co. Fores hae fecerunt magnum flagitium modo. Ad. Quid id est flagitii? Crepuerunt clare, Plaut. Poen. 3, 2, 32.— Leg. t. t.: perfectum flagitium, a completed crime (opp. imperfectum), Paul. Sent. 5, 4, 14.—
C In vulg. lang., concr. like scelus, shame, disgrace, as a term of reproach, i. q. rascal, scoundrel: flagitium illud hominis! Plaut. Cas. 2, 1, 8; id. As. 2, 4, 67; id. Cas. 3, 2, 22; id. Men. 3, 2, 24; 5, 1, 9: ipsa quae sis stabulum flagitii, id. Truc. 2, 7, 31: etiam opprobras vim, flagiti flagrantia, burning shame, i. e. outrageous villain, id. Rud. 3, 4, 28: omnium flagitiorum atque facinorum circum se tamquam stipatorum catervas habebat, Sall. C. 14, 1.—
D (Causa pro effectu.) Shame, disgrace (rare but class.): id erat meum factum flagiti plenum et dedecoris, Cic. Att. 16, 7, 4; cf.: magnum dedecus et flagitium, id. Off. 3, 22, 86: qui non gloria movemini neque flagitio, Sall. Or. Licin. fin. (p. 236 ed. Gerl.): beatus qui pejus leto flagitium timet, Hor. C. 4, 9, 50: flagitio additis damnum, id. ib. 3, 5, 26: quia illa forma matrem familias flagitium sit si sequatur, Plaut. Merc. 2, 3, 71: facere damni mavolo, Quam obprobramentum aut flagitium muliebre inferri domo, id. ib. 2, 3, 85; id. Ep. 3, 4, 79: flagitium imperio demere, Liv. 25, 15, 19: consul moveri flagitio timoris fatendi, id. 42, 60, 4.
Latin > French (Gaffiot 2016)
flāgĭtĭum,⁸ ĭī, n.,
1 action déshonorante, infamante, ignominieuse, scandaleuse ; infamie, ignominie, turpitude, scandale : stupra et adulteria et omne tale flagitium Cic. CM 40, les viols, les adultères et tous les autres scandales de ce genre ; homo sceleribus flagitiisque contaminatissimus Cic. Prov. 14, l’homme le plus souillé qu’il soit de crimes et d’infamies || [en part.] opinion scandaleuse [qu’on devrait avoir honte de soutenir] : Cic. Nat. 1, 66 ; 3, 91 ; non sensit, quantum flagiti commisisset Cic. Br. 219, il ne s’est pas aperçu de la bévue scandaleuse qu’il avait commise || flagitium hominis ! Pl. As. 473, scandale d’homme ! ignominieux personnage !
2 [personnif.] : omnium flagitiorum atque facinorum circum se tamquam stipatorum catervas habebat Sall. C. 14, 1, toutes les infamies et tous les crimes en troupes, comme des satellites, lui faisaient cortège.
Latin > German (Georges)
flāgitium, iī, (zu flagito, jmd. anschreien, also ›öffentliche Ausscheltung‹), I) eine mit großer Schande verbundene-, eine entehrende (ehrlose) Handlung, ein entehrendes-, schändendes Vergehen, ein entehrender Streich, ein Skandal, eine Schändlichkeit, Schandtat, Niederträchtigkeit (bes. auch gegen freigeborene, ehrbare Frauen), ein entehrender Fehltritt, entehrender Irrtum, dann die aus diesen hervorgehende Schande (Ggstz. decus), Plaut., Cic. u.a.: oft verb. scelus et flagitium, scelera et flagitia, Cic.: flagitia atque facinora, Sall. (vgl. no. II): flagitia atque dedecora, Suet.: illa militiae flagitia, schmähliche Behauptungen, Tac.: ista flagitia Democriti, schandbare Äußerungen, Cic.: praeesse agro colendo flagitium putas, für etwas Entehrendes, Cic.: flagitii plenus atque dedecoris, voller Schande u. Unehre, höchst beschimpfend u. entehrend, Cic.: flagitio cum maiore post reddes, Plaut.: flagitium facere (begehen), Komik.: flagitium erit, es wird Skandal geben, Plaut.: per flagitium (in ehrenrühriger Weise) ad inopiam redigere patrem, Ter.: flagitium est m. folg. Acc. u. Infin., Komik. u. Tac. – II) meton. = ein Schandbube, flagitium hominis, Plaut. asin. 473; Men. 489; Cas. 552: flagitia atque facinora (Bösewichter), Sall. Cat. 14, 1.
