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ποταμῷ γὰρ οὐκ ἔστιν ἐμβῆναι δὶς τῷ αὐτῷ → it is impossible to step twice in the same river, you cannot step twice into the same rivers

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{{LSJ1
{{LSJ1
|Full diacritics=-
|Full diacritics=ᾰ̓-
|Medium diacritics=ἀ-
|Medium diacritics=ἀ-
|Low diacritics=α-
|Low diacritics=α-
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|Transliteration C=a-
|Transliteration C=a-
|Beta Code=a)-
|Beta Code=a)-
|Definition=as insep. Prefix in compos.: <span class="sense"><span class="bld">I</span> α στερητικόν (Sch.<span class="bibl">Od. 3.279</span>, etc., cf. <span class="bibl">Eust.985.16</span>), expressing [[want]] or [[absence]] (cf. <span class="bibl">Arist. <span class="title">Metaph.</span>1022b32</span>), as [[σοφός]] wise, [[ἄσοφος]] [[un]]wise: for [[n]], the weak form of the negative [[ne]], commonly used in the formation of adjs. and advbs., very rarely in that of vbs. and substs., cf. [[ἀδώτης]], [[ἀτιμάω]], [[ἀτίω]]. Before a vowel it usu. appears as <b class="b3">ἀν-</b> (exc. where ϝ or [[spiritus asper]] has been lost, as <b class="b3">ἄ-οινος, ἄ-υπνος</b>, when it sts. coalesces with the following vowel, as [[ἀργός]] = [[ἀ-ϝεργός]]): the forms [[ἀνάεδνος]], [[ἀνάελπτος]] are probably misspelt for <b class="b3">ἀν-έϝεδνος, -έϝελπτος</b>. Adjs. formed with it freq. take gen., esp. in Trag., cf. <b class="b3">ἀλαμπὲς ἡλίου</b>, = [[ἄνευ λάμψεως ἡλίου]], <span class="bibl">S.<span class="title">Tr.</span>691</span>. [ᾰ, exc. in adjs. which begin with three short syllables, which have ᾱ in Ep., and freq. also in Lyr., Trag., and Com.; [[ἀθάνατος]] invariably has [[ᾱθ]].] </span><span class="sense"><span class="bld">II</span> <b class="b3">α ἀθροιστικόν</b> (<span class="bibl">Eust. 641.61</span>; τὸ ἄλφα σημαίνει πολλαχοῦ τὸ ὁμοῦ <span class="bibl">Pl.<span class="title">Cra.</span>405c</span>), properly <b class="b3">ἁ-</b>since it represents <b class="b2">sm-</b> (cf. [[ἅμα]], [[εἷς]] = [[sems]]), and so in [[ἁπλόος]], [[ἁθρόος]]: but freq. [[ἀ-]] by dissimilation from following aspirate, as <b class="b3">ἄ-λοχος</b>, and hence by analogy in <b class="b3">ἄ-κοιτις</b>, etc., [[quod vide|q.v.]]: sts. in the form <b class="b3">ὀ-</b>, as in <b class="b3">ὄπατρος, ὀγάστριος, ὄζυξ. [ᾰ.]</b> </span><span class="sense"><span class="bld">III</span> <b class="b3">α ἐπιτατικόν</b> (<span class="bibl">Eust. 641.61</span>), strengthening the force of compds., as <b class="b3">ἀ-τενής;</b> prob. identical in etymology with ''ΙΙ'', from which it is distinguished by Gramm., who sts. confuse it with ''1''; v. [[ἀδάκρυτος]]. [ᾰ.]</span><br /><span class="bld">ἀ-</span> as a prothetic vowel, usually before a double consonant, as <b class="b3">ἀ-βληχρός, ἀ-σπαίρω;</b> sts. before a single consonant, as <b class="b3">ἀ-μέλγω;</b> before a vowel where ϝ is lost, as <b class="b3">ἀ-ϝείδω. [ᾰ.]</b>
|Definition=as insep. Prefix in compos.:<br><span class="bld">I</span> α [[στερητικόν]] (Sch.Od. 3.279, etc., cf. Eust.985.16), expressing [[want]] or [[absence]] (cf. Arist. Metaph.1022b32), as [[σοφός]] = [[wise]], [[ἄσοφος]] = [[unwise]]: for n, the weak form of the negative [[νη-]], commonly used in the formation of adjectives and adverbs, very rarely in that of vbs. and substs., cf. [[ἀδώτης]], [[ἀτιμάω]], [[ἀτίω]]. Before a vowel it usually appears as [[ἀν-]] (exc. where ϝ or [[spiritus asper]] has been lost, as [[ἄοινος]], [[ἄυπνος]], when it sometimes coalesces with the following vowel, as [[ἀργός]] = [[ἀϝεργός]]): the forms [[ἀνάεδνος]], [[ἀνάελπτος]] are probably misspelt for [[ἀνέϝεδνος]], [[έϝελπτος]]. Adjs. formed with it freq. take gen., especially in Trag., cf. [[ἀλαμπής|ἀλαμπὲς]] ἡλίου = ἄνευ λάμψεως ἡλίου, S.Tr.691. [ᾰ, exc. in adjectives which begin with three short syllables, which have ᾱ in Ep., and freq. also in Lyr., Trag., and Com.; [[ἀθάνατος]] invariably has ᾱθ.]<br><span class="bld">II</span> α [[ἀθροιστικός|ἀθροιστικόν]] (Eust. 641.61; τὸ ἄλφα σημαίνει πολλαχοῦ τὸ ὁμοῦ Pl.Cra.405c), properly ἁ- since it represents sm- (cf. [[ἅμα]], [[εἷς]] = [[sems]]), and so in [[ἁπλόος]], [[ἁθρόος]]: but freq. ἀ- by [[dissimilation]] from following aspirate, as [[ἄλοχος]], and hence by analogy in [[ἄκοιτις]], etc., [[quod vide|q.v.]]: sometimes in the form ὀ-, as in [[ὄπατρος]], [[ὀγάστριος]], [[ὄζυξ]] [ᾰ.]<br><span class="bld">III</span> α [[ἐπιτατικός|ἐπιτατικόν]] (Eust. 641.61), strengthening the force of compds., as [[ἀτενής]]; prob. identical in etymology with ''ΙΙ'', from which it is distinguished by Gramm., who sometimes confuse it with ''1''; v. [[ἀδάκρυτος]]. [ᾰ.]<br><span class="bld">ἀ-</span> as a prothetic vowel, usually before a double consonant, as [[ἀβληχρός]], [[ἀσπαίρω]]; sometimes before a single consonant, as [[ἀμέλγω]]; before a vowel where ϝ is lost, as [[ἀϝείδω]]. [ᾰ]
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{{pape
{{pape
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}}
}}
{{elru
{{elru
|elrutext='''ἀ:''' (ᾰ) приставка со знач.:<br /><b class="num">1)</b> отсутствия (ἀ privativum), соотв. русск. не- ([[ἀμαθής]]), без- ([[ἀθάνατος]]);<br /><b class="num">2)</b> совместности, объединения (ἀ copulativum), соотв. русск. равно-, одно- ([[ἀτάλαντος]]), совместно, со- (ἀχόλουθος);<br /><b class="num">3)</b> усиления (ἀ intensivum), соотв. русск. сильно, весьма ([[ἄξυλος]], [[ἄβρομος]]);<br /><b class="num">4)</b> чисто фонетическая приставка, не влияющая на смысл слова (ἀ protheticum, тж. paremphaticum, euphonicum) ([[ἀβληχρός]] вм. [[βληχρός]]).
|elrutext='''ἀ:''' (ᾰ) приставка со знач.:<br /><b class="num">1</b> [[отсутствия]] (ἀ privativum), соотв. русск. не- ([[ἀμαθής]]), без- ([[ἀθάνατος]]);<br /><b class="num">2</b> [[совместности]], [[объединения]] (ἀ copulativum), соотв. русск. равно-, одно- ([[ἀτάλαντος]]), совместно, со- (ἀχόλουθος);<br /><b class="num">3</b> [[усиления]] (ἀ intensivum), соотв. русск. сильно, весьма ([[ἄξυλος]], [[ἄβρομος]]);<br /><b class="num">4</b> [[чисто фонетическая приставка]], [[не влияющая на смысл слова]] (ἀ protheticum, тж. paremphaticum, euphonicum) ([[ἀβληχρός]] вм. [[βληχρός]]).
}}
}}
{{etym
{{etym
|etymtx=Grammatical information: pref.<br />Meaning: privative prefix (<b class="b3">α στερητικόν</b>);<br />Other forms: antevocalic <b class="b3">ἀν-</b>.<br />Origin: IE [Indo-European] [757] <b class="b2">*n-</b><br />Etymology: Through the loss of initial consonants (<b class="b3">Ϝ-</b>, <b class="b3">σ-</b>) the original distribution was disturbed: [[ἄισος]] (< <b class="b3">*ἀ-Ϝισος</b>) beside newly made [[ἄνισος]]; this led a few times to analogical forms like <b class="b3">ἄ-οζος</b> beside original <b class="b3">ἄν-οζος</b>. In Myc. <b class="b2">aupono \/Ahupnos\/</b>, a proper name, the <b class="b2">a-</b> stands before <b class="b2">h-</b>; thus class. [[ἄυπνος]]. Also before o- the wau was originally retained: [[ἀόριστος]]. <b class="b3">ἀ(ν</b>)- was in Greek as elsewhere originally limited to verbal adjectives and Bahuvrīhis. Frisk Adj. priv. 4ff., 44ff., Subst. priv. 8ff., Wackernagel Syntax 2, 284ff., 1, 282f., Puhvel Lang. 29, 14ff., Moorhouse Studies Negatives (1959). In other languages e.g. Skt. <b class="b2">a(n)-</b>, Lat. <b class="b2">in-</b>, Germ., e.g. Goth. <b class="b2">un-</b>, PIE <b class="b2">*n̥-</b>. The sentence negative was <b class="b2">*ne</b>, in Lat. [[ne-scio]], [[ne-fas]] etc. (not in [[νέποδες]] [[quod vide|q.v.]]). Some formations may be inherited, as <b class="b3">ἄν-υδρ-ος</b> = Skt. <b class="b2">an-udr-á-</b>, [[ἄγνωτος]] = Skt. <b class="b2">ájñata-</b>, Lat. [[ignotus]]. If the following word begins with laryngeal + cons., Greek gets <b class="b3">νη-</b>, <b class="b3">να-</b>, <b class="b3">νω-</b> as in [[νήγρετος]], [[νωδός]] < <b class="b2">*n-h₁gr-</b>, <b class="b2">*n-h₃d-</b>); these adjectives were again reshaped, as in [[ἀνώνυμος]]; Beekes, Lar. Greek. -- Supposed <b class="b3">ἀνα-</b> only in [[ἀνάεδος]], <b class="b3">ἀνά-ελπτος</b> and [[ἀνάπνευστος]] (the last two are analogical, the first may stand for <b class="b3">ἀν-εεδν-</b>).<br />See also: On pleonastic <b class="b3">ἀ(ν</b>)- cf. [[ἀβέλτερος]].<br />Meaning: (none)<br />Origin: PG [a word of Pre-Greek origin]<br />Etymology: In Pre-Greek words a [[prothetic vowel]] occurs, e.g. [[ἄσταχυς]] \/ [[στάχυς]]. It is no doubt a phonetic process. It is rather frequent, Fur. 368-378. The vowel was [[ἀ-]], with a very few exceptions (Beekes, Pre-Greek.).<br />Meaning: in Anatolian place names, e. g. [[Ἀπαισός]] : [[Παισός]], [[Ἄθυμβρα]]: [[Θύμβρα]].<br />Origin: LW [a loanword which is (probably) not of Pre-Greek origin]<br />Etymology: The origin of the phenomenon is unknown; it is due to a non-IE language. The fact may be different from the Pre-Greek prothetic vowel.
|etymtx=Grammatical information: pref.<br />Meaning: privative prefix (<b class="b3">α στερητικόν</b>);<br />Other forms: antevocalic <b class="b3">ἀν-</b>.<br />Origin: IE [Indo-European] [757] <b class="b2">*n-</b><br />Etymology: Through the loss of initial consonants (<b class="b3">Ϝ-</b>, <b class="b3">σ-</b>) the original distribution was disturbed: [[ἄισος]] (< <b class="b3">*ἀ-Ϝισος</b>) beside newly made [[ἄνισος]]; this led a few times to analogical forms like <b class="b3">ἄ-οζος</b> beside original <b class="b3">ἄν-οζος</b>. In Myc. <b class="b2">aupono /Ahupnos/</b>, a proper name, the [[a-]] stands before [[h-]]; thus class. [[ἄυπνος]]. Also before o- the wau was originally retained: [[ἀόριστος]]. <b class="b3">ἀ(ν</b>)- was in Greek as elsewhere originally limited to verbal adjectives and Bahuvrīhis. Frisk Adj. priv. 4ff., 44ff., Subst. priv. 8ff., Wackernagel Syntax 2, 284ff., 1, 282f., Puhvel Lang. 29, 14ff., Moorhouse Studies Negatives (1959). In other languages e.g. Skt. <b class="b2">a(n)-</b>, Lat. [[in-]], Germ., e.g. Goth. [[un-]], PIE <b class="b2">*n̥-</b>. The sentence negative was <b class="b2">*ne</b>, in Lat. [[ne-scio]], [[ne-fas]] etc. (not in [[νέποδες]] [[quod vide|q.v.]]). Some formations may be inherited, as <b class="b3">ἄν-υδρ-ος</b> = Skt. [[an-udr-á-]], [[ἄγνωτος]] = Skt. [[ájñata-]], Lat. [[ignotus]]. If the following word begins with laryngeal + cons., Greek gets <b class="b3">νη-</b>, <b class="b3">να-</b>, <b class="b3">νω-</b> as in [[νήγρετος]], [[νωδός]] < <b class="b2">*n-h₁gr-</b>, <b class="b2">*n-h₃d-</b>); these adjectives were again reshaped, as in [[ἀνώνυμος]]; Beekes, Lar. Greek. -- Supposed <b class="b3">ἀνα-</b> only in [[ἀνάεδος]], <b class="b3">ἀνά-ελπτος</b> and [[ἀνάπνευστος]] (the last two are analogical, the first may stand for <b class="b3">ἀν-εεδν-</b>).<br />See also: On pleonastic <b class="b3">ἀ(ν</b>)- cf. [[ἀβέλτερος]].<br />Meaning: (none)<br />Origin: PG [a word of Pre-Greek origin]<br />Etymology: In Pre-Greek words a [[prothetic vowel]] occurs, e.g. [[ἄσταχυς]] / [[στάχυς]]. It is no doubt a phonetic process. It is rather frequent, Fur. 368-378. The vowel was [[ἀ-]], with a very few exceptions (Beekes, Pre-Greek.).<br />Meaning: in Anatolian place names, e. g. [[Ἀπαισός]]: [[Παισός]], [[Ἄθυμβρα]]: [[Θύμβρα]].<br />Origin: LW [a loanword which is (probably) not of Pre-Greek origin]<br />Etymology: The origin of the phenomenon is unknown; it is due to a non-IE language. The fact may be different from the Pre-Greek prothetic vowel.
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==Wiktionary EN==
==Wiktionary EN==
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* [[ἀν-]] (an-) – before vowels
* [[ἀν-]] (an-) – before vowels
* [[νη-]] (nē-), νᾱ- (nā-), νω- (nō-) – before a Proto-Indo-European laryngeal and consonant
* [[νη-]] (nē-), νᾱ- (nā-), νω- (nō-) – before a Proto-Indo-European laryngeal and consonant
==Wikipedia EN==
{{wkpen
An alpha privative or, rarely, privative a (from Latin alpha prīvātīvum, from Ancient Greek α στερητικόν) is the prefix a- or an- (before vowels) that is used in Greek and in words borrowed from Greek to express negation or absence, for example the English words atypical, anesthetic, and analgesic.
|wketx=An alpha privative or, rarely, privative a (from Latin alpha prīvātīvum, from Ancient Greek α στερητικόν) is the prefix a- or an- (before vowels) that is used in Greek and in words borrowed from Greek to express negation or absence, for example the English words atypical, anesthetic, and analgesic.


It is derived from a Proto-Indo-European syllabic nasal *n̥-, the zero ablaut grade of the negation *ne, i.e. /n/ used as a vowel. For this reason, it usually appears as an- before vowels (e.g. an-alphabetism, an-esthesia, an-archy). It shares the same root with the Greek prefix nē- or ne-, in Greek νη- or νε-, that is also privative (e.g. ne-penthe).
It is derived from a Proto-Indo-European syllabic nasal *n̥-, the zero ablaut grade of the negation *ne, i.e. /n/ used as a vowel. For this reason, it usually appears as an- before vowels (e.g. an-alphabetism, an-esthesia, an-archy). It shares the same root with the Greek prefix nē- or ne-, in Greek νη- or νε-, that is also privative (e.g. ne-penthe).


It is not to be confused with, among other things, an alpha copulative (e.g. a-delphi) or the prepositional component an- (i.e. the preposition ana with ekthlipsis or elision of its final vowel before a following vowel; e.g. an-ode).
It is not to be confused with, among other things, an alpha copulative (e.g. a-delphi) or the prepositional component an- (i.e. the preposition ana with ekthlipsis or elision of its final vowel before a following vowel; e.g. an-ode).
==Wikipedia DE==
}}
Als Alpha privativum (lateinisch, „beraubendes Alpha“) bezeichnet man in der Wortbildungslehre der griechischen Sprache das Präfix ἀ- a-, welches die Abwesenheit, Umkehrung oder Wirkungslosigkeit des Bezeichneten ausdrückt oder das zugrundeliegende Wort verneint (dann als „Negationspräfix“ auch alpha negativum genannt). Im Deutschen übernehmen diese Funktion oft das Präfix „un-“ bzw. die Suffixe „-los“ oder „-leer“, auch die Worte „nicht“ oder „ohne“. Beginnt das Wort mit einem Vokal, lautet das Präfix meist ἀν- an-. Im Deutschen erscheint das Alpha privativum in Lehnwörtern wie Apathie oder anomal sowie in Neubildungen wie asozial. Funktional und lautgeschichtlich ist es identisch mit lateinisch in- (z. B. inaktiv), deutsch un- (z. B. untätig) und Sanskrit अ- a- bzw. अन्- an-, die alle auf ein gleichbedeutendes indogermanisches Präfix *n̥- zurückgeführt werden.
{{wkpde
|wkdetx=Als Alpha privativum (lateinisch, „beraubendes Alpha“) bezeichnet man in der Wortbildungslehre der griechischen Sprache das Präfix ἀ- a-, welches die Abwesenheit, Umkehrung oder Wirkungslosigkeit des Bezeichneten ausdrückt oder das zugrundeliegende Wort verneint (dann als „Negationspräfix“ auch alpha negativum genannt). Im Deutschen übernehmen diese Funktion oft das Präfix „un-“ bzw. die Suffixe „-los“ oder „-leer“, auch die Worte „nicht“ oder „ohne“. Beginnt das Wort mit einem Vokal, lautet das Präfix meist ἀν- an-. Im Deutschen erscheint das Alpha privativum in Lehnwörtern wie Apathie oder anomal sowie in Neubildungen wie asozial. Funktional und lautgeschichtlich ist es identisch mit lateinisch in- (z. B. inaktiv), deutsch un- (z. B. untätig) und Sanskrit अ- a- bzw. अन्- an-, die alle auf ein gleichbedeutendes indogermanisches Präfix *n̥- zurückgeführt werden.
}}
{{DGE
{{DGE
|dgtxt=<b class="num">• Alolema(s):</b> ἀν- ante vocal, cf. [[ἀνέλπιστος]], etc., salvo ante espír. áspero o antigua Ϝ, cf. [[ἄοπλος]], [[ἄοινος]]; a veces hay dobletes, cf. [[ἄϋδρος]] Thphr.<i>CP</i> 2.4.10, [[ἄνυδρος]] Hes.<i>Fr</i>.128; [[ἄϊσος]] Pi.<i>I</i>.7.43, [[ἄνισος]] Pl.<i>Ti</i>.36d; ἀα- red. como elemento distintivo: [[ἀάσχετος]] (para evitar la confusión con *ἀνάσχετος, [[ἀνσχετός]] proc. de [[ἀνέχω]])<br /><b class="num">• Prosodia:</b> [ᾰ excep. en palabras c. tres breves o más, inutilizables en el ritmo dactílico, cf. ᾱθᾰνᾰτος <i>Il</i>.1.520, ᾱπᾰλᾰμος Hes.<i>Op</i>.20; lo mismo gener. para la lír. y el drama]<br />comp. gener. c. adj. y adv. indica negación o privación [[ἄσοφος]] falto de sabiduría</i> Thgn.370, [[ἄψυχος]] carente de vida</i>, que no tiene vida</i> Archil.95.2. • DMic.: <i>a-ki-ti-to</i>.<br /><b class="num">• Etimología:</b> Ide. *<i>n̥</i>-, cf. ai. <i>a</i>- y <i>an</i>-, lat. <i>in</i>-, osc.-u. *<i>an</i>-, air. <i>in</i> (<i>ē</i>, <i>an</i>) gót. <i>un</i>-; c. otro grado vocálico, ide. *<i>ne</i>, cf. gr. νέποδες, etc.; ide. *<i>nē</i>, cf. gr. νήποδες.<br /><b class="num">• Prosodia:</b> [ᾰ]<br />prefijo intensivo [[muy]], [[mucho]] [[ἀτενής]] S.<i>Ant</i>.826, ἄεδνον· πολύφερνον Hsch.; cf. [[ἀλίγκιος]], [[ἄμοτον]].<br /><b class="num">• Etimología:</b> Cf. ἁ-.<br /><b class="num">• Prosodia:</b> [ᾰ]<br />vocal protética, sin significado. Se desarrolla ante sonante: [[ἀνήρ]], [[ἀλείφω]], [[ἀμαλδύνω]], ἀρέγω, etc.; ante grupos consonánticos: cons. + líquida [[ἀτραπός]], [[ἄτλας]], [[ἀγλαός]], ante σ + cons. [[ἀστήρ]], [[ἀσκαρίζω]], [[ἀσκαίρω]]; ante Ϝ, υ (de *<i>Hu̯</i>-) ἄελλα, ἄερσα, [[ἀέξω]], [[αὐξάνω]].
|dgtxt=<b class="num">• Alolema(s):</b> ἀν- ante vocal, cf. [[ἀνέλπιστος]], etc., salvo ante espír. áspero o antigua Ϝ, cf. [[ἄοπλος]], [[ἄοινος]]; a veces hay dobletes, cf. [[ἄϋδρος]] Thphr.<i>CP</i> 2.4.10, [[ἄνυδρος]] Hes.<i>Fr</i>.128; [[ἄϊσος]] Pi.<i>I</i>.7.43, [[ἄνισος]] Pl.<i>Ti</i>.36d; ἀα- red. como elemento distintivo: [[ἀάσχετος]] (para evitar la confusión con *ἀνάσχετος, [[ἀνσχετός]] proc. de [[ἀνέχω]])<br /><b class="num">• Prosodia:</b> [ᾰ excep. en palabras c. tres breves o más, inutilizables en el ritmo dactílico, cf. [[ᾱθᾰνᾰτος]] <i>Il</i>.1.520, ᾱπᾰλᾰμος Hes.<i>Op</i>.20; lo mismo gener. para la lír. y el drama]<br />comp. gener. c. adj. y adv. indica negación o privación [[ἄσοφος]] falto de sabiduría</i> Thgn.370, [[ἄψυχος]] carente de vida</i>, que no tiene vida</i> Archil.95.2.<br /><b class="num">Diccionario Micénico:</b> <i>a-ki-ti-to</i>.<br /><b class="num">• Etimología:</b> Ide. *<i>n̥</i>-, cf. ai. <i>a</i>- y <i>an</i>-, lat. <i>[[in]]</i>-, osc.-u. *<i>an</i>-, air. <i>in</i> (<i>ē</i>, <i>an</i>) gót. <i>un</i>-; c. otro grado vocálico, ide. *<i>ne</i>, cf. gr. [[νέποδες]], etc.; ide. *<i>nē</i>, cf. gr. [[νήποδες]].<br /><b class="num">• Prosodia:</b> [ᾰ]<br />prefijo intensivo [[muy]], [[mucho]] [[ἀτενής]] S.<i>Ant</i>.826, ἄεδνον· πολύφερνον Hsch.; cf. [[ἀλίγκιος]], [[ἄμοτον]].<br /><b class="num">• Etimología:</b> Cf. ἁ-.<br /><b class="num">• Prosodia:</b> [ᾰ]<br />vocal protética, sin significado. Se desarrolla ante sonante: [[ἀνήρ]], [[ἀλείφω]], [[ἀμαλδύνω]], ἀρέγω, etc.; ante grupos consonánticos: cons. + líquida [[ἀτραπός]], [[ἄτλας]], [[ἀγλαός]], ante σ + cons. [[ἀστήρ]], [[ἀσκαρίζω]], [[ἀσκαίρω]]; ante Ϝ, υ (de *<i>Hu̯</i>-) ἄελλα, ἄερσα, [[ἀέξω]], [[αὐξάνω]].
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{{FriskDe
{{FriskDe
|ftr='''ἀ-''': {a-}<br />'''Forms''': daneben, ursprünglich nur antevokalisch, ἀν-.<br />'''Meaning''': verneinendes (privatives) Präfix (α στερητικόν);<br />'''Etymology''' : Durch Wegfall anlautender Konsonanten (ϝ-, σ-) ist die ursprüngliche Verteilung gestört worden: ἄισος (< *ἀϝισος) neben neugebildetem [[ἄνισος]] hat Formen wie [[ἄοζος]] neben ursprünglichem [[ἄνοζος]] (: ''Ast'') hervorgerufen. ἀ(ν)- war im Griechischen wie in den übrigen idg. Sprachen anfänglich nur in Verbaladjektiven und Bahuvrihibildungen zu Hause. Frisk Adj. priv. 4ff., 44ff., Subst. priv. 8ff., Wackernagel Syntax 2, 284ff., 1, 282f., Puhvel Lang. 29, 14ff. — Über pleonastisches ἀ(ν)- s. zu [[ἀβέλτερος]]. Gr. ἀ(ν)- findet sich in den meisten idg. Sprachen wieder, z. B. aind. ''a''(''n'')-, lat. ''in''-, germ., z. B. got. ''un''-, idg. *''n̥''-. Damit ablautend die Satznegation *''nĕ'' in lat. ''ne''-''scio'', ''ne''-''fas'' usw., gr. viell. [[νέποδες]] (s. d.) und [[νηλεής]] (s. [[ἔλεος]]). Mehrere Bildungen können altererbt sein, wie [[ἄνυδρος]] = aind. ''an''-''udr''-''á''-, ἄγνωτος = aind. ''ájñāta''-, lat. ''ignotus''. — Seltene Nebenformen von ἀν- sind ν- ([[νήνεμος]], [[νωδός]], vgl. [[νηλεής]] oben) und ἀνα-, s. Schwyzer 431f. Fragliche Ablautspekulationen bei Gray Language 1, 119ff.; dazu Nehring Glotta 16, 248.<br />'''Page''' 1,1<br />{a-}<br />'''Meaning''': in kleinasiatischen Namen, z. B. Ἄθυμβρα: Θύμβρα.<br />'''Etymology''' : Kretschmer ist geneigt, nach dem Vorgang Forrers darin ein (chattisches?) Artikel-Präfix zu sehen; Glotta 21, 86ff., 22, 108 A. 3, 24, 218f., 32, 182f., 200ff. — Über eine ähnliche Erscheinung im Illyrischen (Ἀπενέσται: ''Penestae'' usw.) Krahe IF 57, 126f.<br />'''Page''' 1,1
|ftr='''ἀ-''': {a-}<br />'''Forms''': daneben, ursprünglich nur antevokalisch, ἀν-.<br />'''Meaning''': verneinendes (privatives) Präfix (α στερητικόν);<br />'''Etymology''': Durch Wegfall anlautender Konsonanten (ϝ-, σ-) ist die ursprüngliche Verteilung gestört worden: ἄισος (< *ἀϝισος) neben neugebildetem [[ἄνισος]] hat Formen wie [[ἄοζος]] neben ursprünglichem [[ἄνοζος]] (: ''Ast'') hervorgerufen. ἀ(ν)- war im Griechischen wie in den übrigen idg. Sprachen anfänglich nur in Verbaladjektiven und Bahuvrihibildungen zu Hause. Frisk Adj. priv. 4ff., 44ff., Subst. priv. 8ff., Wackernagel Syntax 2, 284ff., 1, 282f., Puhvel Lang. 29, 14ff. — Über pleonastisches ἀ(ν)- s. zu [[ἀβέλτερος]]. Gr. ἀ(ν)- findet sich in den meisten idg. Sprachen wieder, z. B. aind. ''a''(''n'')-, lat. ''in''-, germ., z. B. got. ''un''-, idg. *''n̥''-. Damit ablautend die Satznegation *''nĕ'' in lat. ''ne''-''scio'', ''ne''-''fas'' usw., gr. viell. [[νέποδες]] (s. d.) und [[νηλεής]] (s. [[ἔλεος]]). Mehrere Bildungen können altererbt sein, wie [[ἄνυδρος]] = aind. ''an''-''udr''-''á''-, ἄγνωτος = aind. ''ájñāta''-, lat. ''ignotus''. — Seltene Nebenformen von ἀν- sind ν- ([[νήνεμος]], [[νωδός]], vgl. [[νηλεής]] oben) und ἀνα-, s. Schwyzer 431f. Fragliche Ablautspekulationen bei Gray Language 1, 119ff.; dazu Nehring Glotta 16, 248.<br />'''Page''' 1,1<br />{a-}<br />'''Meaning''': in kleinasiatischen Namen, z. B. Ἄθυμβρα: Θύμβρα.<br />'''Etymology''': Kretschmer ist geneigt, nach dem Vorgang Forrers darin ein (chattisches?) Artikel-Präfix zu sehen; Glotta 21, 86ff., 22, 108 A. 3, 24, 218f., 32, 182f., 200ff. — Über eine ähnliche Erscheinung im Illyrischen (Ἀπενέσται: ''Penestae'' usw.) Krahe IF 57, 126f.<br />'''Page''' 1,1
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Latest revision as of 09:00, 25 August 2023

Click links below for lookup in third sources:
Full diacritics: ᾰ̓- Medium diacritics: ἀ- Low diacritics: α- Capitals: Α-
Transliteration A: a- Transliteration B: a- Transliteration C: a- Beta Code: a)-

English (LSJ)

as insep. Prefix in compos.:
I α στερητικόν (Sch.Od. 3.279, etc., cf. Eust.985.16), expressing want or absence (cf. Arist. Metaph.1022b32), as σοφός = wise, ἄσοφος = unwise: for n, the weak form of the negative νη-, commonly used in the formation of adjectives and adverbs, very rarely in that of vbs. and substs., cf. ἀδώτης, ἀτιμάω, ἀτίω. Before a vowel it usually appears as ἀν- (exc. where ϝ or spiritus asper has been lost, as ἄοινος, ἄυπνος, when it sometimes coalesces with the following vowel, as ἀργός = ἀϝεργός): the forms ἀνάεδνος, ἀνάελπτος are probably misspelt for ἀνέϝεδνος, έϝελπτος. Adjs. formed with it freq. take gen., especially in Trag., cf. ἀλαμπὲς ἡλίου = ἄνευ λάμψεως ἡλίου, S.Tr.691. [ᾰ, exc. in adjectives which begin with three short syllables, which have ᾱ in Ep., and freq. also in Lyr., Trag., and Com.; ἀθάνατος invariably has ᾱθ.]
II α ἀθροιστικόν (Eust. 641.61; τὸ ἄλφα σημαίνει πολλαχοῦ τὸ ὁμοῦ Pl.Cra.405c), properly ἁ- since it represents sm- (cf. ἅμα, εἷς = sems), and so in ἁπλόος, ἁθρόος: but freq. ἀ- by dissimilation from following aspirate, as ἄλοχος, and hence by analogy in ἄκοιτις, etc., q.v.: sometimes in the form ὀ-, as in ὄπατρος, ὀγάστριος, ὄζυξ [ᾰ.]
III α ἐπιτατικόν (Eust. 641.61), strengthening the force of compds., as ἀτενής; prob. identical in etymology with ΙΙ, from which it is distinguished by Gramm., who sometimes confuse it with 1; v. ἀδάκρυτος. [ᾰ.]
ἀ- as a prothetic vowel, usually before a double consonant, as ἀβληχρός, ἀσπαίρω; sometimes before a single consonant, as ἀμέλγω; before a vowel where ϝ is lost, as ἀϝείδω. [ᾰ]

German (Pape)

[Seite 1] als praefixum: 1) στερητικόν, Privativum, s. ἀν –. – 2) Davon gänzlich verschieden: ἀθροιστικόν, copulativum, in der Bedeutung von ἅμα und ὁμοῦ, zugleich, zusammen, z. B. ἄκοιτις, die Gattin, die das Lager (κοίτη) mit dem Manne theilt; so noch ἀδελφός, ἀκόλουθος, ἄλοχος und einige seltenere, wie ἀγάλακτος, ἀγάστωρ, ἀβολεῖν. Damit kann ἀτάλαντος verglichen werden, wo α gleich, und ἅπας, ἀθρόος, ἀολλής, wo es gesammt bedeutet, vergl. auch noch ἁπλοῦς und ἅπαξ. – 3) Daran schließt sich und ist wohl eins damit α ἐπιτατικόν, gew. intensivum genannt, durch welches die Bdtg des Stammwortes verstärkt wird, als wäre es mit ἄγαν zusammengesetzt. S. ἀσκελής, ἀσπερχής, ἀτενής, ἀχανής, vergl. Döderlein de a intensivo Erlang. 1830. Die alten Gramm. führen noch an, α bedeute τὸ μέγα oder πολύ in ἀχανές und ἄξυλον, τὸ συνεχές in ἀζηχές. Wenn auch nicht alle von den alten Etymologen auf diese Weise erklärten Wörter hierher gehören, so gcht man doch zu weit, wenn man diese verstärkende Bdtg des α ganz läugnet, und darf in keinem Fall als Grund dagegen geltend machen, daß α ursprünglich privativ. sei, da dies ein ganz anderes praefixum ist. – 4) In einigen Wörtern aber, besonders solchen, die mit 2 Consonanten anfangen (ἀβληχρός, ἀσταφίς, ἄσταχυς, ἀστεροπή, ἀσπαίρω, vergl. ἀλείφω) scheint es nur euphonischer Vorschlag, obgleich auch hier genauere Wurzelforschung und Vergleichung der stammverwandten Sprachen manches anders erscheinen lassen dürfte. Die Alten erklären dieses α für πλεοναστικόν.

Russian (Dvoretsky)

ἀ: (ᾰ) приставка со знач.:
1 отсутствия (ἀ privativum), соотв. русск. не- (ἀμαθής), без- (ἀθάνατος);
2 совместности, объединения (ἀ copulativum), соотв. русск. равно-, одно- (ἀτάλαντος), совместно, со- (ἀχόλουθος);
3 усиления (ἀ intensivum), соотв. русск. сильно, весьма (ἄξυλος, ἄβρομος);
4 чисто фонетическая приставка, не влияющая на смысл слова (ἀ protheticum, тж. paremphaticum, euphonicum) (ἀβληχρός вм. βληχρός).

Frisk Etymological English

Grammatical information: pref.
Meaning: privative prefix (α στερητικόν);
Other forms: antevocalic ἀν-.
Origin: IE [Indo-European] [757] *n-
Etymology: Through the loss of initial consonants (Ϝ-, σ-) the original distribution was disturbed: ἄισος (< *ἀ-Ϝισος) beside newly made ἄνισος; this led a few times to analogical forms like ἄ-οζος beside original ἄν-οζος. In Myc. aupono /Ahupnos/, a proper name, the a- stands before h-; thus class. ἄυπνος. Also before o- the wau was originally retained: ἀόριστος. ἀ(ν)- was in Greek as elsewhere originally limited to verbal adjectives and Bahuvrīhis. Frisk Adj. priv. 4ff., 44ff., Subst. priv. 8ff., Wackernagel Syntax 2, 284ff., 1, 282f., Puhvel Lang. 29, 14ff., Moorhouse Studies Negatives (1959). In other languages e.g. Skt. a(n)-, Lat. in-, Germ., e.g. Goth. un-, PIE *n̥-. The sentence negative was *ne, in Lat. ne-scio, ne-fas etc. (not in νέποδες q.v.). Some formations may be inherited, as ἄν-υδρ-ος = Skt. an-udr-á-, ἄγνωτος = Skt. ájñata-, Lat. ignotus. If the following word begins with laryngeal + cons., Greek gets νη-, να-, νω- as in νήγρετος, νωδός < *n-h₁gr-, *n-h₃d-); these adjectives were again reshaped, as in ἀνώνυμος; Beekes, Lar. Greek. -- Supposed ἀνα- only in ἀνάεδος, ἀνά-ελπτος and ἀνάπνευστος (the last two are analogical, the first may stand for ἀν-εεδν-).
See also: On pleonastic ἀ(ν)- cf. ἀβέλτερος.
Meaning: (none)
Origin: PG [a word of Pre-Greek origin]
Etymology: In Pre-Greek words a prothetic vowel occurs, e.g. ἄσταχυς / στάχυς. It is no doubt a phonetic process. It is rather frequent, Fur. 368-378. The vowel was ἀ-, with a very few exceptions (Beekes, Pre-Greek.).
Meaning: in Anatolian place names, e. g. Ἀπαισός: Παισός, Ἄθυμβρα: Θύμβρα.
Origin: LW [a loanword which is (probably) not of Pre-Greek origin]
Etymology: The origin of the phenomenon is unknown; it is due to a non-IE language. The fact may be different from the Pre-Greek prothetic vowel.

Wiktionary EN

ᾰ̓- (a-).

  • The alpha privativum, used to make words that have a sense opposite to the word (or stem) to which the prefix is attached. It is also known as privative a and alpha privative.
  • Alternative form of ἁ- (ha-)
  • The alpha intensivum, used to strengthen the force of compounds.
  • The alpha euphonicum, used to soften pronunciation before two consonants.

Alternative forms:

  • ἀν- (an-) – before vowels
  • νη- (nē-), νᾱ- (nā-), νω- (nō-) – before a Proto-Indo-European laryngeal and consonant

Wikipedia EN

An alpha privative or, rarely, privative a (from Latin alpha prīvātīvum, from Ancient Greek α στερητικόν) is the prefix a- or an- (before vowels) that is used in Greek and in words borrowed from Greek to express negation or absence, for example the English words atypical, anesthetic, and analgesic.

It is derived from a Proto-Indo-European syllabic nasal *n̥-, the zero ablaut grade of the negation *ne, i.e. /n/ used as a vowel. For this reason, it usually appears as an- before vowels (e.g. an-alphabetism, an-esthesia, an-archy). It shares the same root with the Greek prefix nē- or ne-, in Greek νη- or νε-, that is also privative (e.g. ne-penthe).

It is not to be confused with, among other things, an alpha copulative (e.g. a-delphi) or the prepositional component an- (i.e. the preposition ana with ekthlipsis or elision of its final vowel before a following vowel; e.g. an-ode).

Wikipedia DE

Als Alpha privativum (lateinisch, „beraubendes Alpha“) bezeichnet man in der Wortbildungslehre der griechischen Sprache das Präfix ἀ- a-, welches die Abwesenheit, Umkehrung oder Wirkungslosigkeit des Bezeichneten ausdrückt oder das zugrundeliegende Wort verneint (dann als „Negationspräfix“ auch alpha negativum genannt). Im Deutschen übernehmen diese Funktion oft das Präfix „un-“ bzw. die Suffixe „-los“ oder „-leer“, auch die Worte „nicht“ oder „ohne“. Beginnt das Wort mit einem Vokal, lautet das Präfix meist ἀν- an-. Im Deutschen erscheint das Alpha privativum in Lehnwörtern wie Apathie oder anomal sowie in Neubildungen wie asozial. Funktional und lautgeschichtlich ist es identisch mit lateinisch in- (z. B. inaktiv), deutsch un- (z. B. untätig) und Sanskrit अ- a- bzw. अन्- an-, die alle auf ein gleichbedeutendes indogermanisches Präfix *n̥- zurückgeführt werden.

Spanish (DGE)

• Alolema(s): ἀν- ante vocal, cf. ἀνέλπιστος, etc., salvo ante espír. áspero o antigua Ϝ, cf. ἄοπλος, ἄοινος; a veces hay dobletes, cf. ἄϋδρος Thphr.CP 2.4.10, ἄνυδρος Hes.Fr.128; ἄϊσος Pi.I.7.43, ἄνισος Pl.Ti.36d; ἀα- red. como elemento distintivo: ἀάσχετος (para evitar la confusión con *ἀνάσχετος, ἀνσχετός proc. de ἀνέχω)
• Prosodia: [ᾰ excep. en palabras c. tres breves o más, inutilizables en el ritmo dactílico, cf. ᾱθᾰνᾰτος Il.1.520, ᾱπᾰλᾰμος Hes.Op.20; lo mismo gener. para la lír. y el drama]
comp. gener. c. adj. y adv. indica negación o privación ἄσοφος falto de sabiduría Thgn.370, ἄψυχος carente de vida, que no tiene vida Archil.95.2.
• Diccionario Micénico: a-ki-ti-to.
• Etimología: Ide. *-, cf. ai. a- y an-, lat. in-, osc.-u. *an-, air. in (ē, an) gót. un-; c. otro grado vocálico, ide. *ne, cf. gr. νέποδες, etc.; ide. *, cf. gr. νήποδες.
• Prosodia: [ᾰ]
prefijo intensivo muy, mucho ἀτενής S.Ant.826, ἄεδνον· πολύφερνον Hsch.; cf. ἀλίγκιος, ἄμοτον.
• Etimología: Cf. ἁ-.
• Prosodia: [ᾰ]
vocal protética, sin significado. Se desarrolla ante sonante: ἀνήρ, ἀλείφω, ἀμαλδύνω, ἀρέγω, etc.; ante grupos consonánticos: cons. + líquida ἀτραπός, ἄτλας, ἀγλαός, ante σ + cons. ἀστήρ, ἀσκαρίζω, ἀσκαίρω; ante Ϝ, υ (de *Hu̯-) ἄελλα, ἄερσα, ἀέξω, αὐξάνω.

Frisk Etymology German

ἀ-: {a-}
Forms: daneben, ursprünglich nur antevokalisch, ἀν-.
Meaning: verneinendes (privatives) Präfix (α στερητικόν);
Etymology: Durch Wegfall anlautender Konsonanten (ϝ-, σ-) ist die ursprüngliche Verteilung gestört worden: ἄισος (< *ἀϝισος) neben neugebildetem ἄνισος hat Formen wie ἄοζος neben ursprünglichem ἄνοζος (: Ast) hervorgerufen. ἀ(ν)- war im Griechischen wie in den übrigen idg. Sprachen anfänglich nur in Verbaladjektiven und Bahuvrihibildungen zu Hause. Frisk Adj. priv. 4ff., 44ff., Subst. priv. 8ff., Wackernagel Syntax 2, 284ff., 1, 282f., Puhvel Lang. 29, 14ff. — Über pleonastisches ἀ(ν)- s. zu ἀβέλτερος. Gr. ἀ(ν)- findet sich in den meisten idg. Sprachen wieder, z. B. aind. a(n)-, lat. in-, germ., z. B. got. un-, idg. *-. Damit ablautend die Satznegation * in lat. ne-scio, ne-fas usw., gr. viell. νέποδες (s. d.) und νηλεής (s. ἔλεος). Mehrere Bildungen können altererbt sein, wie ἄνυδρος = aind. an-udr-á-, ἄγνωτος = aind. ájñāta-, lat. ignotus. — Seltene Nebenformen von ἀν- sind ν- (νήνεμος, νωδός, vgl. νηλεής oben) und ἀνα-, s. Schwyzer 431f. Fragliche Ablautspekulationen bei Gray Language 1, 119ff.; dazu Nehring Glotta 16, 248.
Page 1,1
{a-}
Meaning: in kleinasiatischen Namen, z. B. Ἄθυμβρα: Θύμβρα.
Etymology: Kretschmer ist geneigt, nach dem Vorgang Forrers darin ein (chattisches?) Artikel-Präfix zu sehen; Glotta 21, 86ff., 22, 108 A. 3, 24, 218f., 32, 182f., 200ff. — Über eine ähnliche Erscheinung im Illyrischen (Ἀπενέσται: Penestae usw.) Krahe IF 57, 126f.
Page 1,1