exter: Difference between revisions
Κινδυνεύουσι γὰρ ὅσοι τυγχάνουσιν ὀρθῶς ἁπτόμενοι φιλοσοφίας λεληθέναι τοὺς ἄλλους ὅτι οὐδὲν ἄλλο αὐτοὶ ἐπιτηδεύουσιν ἢ ἀποθνῄσκειν τε καὶ τεθνάναι → Actually, the rest of us probably haven't realized that those who manage to pursue philosophy as it should be pursued are practicing nothing else but dying and being dead (Socrates via Plato, Phaedo 64a.5)
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|lnetxt=exter extera -um, exterior -or -us, extremus -a -um ADJ :: outer/external; outward; on outside, far; of another country, foreign; strange | |||
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{{Lewis | {{Lewis | ||
|lshtext=<b>exter</b>: or extĕrus ([[both]] forms [[only]] | |lshtext=<b>exter</b>: or extĕrus ([[both]] forms [[only]] post-class. and [[very]] [[rare]]), tĕra, tĕrum, adj. comp. form, from ex,<br /><b>I</b> on the [[outside]], [[outward]], of [[another]] [[country]], [[family]], etc., [[foreign]], [[strange]] (syn.: [[extraneus]]; [[alienus]], [[peregrinus]], [[adventicius]]).<br /><b>I</b> Pos. (in Cic. and Caes. used in the plur.): [[quod]] [[exter]] [[heres]] praestare cogeretur, [[strange]], Dig. 31, 1, 69: emancipatus [[vero]] aut [[exterus]] non [[aliter]] possunt hereditatem quaerere [[quam]] si, etc., ib. 29, 2, 84; cf. ib. 31, 1, 67, § 4: [[tactus]] corporis est [[sensus]], vel cum res extera [[sese]] Insinuat, vel, etc., Lucr. 2, 435: vis, id. 2, 277: haec lex [[socialis]] est, hoc jus nationum exterarum est, Cic. Div. in Caecil. 5, 18: exterarum gentium [[multitudo]], Suet. Caes. 84: non [[modo]] vestris civibus, [[verum]] [[etiam]] exteris nationibus, Cic. Font. 11, 25; cf.: [[apud]] exteras civitates, Cic. Caecin. 34, 100: [[apud]] exteras nationes, Caes. B. C. 3, 43 fin.; ad nationes exteras, Quint. 11, 1, 89: [[apud]] exteros, Plin. 18, 3, 5, § 22 et saep.: ab [[extero]] hoste [[atque]] [[longinquo]], Cic. Cat. 2, 13.—In neutr. plur. [[with]] gen.: ad extera Europae noscenda [[missus]] Himilco, Plin. 2, 67, 67, § 169: ad extera corporum, id. 22, 23, 49, § 103.—<br /><b>II</b> Comp.: extĕrĭor, us (in signif. [[scarcely]] differing from its pos.), [[outward]], [[outer]], [[exterior]]; opp. [[interior]] ([[rare]] [[but]] [[class]].): cum alterum fecisset exteriorem, interiorem alterum [[amplexus]] orbem, Cic. Univ. 7; cf.: [[simul]] ex navibus milites in exteriorem [[vallum]] [[tela]] jaciebant ... et legionarii, interioris munitionis defensores, Caes. B. C. 3, 63, 6: colle exteriore occupato, id. B. G. 7, 79, 1: circumire exteriores mutiones jubet, id. ib. 7, 87, 4: pares munitiones [[contra]] exteriorem hostem perfecit, id. ib. 7, 74: [[comes]] [[exterior]], i. e. on the [[left]] [[side]], Hor. S. 2, 5, 17.—<br /><b>III</b> Sup. in [[two]] forms, extrēmus and extĭmus or extŭmus [[[sup]]. of ex; cf. Gr. [[ἔσχατος]], Curt. Gr. Etym. p. 387].<br /> <b>A</b> extrēmus, a, um ([[which]] in post-class. lang. is itself compared; comp.: extremior, App. M. 1, p. 105; 7, p. 188; [[sup]].: extremissimus, Tert. Apol. 19), the [[outermost]], [[utmost]], [[extreme]] (so [[most]] freq.; cf.: [[ultimus]], postremus, [[novissimus]], supremus, [[imus]]).<br /> <b>1</b> Lit.: extremum [[oppidum]] Allobrogum est [[Geneva]], Caes. B. G. 1, 6, 3: [[flumen]] [[Axona]], [[quod]] est in extremis Remorum finibus, on the farthest borders, id. ib. 2, 5, 4: fines, Liv. 39, 28, 2; 45, 29, 14; cf.: ad extremum finem provinciae Galliae venerunt, id. 40, 16, 5: [[impiger]] extremos currit [[mercator]] ad Indos, the remotest, Hor. Ep. 1, 1, 45: Tanaïs, id. C. 3, 10, 1: in extrema [[fere]] parte epistolae, [[near]] the [[end]], Cic. Att. 6, 1, 20; cf.: in codicis extrema [[cera]], id. Verr. 2, 1, 36, § 92; [[but]] to [[denote]] the [[last]] [[part]] of a [[thing]] it is used [[more]] freq. in [[immediate]] [[connection]] [[with]] the [[substantive]] denoting the [[whole]]: quibus (litteris) in extremis, at its [[end]], id. Att. 14, 8, 1; cf.: in [[qua]] ([[epistola]]) extrema, id. ib. 13, 45, 1: in [[extremo]] [[libro]] [[tertio]], at the [[end]] of the [[third]] [[book]], id. Off. 3, 2, 9: in extrema oratione, id. de Or. 1, 10, 41: in [[extremo]] ponte turrim constituit, Caes. B. G. 6, 29, 3; cf.: ad extremas fossas castella constituit, id. ib. 2, 8, 3: ab [[extremo]] agmine, id. ib. 2, 11, 4: in extrema [[Cappadocia]], Cic. Fam. 15, 4, 4: extremis digitis aliquid attingere, id. Cael. 12, 28 et saep. —In the neutr. absol. and as subst.: extrē-[[mum]], i, n., an [[end]], the [[end]]: divitias alii praeponunt, alii honores, multi [[etiam]] voluptates; beluarum hoc [[quidem]] extremum, Cic. Lael. 6, 20: [[quod]] finitum est, habet extremum, id. Div. 2, 50, 103: [[missile]] [[telum]] hastili abiegno et [[cetera]] tereti, [[praeterquam]] ad extremum, at the [[end]], Liv. 21, 8, 10: in "Equo Trojano" scis esse in [[extremo]] "[[sero]] sapiunt," Cic. Fam. 7, 16, 1; cf.: [[quod]] erat in [[extremo]], id. Att. 6, 9, 1.—With gen.: aliquid ad extremum causae reservatum, Cic. Deiot. 13, 35 (cf. [[infra]], 2. a. fin.): [[caelum]] ipsum, [[quod]] extremum [[atque]] ultumum mundi est, id. Div. 2, 43, 91: ab Ocelo, [[quod]] est citerioris provinciae extremum, Caes. B. G. 1, 10, 5: summum gulae [[fauces]] vocantur, extremum [[stomachus]], Plin. 11, 37, 68, § 179: in [[extremo]] montis, Sall. J. 37, 4.— In plur.: extrema agminis, Liv. 6, 32, 11: extrema Africae, Plin. 8, 10, 10, § 31: extrema Galliae, Flor. 3, 3, 1; 3, 20, 12; Tac. H. 5, 18; id. A. 4, 67; 4, 74.—<br /> <b>2</b> Trop.<br /> <b>a</b> In [[respect]] to [[time]] or the [[order]] of [[succession]], the [[latest]], [[last]]: [[inter]] prioris [[mensis]] senescentis extremum diem et novam lunam, Varr. L. L. 6, § 10 Müll.: [[mensis]] anni [[Februarius]], Cic. Leg. 2, 21, 54: tempore diei, Hirt. B. G. 8, 15, 6: eam amicitiam ad extremum finem vitae perduxit, Liv. 37, 53, 8: matres ab [[extremo]] conspectu liberorum exclusae, Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 45, § 118: [[manus]] extrema non accessit operibus ejus, the [[finishing]] [[hand]], the [[last]] touches, id. Brut. 33, 126: extremum illud est, ut te orem et obsecrem, it [[remains]] [[only]], id. Fam. 4, 13, 7; id. Att. 11, 16, 5.—To [[denote]] the [[last]] [[part]] of a [[thing]] (cf. [[above]], 1.): [[quod]] eo [[die]] potest videri extrema et prima [[luna]], i. e. the [[end]] and the [[beginning]], Varr. L. L. l. l.: [[usque]] ad extremam aetatem ab adolescentia, Nep. [[Cato]], 2, 4; id. Att. 10, 3; cf.: ita [[tantum]] [[bellum]] Cn. [[Pompeius]] extrema hieme apparavit, ineunte [[vere]] suscepit, media aestate confecit, Cic. de lmp. Pomp. 12, 35: [[extremo]] [[anno]], Liv. 2, 64, 1: [[extremo]] tempore, in the [[last]] [[time]], at [[last]], Nep. Dat. 10; id. Epam. 9; id. Eum. 5, 3 al.: extrema [[pueritia]], Cic. de Imp. Pomp. 10, 28: [[extremo]] Peloponnesio [[bello]], Nep. Con. 1, 2: [[extremus]] [[dies]], the [[close]] of [[day]], the [[evening]], Sil 7, 172; 14, 8.—Subst.: illum Praeteritum temnens extremos [[inter]] euntem, Hor. S. 1, 1, 116; cf.: extremi primorum, extremis [[usque]] priores, id. Ep. 2, 2, 204: [[extremus]] dominorum, Tac. H. 4, 42 fin.: [[die]] extremum erat, Sall. J. 21, 2: extremum aestatis, id. ib. 90, 1: [[extremo]] anni, Liv. 35, 11, 1: sub extremum noctis, Sil. 4, 88 al.—Prov.: extrema [[semper]] de [[ante]] factis judicant (cf. [[our]] [[wise]] [[after]] the [[event]]), Pub. Syr. 163 Rib.—Adv.: extremum.<br /> <b>a</b> For the [[last]] [[time]]: [[alloquor]] extremum maestos abiturus amicos, Ov. Tr. 1, 3, 15: cum diu [[occulte]] suspirassent, [[postea]] jam gemere, ad extremum [[vero]] loqui omnes et clamare coeperunt.—<br /> <b>b</b> At [[last]], [[finally]], Cic. Att. 2, 21, 2: extremum tenues liquefacta medullas Tabuit, Ov. M. 14, 431.—Adverb. [[phrase]]: ad extremum, id. Phil. 13, 20, 45; Caes. B. G. 4, 4, 2 et saep.; cf., strengthened by tum: invenire [[quod]] dicas ... [[deinde]] ... [[post]] ... tum ad extremum agere ac pronuntiare, Cic. de Or. 2, 19, 79; and strengthened by [[denique]]: ad extremum ipsa [[denique]] [[necessitate]] excitantur, id. Sest. 47, 100: [[decimo]] [[loco]] [[testis]] [[exspectatus]] et ad extremum reservatus dixit, etc., [[till]] the [[end]], to the [[last]], id. Caecin. 10, 28: ad extremum, Ov. P. 1, 9, 28; 3, 7, 20; for [[which]]: in extremum (durare), id. H. 7, 111: qui [[extremo]] [[mortuus]] est, at [[last]], Dig. 32, 1, 81: [[extremo]], Nep. Ham. 2, 3.—<br /> <b>b</b> Extreme in [[quality]] or [[degree]]; used, [[like]] [[ultimus]], to [[denote]] [[both]] the [[highest]] and the lowest [[grade]].<br /> <b>(a)</b> The [[utmost]], [[highest]], greatest: cum extremum hoc [[sit]] ([[sentis]] [[enim]], [[credo]], me jam diu, [[quod]] [[τέλος]] [[Graeci]] dicunt, id dicere tum extremum, tum [[ultimum]], tum summum: licebit [[etiam]] finem pro [[extremo]] aut [[ultimo]] dicere) cum [[igitur]] hoc [[sit]] extremum, [[congruenter]] naturae vivere, etc., Cic. Fin. 3, 7, 26: extremam famem sustentare, Caes. B. G. 7, 17, 3: ad extrema et inimicissima jura tam [[cupide]] decurrebas, Cic. Quint. 15, 48; cf.: decurritur ad illud extremum [[atque]] [[ultimum]] S. C., Dent operam consules, etc., Caes. B. C. 1, 5, 3: extremam rationem belli [[sequens]], id. ib. 3, 44, 1: [[neque]] aliud se fatigando [[nisi]] [[odium]] quaerere, extremae dementiae est, is the [[height]] of [[madness]], Sall. J. 3, 3: in extremis suis rebus, in the [[utmost]], greatest [[danger]], Caes. B. G. 2, 25 fin.: res, Suet. Ner. 6 fin.; cf.: res jam ad extremum perducta casum, Caes. B. G. 3, 5, 1: [[necessitate]] extrema ad mortem agi, Tac. A. 13, 1.—Subst.: si [[nihil]] in Lepido spei [[sit]], descensurum ad extrema, to [[desperate]] measures, [[Pollio]] ap. Cic. Fam. 10, 33, 4: ad extrema perventum est, Curt. 4, 14, 14: ad extrema ventum foret, ni, etc., Liv. 2, 47, 8: compellere ad extrema deditionis, to [[surrender]] at [[discretion]], Flor. 4, 5; cf.: famem, [[ferrum]] et extrema pati, Tac. H. 4, 59: plura de extremis loqui, id. ib. 2, 47 al.: res publica in [[extremo]] sita, Sall. C. 52, 11; Sen. de Ira, 1, 11, 5.—Adverb.: [[improbus]] [[homo]], sed non ad extremum [[perditus]], [[utterly]], Liv. 23, 2, 4.—<br /> <b>(b)</b> The lowest, vilest, meanest (perh. not [[ante]]-Aug.): mancipia, Sen. Ep. 70 fin.: latrones, App. M. 3, p. 131: [[quidam]] [[sortis]] extremae juvenis, Just. 15, 1: alimenta vitae, Tac. A. 6, 24: extremi ingenii est, Liv. 22, 29, 8.—<br /> <b>B</b> extĭmus or extŭmus, a, um, the [[outermost]], farthest, [[most]] [[remote]] ([[rare]] [[but]] [[class]].): [[novem]] orbes, quorum [[unus]] est [[caelestis]], [[extimus]], qui reliquos omnes complectitur, Cic. Rep. 6, 17: [[circum]] [[caesura]] membrorum, Lucr. 3, 219; 4, 647: promontorium Oceani, Plin. 5, 1, 1, § 1: gentes, id. 2, 78, 80, § 190: [[factus]] [[sum]] [[extimus]] a [[vobis]], i. e. discarded, estranged, Plaut. Fragm. ap. Prisc. p. 609 P.—Subst.: Apuliae extima, the borders, Plin. 6, 34, 39, § 217. | ||
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{{Gaffiot | |||
|gf=<b>extĕr</b>,⁷ v. [[exterus]]. | |||
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{{Georges | |||
|georg=exter u. [[exterus]], a, um (v. ex), [[außen]] [[befindlich]], [[auswärtig]], [[äußerlich]], I) [[Positiv]]: [[heres]] [[exter]], ICt.: exterae nationes et gentes, Cic.: nationes, Caes. u. Lact.: gentes, Cels.: civitates, Cic. – subst., emancipatus [[aut]] [[exterus]], ICt.: [[apud]] exteros, Plin.: extera Europae, Plin. – II) Compar. [[exterior]], [[ius]], Genet. iōris, zB. [[orbis]], Cic.: [[hostis]], Caes.: exteriorem, [[ire]] alci (= [[latus]] tegere), einem zur Linken [[gehen]], Hor. – III) Superl. A) extrēmus, a, um, der [[äußerste]], 1) eig., subst. extrēmum, i, n., das Äußerste, [[caelum]], [[quod]] [[extremum]] [[atque]] [[ultimum]] mundi est, Cic. – Dah. a) der [[äußerste]], [[letzte]], [[pars]], Cic.: [[mensis]], Cic.: vitae [[dies]], Cic.: [[manus]], [[letzte]] [[Hand]] = [[Vollendung]], Cic. – und der entfernteste der [[Gegend]] [[nach]], ludi, Hor.: [[orbis]], Ov. – subst., extrēmum, ī, n., das Äußerste, Letzte, das [[Ende]], [[extremum]] habet, hat [[ein]] [[Ende]], Cic.: fuit [[illud]] [[extremum]], ut etc., das [[Ende]] vom Liede war, daß usw., Cic.: [[extremum]] aestatis, [[Ende]] [[des]] Sommers, Sall.: hiemis, anni, Liv.: in [[extremum]], [[bis]] zu [[Ende]], Ov.: in [[extremum]] mundi, Sen.: ad [[extremum]], am [[Ende]] eines Geschosses usw., Liv., am Schlusse ([[des]] Schreibens), Cic.: ad [[extremum]] aevi, Sen.: u. so Plur. subst., extrēma, ōrum, n., das Äußerste, das [[Ende]], agri, Cic.: per extrema finium, Liv.: dah. das [[Lebensende]], der [[Tod]], Verg. Aen. 6, 457. – ad [[extremum]], adv., α) = [[bis]] zu [[Ende]], [[bis]] [[zuletzt]], ad [[extremum]] [[reservatus]], Cic. – β) [[zuletzt]], [[endlich]], Cic. – γ) [[äußerst]], ad extr. [[perditus]], Liv. – u. [[extremum]], adv., α) = am [[Ende]], [[endlich]], Ov. [[met]]. 14, 431. β) zum letzten Male, extr. affari od. alloqui alqm, Verg. Aen. 9, 484. Ov. trist. 1, 3, 15: [[extremum]] in sidera [[versus]] anhelat, Stat. Theb. 10, 935. – [[extremo]], am [[Ende]], [[endlich]], Nep. Hann. 2, 3. Suet. Vesp. 7, 3. – b) zur Bezeichnung [[des]] äußersten Teiles, [[des]] Endes in [[Raum]] u. [[Zeit]] (s. Bremi Nep. Con. 1, 2), gew. im Abl. [[mit]] u. [[ohne]] in = am [[Ende]], am Schlusse [[des]] (der) usw., in [[extremo]] [[libro]], Cic.: u. so bl. in [[extremo]], am Schlusse [[des]] Briefes, Cic.: in extrema oratione, Cic.: in [[hac]] [[insula]] extrema, Cic.: in extrema [[Europa]], am äußersten [[Ende]] Europas, Tac.: [[extremo]] [[bello]], Nep.: [[extremo]] [[anno]], Liv. – c) ([[von]] [[außen]] [[nach]] [[innen]] gerechnet) zur Bezeichnung [[des]] innersten Teils, der [[innerste]], extremis medullis, Catull. 64, 196: in extremis ossibus, Ov. her. 4, 70. – 2) übtr.: a) [[äußerst]], d.i. [[was]] [[man]] [[nur]] im höchsten Notfalle tut od. [[gebraucht]], [[senatus]] [[consultum]], Caes. – b) der [[äußerste]], d.i. ärgste, gefährlichste, bedenklichste, schlimmste, größte ([[von]] [[jeder]] [[Lage]], in der keine [[Rettung]] zu [[hoffen]] ist), [[tempora]], [[äußerste]] [[Not]], Cic.: [[fames]], Caes.: [[desperatio]], Tac.: [[extremum]] bonorum, malorum, das größte [[Gut]], [[Übel]], Cic. – neutr. subst., omnes suas [[fortunas]] in [[extremo]] sitas, Sall.: vitam ipsam in [[extremum]] adductam, Tac.: ventum ad extrema, [[nisi]] etc., Tac.: ad extrema perventum est, zum Äußersten, Curt.: extrema pati, Verg. u. Tac.: extrema metuere, Suet. – m. Genet., [[quotiens]] in extrema periculorum ventum, Liv.: [[quae]] captarum urbium extrema sunt patiebantur, Liv. – c) der niedrigste, schlechteste, [[haud]] Ligurum [[extremus]], Verg.: [[sors]], Iustin.: extremi ingenii ([[ein]] [[gar]] [[arger]] [[Schwachkopf]], [[ganz]] [[unfähig]]) est, [[qui]] etc., Liv. – Von [[extremus]] [[haben]] Spätere [[einen]] neuen Compar. extremius, Apul. [[met]]. 1, 8 u. 7, 2. Tert. de anim. 33: u. Superl. extremissimi, Tert. apol. 19. – B) [[extimus]] ([[extumus]]), a, um, der [[äußerste]] (Ggstz. [[citimus]]), membrorum [[circum]] [[caesura]], Lucr. 3, 219: [[ora]], [[Varro]] fr. [[bei]] Prisc. 3, 25: aevitatis [[meta]], [[Varro]] [[sat]]. Men. 544: [[orbis]], Cic. de rep. 6, 17: [[sinus]] (Ggstz. [[primus]]), Plin. 3, 5: gentes, Plin. 2, 190: [[promunturium]], Plin. 5, 2: [[litus]], [[Fronto]] [[Arion]] p. 237, 20 N.; u. [[oft]] [[bei]] Spät. (s. [[Neue]]-Wagener Formenl.<sup>3</sup> 2, 192 f.). – neutr. pl. subst., Apuliae extuma, Plin. 6, 217: Thraciarum extima, Treb. Poll. XXX tyr. 12, 13: extima limitum, Amm. 17, 13, 27: extima Galliarum, Amm. 20, 10, 2. | |||
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{{trml | |||
|trtx====[[external]]=== | |||
Armenian: արտաքին; Bulgarian: външен; Catalan: extern, externa; Chinese Mandarin: 外部的; Czech: externí, vnější; Danish: udvendig, ekstern, udvortes; Dutch: [[uiterlijk]], [[uitwendig]]; Esperanto: ekstera, malena; Finnish: ulko-, ulkoinen, ulkonainen, ulkopuolinen; French: [[externe]]; Galician: externo; German: [[außen-]], [[extern]], [[äußerlich]]; Greek: [[εξωτερικός]]; Ancient Greek: [[ἐξωτερικός]], [[ἐξώτερος]]; Hungarian: külső; Ido: extera; Irish: imeachtrach; Italian: [[esterno]]; Japanese: 外側の, 外部の; Latin: [[exter]], [[externus]]; Manchu: ᡨᡠᠯᡝᡵᡤᡳ; Maori: a waho, o waho, mōwaho; Occitan: extèrne, extèrna; Persian: بیرونی, بیگانه; Pitcairn-Norfolk: ekstirnal; Polish: zewnętrzny; Portuguese: [[externo]]; Romanian: extern; Russian: [[внешний]], [[наружный]]; Serbo-Croatian: èkstērnī, ìzvanjskī, vànjskī; Spanish: [[externo]]; Swedish: extern; Telugu: బహిర్గత; Ukrainian: зовнішній; Urdu: بیرونی | |||
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Latest revision as of 13:50, 13 February 2024
Latin > English
exter extera -um, exterior -or -us, extremus -a -um ADJ :: outer/external; outward; on outside, far; of another country, foreign; strange
Latin > English (Lewis & Short)
exter: or extĕrus (both forms only post-class. and very rare), tĕra, tĕrum, adj. comp. form, from ex,
I on the outside, outward, of another country, family, etc., foreign, strange (syn.: extraneus; alienus, peregrinus, adventicius).
I Pos. (in Cic. and Caes. used in the plur.): quod exter heres praestare cogeretur, strange, Dig. 31, 1, 69: emancipatus vero aut exterus non aliter possunt hereditatem quaerere quam si, etc., ib. 29, 2, 84; cf. ib. 31, 1, 67, § 4: tactus corporis est sensus, vel cum res extera sese Insinuat, vel, etc., Lucr. 2, 435: vis, id. 2, 277: haec lex socialis est, hoc jus nationum exterarum est, Cic. Div. in Caecil. 5, 18: exterarum gentium multitudo, Suet. Caes. 84: non modo vestris civibus, verum etiam exteris nationibus, Cic. Font. 11, 25; cf.: apud exteras civitates, Cic. Caecin. 34, 100: apud exteras nationes, Caes. B. C. 3, 43 fin.; ad nationes exteras, Quint. 11, 1, 89: apud exteros, Plin. 18, 3, 5, § 22 et saep.: ab extero hoste atque longinquo, Cic. Cat. 2, 13.—In neutr. plur. with gen.: ad extera Europae noscenda missus Himilco, Plin. 2, 67, 67, § 169: ad extera corporum, id. 22, 23, 49, § 103.—
II Comp.: extĕrĭor, us (in signif. scarcely differing from its pos.), outward, outer, exterior; opp. interior (rare but class.): cum alterum fecisset exteriorem, interiorem alterum amplexus orbem, Cic. Univ. 7; cf.: simul ex navibus milites in exteriorem vallum tela jaciebant ... et legionarii, interioris munitionis defensores, Caes. B. C. 3, 63, 6: colle exteriore occupato, id. B. G. 7, 79, 1: circumire exteriores mutiones jubet, id. ib. 7, 87, 4: pares munitiones contra exteriorem hostem perfecit, id. ib. 7, 74: comes exterior, i. e. on the left side, Hor. S. 2, 5, 17.—
III Sup. in two forms, extrēmus and extĭmus or extŭmus [[[sup]]. of ex; cf. Gr. ἔσχατος, Curt. Gr. Etym. p. 387].
A extrēmus, a, um (which in post-class. lang. is itself compared; comp.: extremior, App. M. 1, p. 105; 7, p. 188; sup.: extremissimus, Tert. Apol. 19), the outermost, utmost, extreme (so most freq.; cf.: ultimus, postremus, novissimus, supremus, imus).
1 Lit.: extremum oppidum Allobrogum est Geneva, Caes. B. G. 1, 6, 3: flumen Axona, quod est in extremis Remorum finibus, on the farthest borders, id. ib. 2, 5, 4: fines, Liv. 39, 28, 2; 45, 29, 14; cf.: ad extremum finem provinciae Galliae venerunt, id. 40, 16, 5: impiger extremos currit mercator ad Indos, the remotest, Hor. Ep. 1, 1, 45: Tanaïs, id. C. 3, 10, 1: in extrema fere parte epistolae, near the end, Cic. Att. 6, 1, 20; cf.: in codicis extrema cera, id. Verr. 2, 1, 36, § 92; but to denote the last part of a thing it is used more freq. in immediate connection with the substantive denoting the whole: quibus (litteris) in extremis, at its end, id. Att. 14, 8, 1; cf.: in qua (epistola) extrema, id. ib. 13, 45, 1: in extremo libro tertio, at the end of the third book, id. Off. 3, 2, 9: in extrema oratione, id. de Or. 1, 10, 41: in extremo ponte turrim constituit, Caes. B. G. 6, 29, 3; cf.: ad extremas fossas castella constituit, id. ib. 2, 8, 3: ab extremo agmine, id. ib. 2, 11, 4: in extrema Cappadocia, Cic. Fam. 15, 4, 4: extremis digitis aliquid attingere, id. Cael. 12, 28 et saep. —In the neutr. absol. and as subst.: extrē-mum, i, n., an end, the end: divitias alii praeponunt, alii honores, multi etiam voluptates; beluarum hoc quidem extremum, Cic. Lael. 6, 20: quod finitum est, habet extremum, id. Div. 2, 50, 103: missile telum hastili abiegno et cetera tereti, praeterquam ad extremum, at the end, Liv. 21, 8, 10: in "Equo Trojano" scis esse in extremo "sero sapiunt," Cic. Fam. 7, 16, 1; cf.: quod erat in extremo, id. Att. 6, 9, 1.—With gen.: aliquid ad extremum causae reservatum, Cic. Deiot. 13, 35 (cf. infra, 2. a. fin.): caelum ipsum, quod extremum atque ultumum mundi est, id. Div. 2, 43, 91: ab Ocelo, quod est citerioris provinciae extremum, Caes. B. G. 1, 10, 5: summum gulae fauces vocantur, extremum stomachus, Plin. 11, 37, 68, § 179: in extremo montis, Sall. J. 37, 4.— In plur.: extrema agminis, Liv. 6, 32, 11: extrema Africae, Plin. 8, 10, 10, § 31: extrema Galliae, Flor. 3, 3, 1; 3, 20, 12; Tac. H. 5, 18; id. A. 4, 67; 4, 74.—
2 Trop.
a In respect to time or the order of succession, the latest, last: inter prioris mensis senescentis extremum diem et novam lunam, Varr. L. L. 6, § 10 Müll.: mensis anni Februarius, Cic. Leg. 2, 21, 54: tempore diei, Hirt. B. G. 8, 15, 6: eam amicitiam ad extremum finem vitae perduxit, Liv. 37, 53, 8: matres ab extremo conspectu liberorum exclusae, Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 45, § 118: manus extrema non accessit operibus ejus, the finishing hand, the last touches, id. Brut. 33, 126: extremum illud est, ut te orem et obsecrem, it remains only, id. Fam. 4, 13, 7; id. Att. 11, 16, 5.—To denote the last part of a thing (cf. above, 1.): quod eo die potest videri extrema et prima luna, i. e. the end and the beginning, Varr. L. L. l. l.: usque ad extremam aetatem ab adolescentia, Nep. Cato, 2, 4; id. Att. 10, 3; cf.: ita tantum bellum Cn. Pompeius extrema hieme apparavit, ineunte vere suscepit, media aestate confecit, Cic. de lmp. Pomp. 12, 35: extremo anno, Liv. 2, 64, 1: extremo tempore, in the last time, at last, Nep. Dat. 10; id. Epam. 9; id. Eum. 5, 3 al.: extrema pueritia, Cic. de Imp. Pomp. 10, 28: extremo Peloponnesio bello, Nep. Con. 1, 2: extremus dies, the close of day, the evening, Sil 7, 172; 14, 8.—Subst.: illum Praeteritum temnens extremos inter euntem, Hor. S. 1, 1, 116; cf.: extremi primorum, extremis usque priores, id. Ep. 2, 2, 204: extremus dominorum, Tac. H. 4, 42 fin.: die extremum erat, Sall. J. 21, 2: extremum aestatis, id. ib. 90, 1: extremo anni, Liv. 35, 11, 1: sub extremum noctis, Sil. 4, 88 al.—Prov.: extrema semper de ante factis judicant (cf. our wise after the event), Pub. Syr. 163 Rib.—Adv.: extremum.
a For the last time: alloquor extremum maestos abiturus amicos, Ov. Tr. 1, 3, 15: cum diu occulte suspirassent, postea jam gemere, ad extremum vero loqui omnes et clamare coeperunt.—
b At last, finally, Cic. Att. 2, 21, 2: extremum tenues liquefacta medullas Tabuit, Ov. M. 14, 431.—Adverb. phrase: ad extremum, id. Phil. 13, 20, 45; Caes. B. G. 4, 4, 2 et saep.; cf., strengthened by tum: invenire quod dicas ... deinde ... post ... tum ad extremum agere ac pronuntiare, Cic. de Or. 2, 19, 79; and strengthened by denique: ad extremum ipsa denique necessitate excitantur, id. Sest. 47, 100: decimo loco testis exspectatus et ad extremum reservatus dixit, etc., till the end, to the last, id. Caecin. 10, 28: ad extremum, Ov. P. 1, 9, 28; 3, 7, 20; for which: in extremum (durare), id. H. 7, 111: qui extremo mortuus est, at last, Dig. 32, 1, 81: extremo, Nep. Ham. 2, 3.—
b Extreme in quality or degree; used, like ultimus, to denote both the highest and the lowest grade.
(a) The utmost, highest, greatest: cum extremum hoc sit (sentis enim, credo, me jam diu, quod τέλος Graeci dicunt, id dicere tum extremum, tum ultimum, tum summum: licebit etiam finem pro extremo aut ultimo dicere) cum igitur hoc sit extremum, congruenter naturae vivere, etc., Cic. Fin. 3, 7, 26: extremam famem sustentare, Caes. B. G. 7, 17, 3: ad extrema et inimicissima jura tam cupide decurrebas, Cic. Quint. 15, 48; cf.: decurritur ad illud extremum atque ultimum S. C., Dent operam consules, etc., Caes. B. C. 1, 5, 3: extremam rationem belli sequens, id. ib. 3, 44, 1: neque aliud se fatigando nisi odium quaerere, extremae dementiae est, is the height of madness, Sall. J. 3, 3: in extremis suis rebus, in the utmost, greatest danger, Caes. B. G. 2, 25 fin.: res, Suet. Ner. 6 fin.; cf.: res jam ad extremum perducta casum, Caes. B. G. 3, 5, 1: necessitate extrema ad mortem agi, Tac. A. 13, 1.—Subst.: si nihil in Lepido spei sit, descensurum ad extrema, to desperate measures, Pollio ap. Cic. Fam. 10, 33, 4: ad extrema perventum est, Curt. 4, 14, 14: ad extrema ventum foret, ni, etc., Liv. 2, 47, 8: compellere ad extrema deditionis, to surrender at discretion, Flor. 4, 5; cf.: famem, ferrum et extrema pati, Tac. H. 4, 59: plura de extremis loqui, id. ib. 2, 47 al.: res publica in extremo sita, Sall. C. 52, 11; Sen. de Ira, 1, 11, 5.—Adverb.: improbus homo, sed non ad extremum perditus, utterly, Liv. 23, 2, 4.—
(b) The lowest, vilest, meanest (perh. not ante-Aug.): mancipia, Sen. Ep. 70 fin.: latrones, App. M. 3, p. 131: quidam sortis extremae juvenis, Just. 15, 1: alimenta vitae, Tac. A. 6, 24: extremi ingenii est, Liv. 22, 29, 8.—
B extĭmus or extŭmus, a, um, the outermost, farthest, most remote (rare but class.): novem orbes, quorum unus est caelestis, extimus, qui reliquos omnes complectitur, Cic. Rep. 6, 17: circum caesura membrorum, Lucr. 3, 219; 4, 647: promontorium Oceani, Plin. 5, 1, 1, § 1: gentes, id. 2, 78, 80, § 190: factus sum extimus a vobis, i. e. discarded, estranged, Plaut. Fragm. ap. Prisc. p. 609 P.—Subst.: Apuliae extima, the borders, Plin. 6, 34, 39, § 217.
Latin > French (Gaffiot 2016)
extĕr,⁷ v. exterus.
Latin > German (Georges)
exter u. exterus, a, um (v. ex), außen befindlich, auswärtig, äußerlich, I) Positiv: heres exter, ICt.: exterae nationes et gentes, Cic.: nationes, Caes. u. Lact.: gentes, Cels.: civitates, Cic. – subst., emancipatus aut exterus, ICt.: apud exteros, Plin.: extera Europae, Plin. – II) Compar. exterior, ius, Genet. iōris, zB. orbis, Cic.: hostis, Caes.: exteriorem, ire alci (= latus tegere), einem zur Linken gehen, Hor. – III) Superl. A) extrēmus, a, um, der äußerste, 1) eig., subst. extrēmum, i, n., das Äußerste, caelum, quod extremum atque ultimum mundi est, Cic. – Dah. a) der äußerste, letzte, pars, Cic.: mensis, Cic.: vitae dies, Cic.: manus, letzte Hand = Vollendung, Cic. – und der entfernteste der Gegend nach, ludi, Hor.: orbis, Ov. – subst., extrēmum, ī, n., das Äußerste, Letzte, das Ende, extremum habet, hat ein Ende, Cic.: fuit illud extremum, ut etc., das Ende vom Liede war, daß usw., Cic.: extremum aestatis, Ende des Sommers, Sall.: hiemis, anni, Liv.: in extremum, bis zu Ende, Ov.: in extremum mundi, Sen.: ad extremum, am Ende eines Geschosses usw., Liv., am Schlusse (des Schreibens), Cic.: ad extremum aevi, Sen.: u. so Plur. subst., extrēma, ōrum, n., das Äußerste, das Ende, agri, Cic.: per extrema finium, Liv.: dah. das Lebensende, der Tod, Verg. Aen. 6, 457. – ad extremum, adv., α) = bis zu Ende, bis zuletzt, ad extremum reservatus, Cic. – β) zuletzt, endlich, Cic. – γ) äußerst, ad extr. perditus, Liv. – u. extremum, adv., α) = am Ende, endlich, Ov. met. 14, 431. β) zum letzten Male, extr. affari od. alloqui alqm, Verg. Aen. 9, 484. Ov. trist. 1, 3, 15: extremum in sidera versus anhelat, Stat. Theb. 10, 935. – extremo, am Ende, endlich, Nep. Hann. 2, 3. Suet. Vesp. 7, 3. – b) zur Bezeichnung des äußersten Teiles, des Endes in Raum u. Zeit (s. Bremi Nep. Con. 1, 2), gew. im Abl. mit u. ohne in = am Ende, am Schlusse des (der) usw., in extremo libro, Cic.: u. so bl. in extremo, am Schlusse des Briefes, Cic.: in extrema oratione, Cic.: in hac insula extrema, Cic.: in extrema Europa, am äußersten Ende Europas, Tac.: extremo bello, Nep.: extremo anno, Liv. – c) (von außen nach innen gerechnet) zur Bezeichnung des innersten Teils, der innerste, extremis medullis, Catull. 64, 196: in extremis ossibus, Ov. her. 4, 70. – 2) übtr.: a) äußerst, d.i. was man nur im höchsten Notfalle tut od. gebraucht, senatus consultum, Caes. – b) der äußerste, d.i. ärgste, gefährlichste, bedenklichste, schlimmste, größte (von jeder Lage, in der keine Rettung zu hoffen ist), tempora, äußerste Not, Cic.: fames, Caes.: desperatio, Tac.: extremum bonorum, malorum, das größte Gut, Übel, Cic. – neutr. subst., omnes suas fortunas in extremo sitas, Sall.: vitam ipsam in extremum adductam, Tac.: ventum ad extrema, nisi etc., Tac.: ad extrema perventum est, zum Äußersten, Curt.: extrema pati, Verg. u. Tac.: extrema metuere, Suet. – m. Genet., quotiens in extrema periculorum ventum, Liv.: quae captarum urbium extrema sunt patiebantur, Liv. – c) der niedrigste, schlechteste, haud Ligurum extremus, Verg.: sors, Iustin.: extremi ingenii (ein gar arger Schwachkopf, ganz unfähig) est, qui etc., Liv. – Von extremus haben Spätere einen neuen Compar. extremius, Apul. met. 1, 8 u. 7, 2. Tert. de anim. 33: u. Superl. extremissimi, Tert. apol. 19. – B) extimus (extumus), a, um, der äußerste (Ggstz. citimus), membrorum circum caesura, Lucr. 3, 219: ora, Varro fr. bei Prisc. 3, 25: aevitatis meta, Varro sat. Men. 544: orbis, Cic. de rep. 6, 17: sinus (Ggstz. primus), Plin. 3, 5: gentes, Plin. 2, 190: promunturium, Plin. 5, 2: litus, Fronto Arion p. 237, 20 N.; u. oft bei Spät. (s. Neue-Wagener Formenl.3 2, 192 f.). – neutr. pl. subst., Apuliae extuma, Plin. 6, 217: Thraciarum extima, Treb. Poll. XXX tyr. 12, 13: extima limitum, Amm. 17, 13, 27: extima Galliarum, Amm. 20, 10, 2.
Translations
external
Armenian: արտաքին; Bulgarian: външен; Catalan: extern, externa; Chinese Mandarin: 外部的; Czech: externí, vnější; Danish: udvendig, ekstern, udvortes; Dutch: uiterlijk, uitwendig; Esperanto: ekstera, malena; Finnish: ulko-, ulkoinen, ulkonainen, ulkopuolinen; French: externe; Galician: externo; German: außen-, extern, äußerlich; Greek: εξωτερικός; Ancient Greek: ἐξωτερικός, ἐξώτερος; Hungarian: külső; Ido: extera; Irish: imeachtrach; Italian: esterno; Japanese: 外側の, 外部の; Latin: exter, externus; Manchu: ᡨᡠᠯᡝᡵᡤᡳ; Maori: a waho, o waho, mōwaho; Occitan: extèrne, extèrna; Persian: بیرونی, بیگانه; Pitcairn-Norfolk: ekstirnal; Polish: zewnętrzny; Portuguese: externo; Romanian: extern; Russian: внешний, наружный; Serbo-Croatian: èkstērnī, ìzvanjskī, vànjskī; Spanish: externo; Swedish: extern; Telugu: బహిర్గత; Ukrainian: зовнішній; Urdu: بیرونی
