ὅρκος: Difference between revisions
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|etymtx=Grammatical information: m.<br />Meaning: [[oath]] (Il.), <b class="b2">object to swear by</b>, orig. of the water of the Styx (Β 755, Hes., h. Cer. 259).<br />Compounds: Compp., e.g. <b class="b3">ὁρκ-ωμότης</b> m. <b class="b2">who takes an oath</b> (Arc., Locr. inscr. VI--Va) with <b class="b3">ὁρκωμοτ-έω</b> <b class="b2">to take an oath</b> (trag. a.o.), compound of <b class="b3">ὅρκον ὀμόσαι</b> with <b class="b3">τη-</b>suffix; <b class="b3">εὔ-ορκος</b> <b class="b2">swearing rightly, faithful to one's oath</b> (Hes.) with <b class="b3">εὑορκ-έω</b>, <b class="b3">ἔν-ορκος</b> <b class="b2">bound by oath</b> (Att.) with <b class="b3">ἐνορκ-ίζομαι</b> <b class="b2">to bind by oath</b>; but <b class="b3">ἔξορκος</b> [[sworn]] (Pi.) backformation from <b class="b3">ἐξ-ορκόω</b>, <b class="b3">-ορκίζω</b>; on <b class="b3">ἐπί-ορκος</b> s. v.; <b class="b3">πεντορκ-ία</b> f. "taking of five oaths", <b class="b2">oath by five gods</b> (Locr. Va), with <b class="b3">ία-</b>suffix.<br />Derivatives: 1. <b class="b3">ὅρκια</b> pl., rarely <b class="b3">-ιον</b> n. <b class="b2">objects to swear by, oath pledge, animals sacrificed for an oath, oath, solemn treaty</b> (Il.), <b class="b3">ὅρκιος</b> <b class="b2">belonging to an oath, sworn by</b> (Att., Leg. Gort.). 2. <b class="b3">ὁρκικός</b> <b class="b2">belonging to an oath</b> (Stoic.). 3. <b class="b3">ὁρκόω</b>, <b class="b3">-ῶσαι</b>, often w. <b class="b3">ἐξ-</b>, <b class="b2">to make one swear, to put under oath</b> (IA.) with <b class="b3">ὁρκώματα</b> pl. [[oath]] (A.), <b class="b3">ὁρκωτής</b> m. <b class="b2">who makes swear, who puts one under oath</b> (Att.; cf. Fraenkel Nom. ag. 1, 199 f.), <b class="b3">ἐξόρκω-σις</b> f. [[swearing]], [[adjuration]] (Hdt., J.). 4. <b class="b3">ὁρκίζω</b>, <b class="b3">-ίσαι</b>, Dor. fut. <b class="b3">ὁρκιξεω</b> (Delph.), also w. <b class="b3">δι-</b>, <b class="b3">ἐξ-</b>, <b class="b2">to make one swear, to adjure, to administer an oath</b> (Ion., X., D., hell., also Dor., s. Fraenkel Denom. 86 a. 147) with <b class="b3">ὁρκίσματα</b> pl. [[adjurations]] (Megara I--IIp), (<b class="b3">δι-</b>, <b class="b3">ἐξ-)-ὁρκισμός</b> m. [[swearing]], [[adjuration]] (LXX, Plb.), <b class="b3">ἐξορκισ-τής</b> m. [[exorcist]] (Act Ap.). 5. <b class="b3">ὁρκίλλομαι</b> <b class="b2">to swear in vain</b> (Phot.), as if from dimin.-pejor. <b class="b3">*ὁρκίλος</b>. 6. <b class="b3">-ορκέω</b> only in derivv. from compp. with analogical formations: <b class="b3">εὑορκ-έω</b> (with <b class="b3">εὑορκ-ία</b>) from <b class="b3">εὔ-ορκος</b>(s. above), <b class="b3">ψευδορκ-έω</b> from <b class="b3">ψεύδ-ορκος</b> (Risch IF 59, 258), with <b class="b3">ἐμπεδ-</b>, <b class="b3">ἀληθ-</b>, <b class="b3">δυσ-</b>, <b class="b3">παρ-ορκέω</b> a.o.; on <b class="b3">ἐπι-ορκέω</b> s. v. -- On itself stands, with quite diff. meaning <b class="b3">ὁρκάνη</b> f. [[enclosure]] (A., E.) beside late <b class="b3">ἑρκάνη</b> as <b class="b3">Όργάνη</b> beside <b class="b3">Ἐργάνη</b> (s. on [[ὄργανον]] and [[ἔργον]]); cf. also <b class="b3">Ο῝ρκατος</b> PN (Calymna IIa), s. Fraenkel Nom. ag. 1, 147.<br />Origin: XX [etym. unknown]<br />Etymology: Formally <b class="b3">ὅρκος</b> seems to be connected with <b class="b3">ἕρκος</b> [[fence]] (thus already Eust. a. EM); it would be then prop. so much as "bound(s), which one assumes" (Solmsen KZ 32, 275), "limitation, tie, obligation"; such a meaning is indeed found in <b class="b3">ὅρκοι δεσμοὶ σφραγῖδος</b> H. [or read <b class="b3">*σφραγῖδες</b>?] ; cf. also [[ὁρκάνη]]. A convincing argumentation however must still be found. Several attempts by Schroeder (in WP. 2, 528) : <b class="b3">ὅρκος</b> prop. "fastening" beside <b class="b3">ἕρκος</b> "obstruction"; by Luther "Wahrheit" und "Lüge" 90ff. (s. also Weltansicht und Geistesleben 86 ff.): <b class="b3">ὅρκος</b> prop. a magical power, that pales in the swearer (<b class="b3">*ἕρκει</b>); by Bollack REGr. 71, 1ff. : <b class="b3">ὅρκος</b> orig. = <b class="b3">Στύξ</b>, taken as worldembracing fence (<b class="b3">μέγας ὅρκος</b>); s. also Hiersche ibd. 35 ff. -- New etymology by Leumann Hom. Wörter 91 f.: <b class="b3">ὅρκος</b> = Lat. <b class="b2">*sorcus</b> or <b class="b2">*surcus</b> in [[surculus]] [[twig]] (diff. on [[surculus]] [:[[surus]] [[twig]]] e.g. W.-Hofmann s.v.); so prop. <b class="b2">the staff, which is raised when swearing</b>; <b class="b3">ὄμνυμι</b> [[swear]] prop. *'grasp'; <b class="b3">ὅρκον ὀμόσαι</b> <b class="b2">grasp the staff</b> (<b class="b3">θεοὺς ὀμόσαι</b> imitation). Criticism by Luther, Bollack a. Hiersche l.c.; cf. also Benveniste Vocab. institutions 2, 165ff. cf. alo the lit. on [[ὄμνυμι]]. Further s. [[ἕρκος]]. | |etymtx=Grammatical information: m.<br />Meaning: [[oath]] (Il.), <b class="b2">object to swear by</b>, orig. of the water of the Styx (Β 755, Hes., h. Cer. 259).<br />Compounds: Compp., e.g. <b class="b3">ὁρκ-ωμότης</b> m. <b class="b2">who takes an oath</b> (Arc., Locr. inscr. VI--Va) with <b class="b3">ὁρκωμοτ-έω</b> <b class="b2">to take an oath</b> (trag. a.o.), compound of <b class="b3">ὅρκον ὀμόσαι</b> with <b class="b3">τη-</b>suffix; <b class="b3">εὔ-ορκος</b> <b class="b2">swearing rightly, faithful to one's oath</b> (Hes.) with <b class="b3">εὑορκ-έω</b>, <b class="b3">ἔν-ορκος</b> <b class="b2">bound by oath</b> (Att.) with <b class="b3">ἐνορκ-ίζομαι</b> <b class="b2">to bind by oath</b>; but <b class="b3">ἔξορκος</b> [[sworn]] (Pi.) backformation from <b class="b3">ἐξ-ορκόω</b>, <b class="b3">-ορκίζω</b>; on <b class="b3">ἐπί-ορκος</b> s. v.; <b class="b3">πεντορκ-ία</b> f. "taking of five oaths", <b class="b2">oath by five gods</b> (Locr. Va), with <b class="b3">ία-</b>suffix.<br />Derivatives: 1. <b class="b3">ὅρκια</b> pl., rarely <b class="b3">-ιον</b> n. <b class="b2">objects to swear by, oath pledge, animals sacrificed for an oath, oath, solemn treaty</b> (Il.), <b class="b3">ὅρκιος</b> <b class="b2">belonging to an oath, sworn by</b> (Att., Leg. Gort.). 2. <b class="b3">ὁρκικός</b> <b class="b2">belonging to an oath</b> (Stoic.). 3. <b class="b3">ὁρκόω</b>, <b class="b3">-ῶσαι</b>, often w. <b class="b3">ἐξ-</b>, <b class="b2">to make one swear, to put under oath</b> (IA.) with <b class="b3">ὁρκώματα</b> pl. [[oath]] (A.), <b class="b3">ὁρκωτής</b> m. <b class="b2">who makes swear, who puts one under oath</b> (Att.; cf. Fraenkel Nom. ag. 1, 199 f.), <b class="b3">ἐξόρκω-σις</b> f. [[swearing]], [[adjuration]] (Hdt., J.). 4. <b class="b3">ὁρκίζω</b>, <b class="b3">-ίσαι</b>, Dor. fut. <b class="b3">ὁρκιξεω</b> (Delph.), also w. <b class="b3">δι-</b>, <b class="b3">ἐξ-</b>, <b class="b2">to make one swear, to adjure, to administer an oath</b> (Ion., X., D., hell., also Dor., s. Fraenkel Denom. 86 a. 147) with <b class="b3">ὁρκίσματα</b> pl. [[adjurations]] (Megara I--IIp), (<b class="b3">δι-</b>, <b class="b3">ἐξ-)-ὁρκισμός</b> m. [[swearing]], [[adjuration]] (LXX, Plb.), <b class="b3">ἐξορκισ-τής</b> m. [[exorcist]] (Act Ap.). 5. <b class="b3">ὁρκίλλομαι</b> <b class="b2">to swear in vain</b> (Phot.), as if from dimin.-pejor. <b class="b3">*ὁρκίλος</b>. 6. <b class="b3">-ορκέω</b> only in derivv. from compp. with analogical formations: <b class="b3">εὑορκ-έω</b> (with <b class="b3">εὑορκ-ία</b>) from <b class="b3">εὔ-ορκος</b>(s. above), <b class="b3">ψευδορκ-έω</b> from <b class="b3">ψεύδ-ορκος</b> (Risch IF 59, 258), with <b class="b3">ἐμπεδ-</b>, <b class="b3">ἀληθ-</b>, <b class="b3">δυσ-</b>, <b class="b3">παρ-ορκέω</b> a.o.; on <b class="b3">ἐπι-ορκέω</b> s. v. -- On itself stands, with quite diff. meaning <b class="b3">ὁρκάνη</b> f. [[enclosure]] (A., E.) beside late <b class="b3">ἑρκάνη</b> as <b class="b3">Όργάνη</b> beside <b class="b3">Ἐργάνη</b> (s. on [[ὄργανον]] and [[ἔργον]]); cf. also <b class="b3">Ο῝ρκατος</b> PN (Calymna IIa), s. Fraenkel Nom. ag. 1, 147.<br />Origin: XX [etym. unknown]<br />Etymology: Formally <b class="b3">ὅρκος</b> seems to be connected with <b class="b3">ἕρκος</b> [[fence]] (thus already Eust. a. EM); it would be then prop. so much as "bound(s), which one assumes" (Solmsen KZ 32, 275), "limitation, tie, obligation"; such a meaning is indeed found in <b class="b3">ὅρκοι δεσμοὶ σφραγῖδος</b> H. [or read <b class="b3">*σφραγῖδες</b>?] ; cf. also [[ὁρκάνη]]. A convincing argumentation however must still be found. Several attempts by Schroeder (in WP. 2, 528) : <b class="b3">ὅρκος</b> prop. "fastening" beside <b class="b3">ἕρκος</b> "obstruction"; by Luther "Wahrheit" und "Lüge" 90ff. (s. also Weltansicht und Geistesleben 86 ff.): <b class="b3">ὅρκος</b> prop. a magical power, that pales in the swearer (<b class="b3">*ἕρκει</b>); by Bollack REGr. 71, 1ff. : <b class="b3">ὅρκος</b> orig. = <b class="b3">Στύξ</b>, taken as worldembracing fence (<b class="b3">μέγας ὅρκος</b>); s. also Hiersche ibd. 35 ff. -- New etymology by Leumann Hom. Wörter 91 f.: <b class="b3">ὅρκος</b> = Lat. <b class="b2">*sorcus</b> or <b class="b2">*surcus</b> in [[surculus]] [[twig]] (diff. on [[surculus]] [:[[surus]] [[twig]]] e.g. W.-Hofmann s.v.); so prop. <b class="b2">the staff, which is raised when swearing</b>; <b class="b3">ὄμνυμι</b> [[swear]] prop. *'grasp'; <b class="b3">ὅρκον ὀμόσαι</b> <b class="b2">grasp the staff</b> (<b class="b3">θεοὺς ὀμόσαι</b> imitation). Criticism by Luther, Bollack a. Hiersche l.c.; cf. also Benveniste Vocab. institutions 2, 165ff. cf. alo the lit. on [[ὄμνυμι]]. Further s. [[ἕρκος]]. | ||
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{{mdlsj | |||
|mdlsjtxt=[[ὅρκος]], ὁ,<br /><b class="num">I.</b> the [[object]] by [[which]] one swears, the [[witness]] of an [[oath]], as the [[Styx]] [[among]] the gods, Hom., etc.:—[[hence]],<br /><b class="num">2.</b> an [[oath]], Hom., etc.; [[ὅρκος]] [[θεῶν]] an [[oath]] by the gods, Od.; ὅρκον [[ὀμόσαι]] to [[swear]] an [[oath]], Hom., etc.; ὅρκον ἐπιορκεῖν to [[take]] a false [[oath]], Aeschin.; ὅρκον διδόναι καὶ δέξασθαι to [[tender]] an [[oath]] to [[another]] and [[accept]] the [[tender]] from him, Hdt., [[attic]]; ὅρκον ἀποδιδόναι to [[take]] an [[oath]], ἀπολαμβάνειν to [[tender]] it, Dem.; so, ὅρκον διδόναι καὶ λαμβάνειν Arist.; ὅρκοις τινὰ καταλαμβάνειν to [[bind]] one by oaths, Thuc.; ὅρκῳ ἐμμένειν to [[abide]] by it, Eur.; εἶπαι ἐπ' ὅρκου to say on [[oath]], Hdt.<br /><b class="num">II.</b> [[Ὅρκος]], personified, son of [[Ἔρις]], a [[divinity]], who punishes the [[perjured]], Hes., etc. [[ὅρκος]] was orig. equiv. to [[ἕρκος]], as [[ὁρκάνη]] to [[ἑρκάνη]], from [[ἔργω]], [[εἴργω]], [[properly]], that [[which]] restrains from doing a [[thing]].] | |||
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Revision as of 04:50, 10 January 2019
English (LSJ)
ὁ,
A the object by which one swears, as the Styx among the gods, Στυγὸς ὕδωρ, ὅς τε μέγιστος ὅ. δεινότατός τε πέλει μακάρεσσι θεοῖσι Il. 15.38, cf. 2.755, Hes.Th.400,784,805, h.Cer.259, Arist.Metaph.983b31 ; or as Zeus among mortals, Pi.P.4.167 ; so of things, ὅρκον δ' ἐνοσφίσθης μέγαν, ἅλας τε καὶ τράπεζαν Archil.96 ; οἷς ἦν μέγιστος ὅ . .. κύων, ἔπειτα χήν Cratin.231, cf. Placit.1.3.8 : hence, 2 oath, mostly with epith. μέγας, καρτερός, Hom. (v. infr.), etc. ; θεῶν ὅ. an oath by the gods, Od.2.377; μακάρων ὅ. 10.299, cf. S.OT647, E.Hipp. 657 ; ὅ. ἐκ θεῶν μέγας A.Ag.1284 ; ὅ. κατὰ τῶν . . ὀφθαλμῶν Aeschin.2.153 ; ὅ. πλατύς a firm-based oath, Emp.30.3 ; ὅρκον ὀμόσαι swear an oath, ὄμοσέν τε τελεύτησέν τε τὸν ὅ. Od.2.378, etc. ; ὅ. ἀπώμνυ ib.377, cf. 10.381 ; ἐπὶ δ' ὅρκον ὀμεῖται Hes.Op.194 ; κατομόσαι E.IT790; ὅ. ἐπιορκῆσαι take a false oath, Aeschin.1.115, etc. ; ὅρκου προστεθέντος when an oath is added, S.Fr.472, cf. El.47 ; δαίμονι τῷ Πλεισθενιδῶν ὅρκους θεμένη having made a sworn compact with... A.Ag.1570 (anap.) ; ὅ. ἀλλήλοις ποιοῦνται οἱ μὲν ἔφοροι ὑπὲρ τῆς πόλεως, βασιλεὺς δ' ὑπὲρ ἑαυτοῦ X.Lac.15.7 ; ὅρκους συνῆψαν E.Ph.1241, etc. ; of the person demanding the oath, ὅ. ἑλέσθαι τινός or τινί take it of him, i.e. make him swear, Od.4.746, Il.22.119 ; ὅρκους ἐπελάσαι and προσάγειν τινί lay oath upon a man, put him on his oath, Hdt.1.146, 6.62,74 ; τὸν ὅ . . . ἐπάγειν . . Ὀποντίοις readminister the oath, IG9(1).334.12 (Locr., v B. C.) ; ὅρκους δοὺς καὶ δεξάμενος after tendering his oath to them and accepting theirs, Hdt.6.23, cf. IG12.52.18, A.Eu. 429, Ar.Ra.589, D.39.3 and 4 ; so ὅρκον διδόναι καὶ λαμβάνειν Arist. Rh.1377a7, 8 ; ἀποδοῦναι take it oneself, D.19.318, Aeschin.3.74 ; ἀπολαμβάνειν administer or tender it, D.5.9, 18.25 ; ὅρκους καὶ πίστιν ἀλλήλοις δότε swear to one another, Ar.Lys.1185, cf. And.1.107 ; ὅρκοις καταλαβὼν τὰ τέλη having bound the authorities by oaths, Th. 4.86 ; ὅρκοις κατειλημμένους Id.1.9 ; ὅρκῳ ἐμμένειν abide by it, E. Med.754 ; ὅ. τηρεῖν Democr.239 ; παραβαίνειν E.Fr.286.7, Ar.Av. 332, D.19.318 ; ἐκβάντι τῶν ὅ. Pl.Smp.183b; ἐκλιπεῖν E.Supp.1194 ; συγχέαι Id.Hipp.1063 ; ἐμπεδοῦν X.An.3.2.10: after ὅρκος aor., pres., or fut. inf. may refer to fut. time, ὤμοσα καρτερὸν ὅ., μὴ . . ἀναφῆναι Od.4.253 ; ἐμεῦ δ' ἕλετο μέγαν ὅ., μὴ πρὶν σοὶ ἐρέειν ib.746 ; ὅρκους ἔδοσαν καὶ ἔλαβον, ἀποδοῦναι... Ἀθηναίους δὲ μὴ πολεμεῖν . . X.HG1.3.9 : with Preps., οὐκ αὔτως... ἀλλὰ σὺν ὅρκῳ Od.14.151 ; σὺν θεῶν ὅρκῳ X.Cyr.2.3.12 ; εἶπαι ἐπ' ὅρκου say on oath, Hdt.9.11; κατὰ τοὺς ὅ. X.HG5.4.54; opp. παρ' ὅρκον Pi.O.13.83; παρὰ τοὺς ὅ. X.An.2.5.41: prov., ὅρκους ἐγὼ γυναικὸς εἰς ὕδωρ γράφω S.Fr.811; parodied by Philonid. 7 ὅρκους δὲ μοιχῶν εἰς τέφραν . . γράφω, cf. Xenarch.6, Men. Mon.25. II Ὅρκος, personified, son of Eris, Hes.Op.804; a divinity who punishes the false and perjured, ib.219, Th.231, Orac. ap.Hdt.6.86.γ; Διὸς Ὅ., as servant of Zeus, S.OC1767 (anap.). (Cogn. with ἕρκος.)
German (Pape)
[Seite 379] ὁ (eigtl. = ἕρκος, also die Schranke, durch die man gehalten ist, Etwas zu thun, vgl. ὁρκάνη, ὁρκοῦρος), eigtl. der Gegenstand, bei dem man einen Eid schwört, durch den man sich bindet, der Zeuge des Eides, welcher bei den Göttern das Wasser der Styx ist, Στυγὸς ὕδωρ, ὅςτε μέγιστος ὅρκος δεινότατός τε πέλει μακάρεσσι θεοῖσιν, Il. 15, 38, vgl. 2, 755; Hes. Th. 400. 785; ὁ δέ τοι μέγας ἔσσεται ὅρκος, Il. 1, 239; u. so ist auch ursprünglich ἐπὶ δ' ὅρκον ὄμοσσεν, 23, 42, zu nehmen, was aber den Uebergang zu der Bdtg Eid, Schwur macht, νῦν μοι ὄμοσσον καρτερὸν ὅρκον, 19, 108, ὀμνυέτω δέ τοι ὅρκον, 175, öfter; θεῶν μέγαν ὅρκον ἀπώμνυ, einen großen Eid bei den Göttern leistete sie, Od. 2, 377, vgl. 10, 299; auch Τρωσὶν δ' αὖ μετόπισθε γερούσιον ὅρκον ἕλωμαι, ich werde ihnen einen Eid abnehmen, Il. 22, 119, wie ἐμεῦ δ' ἕλετο μέγαν ὅρκον, Od. 4, 746; oft in der Vrbdg ὤμοσέν τε τελεύτησέν τε τὸν ὅρκον, z. B. 5, 184, was auch eigtl. ist = schwören und den Gegenstand, bei dem man schwört, nennen und ihn zu einem bindenden machen; ὃς ἀνθρώπους ἐκέκαστο κλεπτοσύνῃ θ' ὅρκῳ τε, Od. 19, 396, geschickt im Gebrauche des Eides; καρτερὸς ὅρκος ἄμμιν μάρτυς ἔστω, Pind. P. 4, 167; θεῶν ὅρκον μέγαν μὴ παρφάμεν, Ol. 7, 65; ναὶ μὰ γὰρ ὅρκον, N. 11, 24, bei meinem Eide; ὀμώμοται γὰρ ὅρκος ἐκ θεῶν μέγας, Aesch. Ag. 1257; ὅρκον αἰδεῖσθαι, Eum. 650; τόνδ' ὅρκον αἰδεσθεὶς θεῶν, Soph. O. R. 647; ἁλίσκεται χὠ δεινὸς ὅρκος, er wird überführt, als Meineid erkannt werden, Ai. 635; δι' ὅρκων καίπερ ὢν ἀπώμοτος, Ant. 390; ὅρκῳ ἐμμένειν, dem Eide treu bleiben, Eur. Med. 754; ὅρκον δότω μοι, er soll mir einen Eid leisten, I. T. 735, wie ὅρκους παρασχών Hipp. 1037 u. sonst oft; Ar. Ach. 249; ὅρκον ὁρκοῦν τινα, Lys. 187; in Prosa, σφίσι αὐτῇσι ὅρκους ἐπήλασαν, Her. 1, 146, vgl. 6, 62; ὅρκους προσάγειν τινί, einen Eid zuschieben, auflegen, 6, 74; ὅρκοις καταλαμβάνειν τινά, Thuc. 1, 91. 4, 86; δοῦναί τινι, leisten, Plat. Legg. XII, 948 c; vgl. δέχεσθαί τε ὅρκους παρ' ἀλλήλων καὶ διδόναι, ib. 949 b, wie Xen. Hell. 1, 3, 10; κατὰ ὅρκους ἢ κατὰ τὰς ἄλλας ὁμολογίας, Plat. Rep. IV, 443 a; σὺν θεῶν ὅρκῳ λέγω, Xen. Cyr. 2, 3, 12; ὅρκον διδόναι, δέξασθαι auch Dem. 33, 13, λύειν ib. 14; Folgde; ὅρκον ἐπάγειν τῷ λόγῳ, Luc. Scyth. 11; ὅρκον ἐντιθέναι συγγράμματι, q. hist. scr. 14; a. Sp.
Greek (Liddell-Scott)
ὅρκος: ὁ, (ἴδε ἐν τέλ.) τὸ εἰς ὃ ὁρκίζεταί τις πρόσωπον ἢ πρᾶγμα, ὃ ἐπικαλεῖται ὁρκιζόμενος, ὡς ἡ Στὺξ παρὰ τοῖς θεοῖς, Στυγὸς ὕδωρ, ὅς τε μέγιστος ὅρκος ... πέλει μακάρεσσι θεοῖσι Ἰλ. Ο. 38, Ὀδ. Ε. 185, πρβλ. Ἰλ. Β. 755, Ξ. 271, Ἡσ. Θ. 400, 784, 805, Ὁμ. Ὕμν. εἰς Δήμ. 260, (Στὺξ ὅρκος τῶν θεῶν Ἀριστ. Μετεωρ. 1. 3, 6)˙ ἢ ὡς ὁ Ζεὺς παρὰ τοῖς θνητοῖς, Πινδ. Π. 4. 297˙ οὕτως ἐπὶ πραγμάτων, ὅρκον δ’ ἐνοσφίσθης μέγαν, ἅλας καὶ τράπεζαν Ἀρχίλ. ε81˙ οἷς ἦν μέγιστος ὅρκος ... κύων, ἔπειτα χὴν Κρατῖνος ἐν «Χείρωσιν» 11, ἔνθα ἴδε Meineke· πρβλ. ὡσαύτως τετρακτύς˙ - (ὁ Buttm., Λεξίλ. ἐν λέξ., ἔχει ἀποδείξῃ ὅτι αὕτη εἶναι ἡ πρώτη σημασία τῆς λέξεως)· ― ἐντεῦθεν, 2) ὅρκος ὡς καὶ νῦν, τὸ πλεῖστον μετὰ τῶν ἐπιθέτων, μέγας, καρτερός, Ὅμηρ., κλ.· ὅρκος θεῶν, εἰς τὸ ὄνομα τῶν θεῶν, Ὀδ. Β. 377· ὅρκος μακάρων Κ. 299, πρβλ. Σοφ. Ο. Τ. 647, Εὐρ. Ἱππ. 647 ὅρκος ἐκ θεῶν μέγας Αἰσχύλ. Ἀγ. 1290· ὅρκ. κατὰ τῶν... ὀφθαλμῶν Αἰσχίν. 48. 34· ὅρκ. πλατύς, ἀκράδαντος, Ἐμπεδ. 179· ― ὅρκον ὀμόσαι Ὅμ., κλ.· ὄμοσέν τε τελεύτησέν τε τὸν ὅρκον Ὀδ. Β. 378, κτλ.· ὅρκον ἀπώμνυ αὐτόθι 377, πρβλ. Κ. 381· ὅρκον ἐπώμνυον Σ. 58 (διάφ. γραφ. ἀπ-), πρβλ. Ἡσ. Ἔργ. κ. Ἡμ. 193· κατομνύναι Εὐρ. Ι. Τ. 790· ὅρκον ἐπιορκεῖν, ὀμνύναι ψευδῆ ὅρκον, Αἰσχίν. 16. 20, κτλ.· ὅρκου προστεθέντος Σοφ. Ἀποσπ. 419, πρβλ. Ἠλ. 47· ὅρκους θέσθαι τῷ δαίμονι, εἰς τὸ ὄνομα θεότητός τινος, Αἰσχύλ. Ἀγ. 1570· ὅρκ. ποιεῖσθαί τινι ὑπέρ τινος Ξεν. Λακ. 15, 7· ὁ ὅρκος ἐστί τινι, μετ’ ἀπαρ., ὁ ὅρκος ὁ ἐπιβαλλόμενος... εἶναι ὅτι..., αὐτόθι· ὅρκους συνάπτειν Εὐρ. Φοίν. 1241, κτλ. ― ἐπὶ τοῦ προσώπου τοῦ ἀπαιτοῦντος τὸν ὅρκον, ὅρκον ἑλέσθαι τινὸς ἢ τινὶ Ὀδ. Δ. 746, Ἰλ. Χ. 119· ὅρκους ἐπελαύνειν καὶ προσάγειν τινί, ἐπιβάλλειν ὅρκον εἴς τινα, Ἡρόδ. 1. 146., 6. 62· ὅρκον διδόναι καὶ δέξασθαι ὁ αὐτ. 6. 23, Αἰσχύλ. Εὐμ. 429, πρβλ. Ἀριστοφ. Βατρ. 589, Δημ. 995. 26· οὕτως, ὅρκον διδόναι καὶ λαμβάνειν Ἀριστ. Ρητ. 1. 15, 27· ἀποδιδόναι Δημ. 443. 15, Αἰσχίν. 64. 16· ἀπολαμβάνειν, ἐπιβάλλειν ὅρκον, ὁ αὐτ. 59. 11., 233. 24· ἀλλ’ ὡσαύτως, ὅρκον δίδωμι, προτείνω ὅρκον ― ἐπὶ ἑκατέρου μέρους, ὅθεν καθόλου, προσφέρομαι νὰ ὁρκισθῶ, Εὐρ. Ἱκέτ. 1232, πρβλ. Ι. Τ. 747· ὅρκους καὶ πίστην ἀλλήλοις δοῦναι Ἀριστοφ. Λυσ. 1185, πρβλ. Ἀνδοκ. 14. 30· ὅρκοις τινὰ καταλαμβάνειν, ἔχειν αὐτὸν δεδεμένον δι’ ὅρκων, Θουκ. 4. 86· ὅρκοις κατειλημμένος ὁ αὐτ. 1. 9· ― ὅρκῳ ἐμμένειν Εὐρ. Μήδ. 754· ὅρκον τηρεῖν Δημόκρ. παρὰ Στοβ. 196. 34· παραβαίνειν Εὐρ. Ἀποσπ. 288. 7, Ἀριστοφ., κλ.· ἐκβαίνειν Πλάτ. Συμπ. 183Β· ἐκλείπειν Εὐρ. Ἱκέτ. 1194· συγχεῖν ὁ αὐτ. ἐν Ἱππ. 1063· λύειν Ξεν. Ἀν. 3. 2, 10· ― ὅρκος, συντάσσεται κατὰ διαφόρους τρόπους: δύναται νὰ ἕπηται αὐτῷ ἀπαρέμφ. ἀορ. ἢ μέλλ., ὤμοσα καρτερὸν ὅρκον, μὴ... ἀναφῆναι Ὀδ. Δ. 253· ἐμεῦ δ’ ἕλετο μέγαν ὅρκον, μὴ πρὶν σοὶ ἐρέειν αὐτόθι 746· ὅρκους ἔδοσαν καὶ ἔλαβον, ὑποτελεῖν... Ξεν. Ἑλλ. 2. 3, 9· ― μετὰ προθέσ., οὐκ ἂν αὔτως..., ἀλλὰ σὺν ὅρκῳ Ὀδ. Ξ. 151· σὺν ὅρκῳ θεῶν Ξεν. Κύρ. 2. 3, 12· (οὕτως, ὅρκῳ Θέογν. 200· ὅρκοις Αἰσχύλ. Εὐμ. 432)· εἶπαι ἐπ’ ὅρκου, εἰπεῖν ἐνόρκως, Ἡρόδ. 9. 11· κατὰ τοὺς ὅρκ. Ξεν. Ἑλλ. 5. 4, 54· ἀντίθετον τῷ: παρ’ ὅρκον Πινδ. Ο. 13. 116· παρὰ τοὺς ὅρκους Ξεν. Ἀν. 2. 5, 41. ― Περὶ τῶν ἀρχαιοτάτων χρήσεων τῆς λέξεως κατὰ τὴν ὁρκωμοσίαν, ἴδε Ἰλ. Ξ. 271., Ψ. 582· περὶ τῆς Ἀττ. δικανικῆς χρήσεως τῆς λέξ. ἐν Ἀριστ. Ρητ. 1. 15· ― παροιμ., ὅρκους ἐγὼ γυναικὸς εἰς ὕδωρ γράφω Σοφ. Ἀποσπ. 694· ὅπερ παρῳδεῖται ὑπὸ Φιλωνίδου 1, ὅρκους δὲ μοιχῶν εἰς τέφραν ἐγὼ γράφω, πρβλ. Ξέναρχον ἐν «Πεντάθλῳ» 3, Μένανδρ. ἐν «Μονοστίχ.» 25. ΙΙ. Ὅρκος, ὡς προσωποποίησις, υἱὸς τῆς Ἔριδος, Ἡσ. Ἔργ. κ. Ἡμ. 802 (ὃν ὁ Οὐεργίλ. ἐν Γεωργ. 1. 277 ἑρμηνεύει διὰ τοῦ pallidus Orcus)· εἶναι δὲ θεότης τιμωροῦσα τοὺς ψευδορκοῦντας καὶ ἐπιόρκους, αὐτόθι 217, Θεογ. 231, Χρησμ. παρ’ Ἡροδ. 6. 86, 3· Διὸς Ὅρκος, ὡς ὑπηρέτης τοῦ Διός, Σοφ. Ο. Κ. 1767. (ὅρκος κατ’ ἀρχὰς ἦν ἰσοδύναμον τῷ ἕρκος, ὡς τὸ ὁρκάνη τῷ ἑρκάνη, ὁρκοῦρος τῷ ἑρκοῦρος, ἐκ τοῦ ἔργω, Ἀττ. εἵργω, πρβλ. Ἰακώψ. εἰς Ἀνθ. Π. σ. 785· καὶ οὕτως, κυρίως, ὅ,τι κωλύει τινὰ ἀπὸ τοῦ νὰ πράξῃ τι· ἴσως συγγενὲς τῷ Λατιν. Orcus, ὡς ὁ Οὐεργίλ. ἐξέλαβεν αὐτό).
French (Bailly abrégé)
ου (ὁ) :
1 serment, propr. « ce qui enferme ou contraint » : ὅρκος θεῶν OD serment par les dieux ; σὺν ὅρκῳ OD, XÉN, ὅρκοις ESCHL par serment ; παρὰ τοὺς ὅρκους XÉN contrairement aux serments;
2 témoin d’un serment, dieu par lequel on jure.
Étymologie: R.Ἑρκ, enfermer ; v. ἕρκω.
English (Autenrieth)
(1) that by which one swears, witness of an oath, for the gods the Styx; for men Zeus, Earth, the Ermnyes, etc., Il. 2.755, Il. 15.38, Il. 3.276 ff., Il. 19.258 ff., Od. 14.394; Achilles swears by his sceptre, Il. 1.234.—(2) oath; ἑλέσθαι τινός or τινί, ‘take an oath from one,’ Il. 22.119, Od. 4.746 ; ὅρκος θεῶν, ‘by the gods,’ cf. Il. 20.313 ; γερούσιος ὅρκος, Il. 22.119; ὅρκῳ πιστωθῆναι, Od. 15.436.
English (Slater)
ὅρκος (-ος, -ον.)
1 oath καὶ μέγαν ὅρκον ὀμόσσαις τοῦτό γε οἱ σαφέως μαρτυρήσω (O. 6.20) θεῶν δ' ὅρκον μέγαν μὴ παρφάμεν (O. 7.65) “καρτερὸς ὅρκος ἄμμιν μάρτυς ἔστω Ζεύς” (P. 4.167) ναὶ μὰ γὰρ ὅρκον (N. 11.24) and so, that which one would swear to τελεῖ δὲ θεῶν δύναμις καὶ τὰν παρ' ὅρκον καὶ παρὰ ἐλπίδα κούφαν κτίσιν (O. 13.83)
Spanish
juramento, conjuro, método para forzar, objeto protector, amuleto
English (Strong)
from herkos (a fence; perhaps akin to ὅριον); a limit, i.e. (sacred) restraint (specially, an oath): oath.
English (Thayer)
ὅρκου, ὁ (from ἔργῳ, εἴργω; equivalent to ἕρκος an enclosure, confinement; hence, Latin orcus) (from Homer down), the Sept. for שֲׁבוּעָה, an oath: Winer s Grammar, 628 (583); Buttmann, § 144,13); Winer's Grammar, 226 (212); 603 (561)); that which has been pledged or promised with an oath; plural vows, Matthew 5:33 (cf. Wünsche ad loc.)).
Greek Monotonic
ὅρκος: ὁ (βλ. κατωτ.),
I. 1. αντικείμενο στο όνομα του οποίου κάποιος παίρνει όρκο, μάρτυρας όρκου, όπως η Στύγα στους θεούς, σε Όμηρ. κ.λπ.· απ' όπου,
2. όρκος, στον ίδ. κ.λπ.· ὅρκοςθεῶν, όρκος στο όνομα των θεών, σε Ομήρ. Οδ.· ὅρκονὀμόσαι, παίρνω όρκο, σε Όμηρ. κ.λπ.· ὅρκον ἐπιορκεῖν, καταπατώ τον όρκο μου, σε Αισχίν.· ὅρκον διδόναι καὶ δέξασθαι, προσφέρω όρκο σε κάποιον και δέχομαι ως αντάλλαγμα τον δικό του όρκο, σε Ηρόδ., Αττ.· ὅρκον ἀποδιδόναι, παίρνω όρκο, ἀπολαμβάνειν, αποδέχομαι τον όρκο, σε Δημ.· ομοίως, ὅρκονδιδόναι καὶ λαμβάνειν, σε Αριστ.· ὅρκοις τινὰ καταλαμβάνειν, δένω κάποιον με όρκους, σε Θουκ.· ὅρκῳ ἐμμένειν, μένω σταθερός στον όρκο μου, τον τηρώ, σε Ευρ.· εἶπαι ἐπ' ὅρκου, ισχυρίζομαι κάτι παίρνοντας όρκο, σε Ηρόδ.
II. Ὅρκος, προσωποποιημένος γιος της Έριδας (Ἔρις), θεότητα που τιμωρεί τους επίορκους, σε Ησίοδ. κ.λπ. (η λέξη ὅρκος ισοδυν. αρχικά με τη λέξη ἕρκος, όπως το ὁρκάνη με το ἑρκάνη, από ἔργω, εἴργω· κανονικά, αυτό που αποτρέπει κάποιον να κάνει κάτι).
Russian (Dvoretsky)
ὅρκος: ὁ тж. pl.
1) клятва (ὅρκον ὀμνύναι Hom. и ποιεῖσθαι Xen.; ὅρκον τινὶ δοῦναι Eur. или ἀποδοῦναι NT): σὺν ὅρκῳ Hom. и ὅρκοις Aesch. под клятвой, клятвенно; παρ᾽ ὅρκον Pind. и παρὰ τοὺς ὅρκους Xen. вопреки клятве; ὅρκον ὁρκοῦν τινα Thuc. брать с кого-л. клятву; σὺν θεῶν ὅρκῳ λέγω! Xen. клянусь в том богами!; ὅρκοι ἢ ἄλλαι ὁμολογίαι Plat. клятвы или другие виды обязательств;
2) свидетель или порука клятвы (Στυγὸς ὕδωρ, ὅστε μέγιστος ὅ. πέλει θεοῖσιν Hom.): (τόδε σκῆπτρόν) τοι μέγας ἔσσεται ὅ.! Hom. клянусь тебе этим скиптром!
Frisk Etymological English
Grammatical information: m.
Meaning: oath (Il.), object to swear by, orig. of the water of the Styx (Β 755, Hes., h. Cer. 259).
Compounds: Compp., e.g. ὁρκ-ωμότης m. who takes an oath (Arc., Locr. inscr. VI--Va) with ὁρκωμοτ-έω to take an oath (trag. a.o.), compound of ὅρκον ὀμόσαι with τη-suffix; εὔ-ορκος swearing rightly, faithful to one's oath (Hes.) with εὑορκ-έω, ἔν-ορκος bound by oath (Att.) with ἐνορκ-ίζομαι to bind by oath; but ἔξορκος sworn (Pi.) backformation from ἐξ-ορκόω, -ορκίζω; on ἐπί-ορκος s. v.; πεντορκ-ία f. "taking of five oaths", oath by five gods (Locr. Va), with ία-suffix.
Derivatives: 1. ὅρκια pl., rarely -ιον n. objects to swear by, oath pledge, animals sacrificed for an oath, oath, solemn treaty (Il.), ὅρκιος belonging to an oath, sworn by (Att., Leg. Gort.). 2. ὁρκικός belonging to an oath (Stoic.). 3. ὁρκόω, -ῶσαι, often w. ἐξ-, to make one swear, to put under oath (IA.) with ὁρκώματα pl. oath (A.), ὁρκωτής m. who makes swear, who puts one under oath (Att.; cf. Fraenkel Nom. ag. 1, 199 f.), ἐξόρκω-σις f. swearing, adjuration (Hdt., J.). 4. ὁρκίζω, -ίσαι, Dor. fut. ὁρκιξεω (Delph.), also w. δι-, ἐξ-, to make one swear, to adjure, to administer an oath (Ion., X., D., hell., also Dor., s. Fraenkel Denom. 86 a. 147) with ὁρκίσματα pl. adjurations (Megara I--IIp), (δι-, ἐξ-)-ὁρκισμός m. swearing, adjuration (LXX, Plb.), ἐξορκισ-τής m. exorcist (Act Ap.). 5. ὁρκίλλομαι to swear in vain (Phot.), as if from dimin.-pejor. *ὁρκίλος. 6. -ορκέω only in derivv. from compp. with analogical formations: εὑορκ-έω (with εὑορκ-ία) from εὔ-ορκος(s. above), ψευδορκ-έω from ψεύδ-ορκος (Risch IF 59, 258), with ἐμπεδ-, ἀληθ-, δυσ-, παρ-ορκέω a.o.; on ἐπι-ορκέω s. v. -- On itself stands, with quite diff. meaning ὁρκάνη f. enclosure (A., E.) beside late ἑρκάνη as Όργάνη beside Ἐργάνη (s. on ὄργανον and ἔργον); cf. also Ο῝ρκατος PN (Calymna IIa), s. Fraenkel Nom. ag. 1, 147.
Origin: XX [etym. unknown]
Etymology: Formally ὅρκος seems to be connected with ἕρκος fence (thus already Eust. a. EM); it would be then prop. so much as "bound(s), which one assumes" (Solmsen KZ 32, 275), "limitation, tie, obligation"; such a meaning is indeed found in ὅρκοι δεσμοὶ σφραγῖδος H. [or read *σφραγῖδες?] ; cf. also ὁρκάνη. A convincing argumentation however must still be found. Several attempts by Schroeder (in WP. 2, 528) : ὅρκος prop. "fastening" beside ἕρκος "obstruction"; by Luther "Wahrheit" und "Lüge" 90ff. (s. also Weltansicht und Geistesleben 86 ff.): ὅρκος prop. a magical power, that pales in the swearer (*ἕρκει); by Bollack REGr. 71, 1ff. : ὅρκος orig. = Στύξ, taken as worldembracing fence (μέγας ὅρκος); s. also Hiersche ibd. 35 ff. -- New etymology by Leumann Hom. Wörter 91 f.: ὅρκος = Lat. *sorcus or *surcus in surculus twig (diff. on surculus [:surus twig] e.g. W.-Hofmann s.v.); so prop. the staff, which is raised when swearing; ὄμνυμι swear prop. *'grasp'; ὅρκον ὀμόσαι grasp the staff (θεοὺς ὀμόσαι imitation). Criticism by Luther, Bollack a. Hiersche l.c.; cf. also Benveniste Vocab. institutions 2, 165ff. cf. alo the lit. on ὄμνυμι. Further s. ἕρκος.
Middle Liddell
ὅρκος, ὁ,
I. the object by which one swears, the witness of an oath, as the Styx among the gods, Hom., etc.:—hence,
2. an oath, Hom., etc.; ὅρκος θεῶν an oath by the gods, Od.; ὅρκον ὀμόσαι to swear an oath, Hom., etc.; ὅρκον ἐπιορκεῖν to take a false oath, Aeschin.; ὅρκον διδόναι καὶ δέξασθαι to tender an oath to another and accept the tender from him, Hdt., attic; ὅρκον ἀποδιδόναι to take an oath, ἀπολαμβάνειν to tender it, Dem.; so, ὅρκον διδόναι καὶ λαμβάνειν Arist.; ὅρκοις τινὰ καταλαμβάνειν to bind one by oaths, Thuc.; ὅρκῳ ἐμμένειν to abide by it, Eur.; εἶπαι ἐπ' ὅρκου to say on oath, Hdt.
II. Ὅρκος, personified, son of Ἔρις, a divinity, who punishes the perjured, Hes., etc. ὅρκος was orig. equiv. to ἕρκος, as ὁρκάνη to ἑρκάνη, from ἔργω, εἴργω, properly, that which restrains from doing a thing.]