ξύλον: Difference between revisions
εἰ μὴ ἦλθον καὶ ἐλάλησα αὐτοῖς, ἁμαρτίαν οὐκ εἶχον → if I had not come and spoken to them, they would not be guilty of sin
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|Transliteration C=ksylon | |Transliteration C=ksylon | ||
|Beta Code=cu/lon | |Beta Code=cu/lon | ||
|Definition=[ῠ], τό (pl. spelt <span class="sense"><span class="bld">A</span> ξύλεα <b class="b2">Abh. Berl. Akad</b>. 1928(6).32 (Cos, v B. C.)), [[wood]] cut and ready for use, [[firewood]], [[timber]], etc., Hom., mostly in plural, <span class="bibl">Il.8.507</span>,<span class="bibl">547</span>, <span class="bibl">Od.14.418</span>; <b class="b3">ξ. νήϊα</b> ship-[[timber]], <span class="bibl">Hes.<span class="title">Op.</span> 808</span>; ξ. ναυπηγήσιμα <span class="bibl">Th.7.25</span>, <span class="bibl">X.<span class="title">An.</span>6.4.4</span>, <span class="bibl">Pl.<span class="title">Lg.</span>706b</span>, <span class="bibl">D.17.28</span>; <b class="b3">ξ. τετράγωνα</b> [[logs]] cut square, <span class="bibl">Hdt.1.186</span>, cf. <span class="bibl">Pl.<span class="title">Prt.</span>325d</span>, <span class="bibl">Arist.<span class="title">EN</span> 1109b7</span>. </span><span class="sense"><span class="bld">2</span> in plural, also, | |Definition=[ῠ], τό (pl. spelt <span class="sense"><span class="bld">A</span> ξύλεα <b class="b2">Abh. Berl. Akad</b>. 1928(6).32 (Cos, v B. C.)), [[wood]] cut and ready for use, [[firewood]], [[timber]], etc., Hom., mostly in plural, <span class="bibl">Il.8.507</span>,<span class="bibl">547</span>, <span class="bibl">Od.14.418</span>; <b class="b3">ξ. νήϊα</b> ship-[[timber]], <span class="bibl">Hes.<span class="title">Op.</span> 808</span>; ξ. ναυπηγήσιμα <span class="bibl">Th.7.25</span>, <span class="bibl">X.<span class="title">An.</span>6.4.4</span>, <span class="bibl">Pl.<span class="title">Lg.</span>706b</span>, <span class="bibl">D.17.28</span>; <b class="b3">ξ. τετράγωνα</b> [[logs]] cut square, <span class="bibl">Hdt.1.186</span>, cf. <span class="bibl">Pl.<span class="title">Prt.</span>325d</span>, <span class="bibl">Arist.<span class="title">EN</span> 1109b7</span>. </span><span class="sense"><span class="bld">2</span> in plural, also, [[the wood-market]], ἐπὶ ξύλα ἰέναι <span class="bibl">Ar.<span class="title">Fr.</span> 403</span>. </span><span class="sense"><span class="bld">II</span> in sg., [[piece of wood]], [[log]], [[beam]], [[post]], once in Hom., ξ. αὖον… ἢ δρυὸς ἢ πεύκης <span class="bibl">Il.23.327</span>; <b class="b3">ξ. σύκινον</b> [[spoon made of]] fig [[wood]], <span class="bibl">Pl.<span class="title">Hp.Ma.</span>291c</span>; [[peg]] or [[lever]], <span class="bibl">Arist.<span class="title">MA</span>701b9</span>; [[perch]], ἐπὶ ξύλου καθεύδειν <span class="bibl">Ar.<span class="title">Nu.</span>1431</span> : by poet. periphr., Ἀργοῦς ξύλον <span class="bibl">A.<span class="title">Fr.</span>20</span>; <b class="b3">ἵπποιο κακὸν ξ</b>., of the Trojan horse, <span class="title">AP</span>9.152 (Agath.) : hence anything made of wood, as, </span><span class="sense"><span class="bld">2</span> [[cudgel]], [[club]], <span class="bibl">Hdt.2.63</span>,<span class="bibl">4.180</span>, <span class="bibl">Ar.<span class="title">Lys.</span>357</span>, <span class="bibl"><span class="title">PHal.</span>1.187</span> (iii B.C.); μετὰ ξύλων εἰσπηδῆσαι <span class="bibl"><span class="title">PTeb.</span>304.10</span> (ii A.D.); ξύλοις συντρίψειν <span class="bibl">Luc.<span class="title">Demon.</span>50</span>; of the [[club]] of Heracles, <span class="bibl">Plu.<span class="title">Lyc.</span>30</span>. </span><span class="sense"><span class="bld">3</span> [[an instrument of punishment]], </span><span class="sense"><span class="bld">a</span> [[wooden collar]], put on the neck of the prisoner, ξύλῳ φιμοῦν τὸν αὐχένα <span class="bibl">Ar.<span class="title">Nu.</span>592</span>; ἐς τετρημένον ξ. ἐγκαθαρμόσαι… τὸν αὐχένα <span class="bibl">Id.<span class="title">Lys.</span>680</span>; or, </span><span class="sense"><span class="bld">b</span> [[stocks]], in which the feet were confined, <span class="bibl">Hdt.9.37</span>, <span class="bibl">6.75</span>, <span class="bibl">Ar.<span class="title">Eq.</span>367</span>, <span class="bibl">D.18.129</span>; ξ. ἐφέλκειν <span class="bibl">Polyzel.3</span>; ἐν τῷ ξ. δεδέσθαι <span class="bibl">Lys.10.16</span> (v. [[ποδοκάκκη]]), cf. <span class="bibl"><span class="title">Act.Ap.</span>16.24</span>, <span class="title">OGI</span>483.181 (Pergam., ii A.D.) : also in plural, ἔδησεν ἐν τοῖς ξ. <span class="bibl">And.1.45</span>. </span><span class="sense"><span class="bld">c</span> <b class="b3">πεντεσύριγγον ξύλον</b> (v. sub voc.) was a combination of both, with holes for the neck, arms, and legs, <span class="bibl">Ar.<span class="title">Eq.</span>1049</span>. </span><span class="sense"><span class="bld">d</span> [[gallows]], κρεμάσαι τινὰ ἐπὶ ξύλου <span class="bibl">LXX <span class="title">De.</span>21.22</span>; <b class="b3">ξ. δίδυμον</b> ib.<span class="bibl"><span class="title">Jo.</span>8.29</span> : [[proverb|prov.]], <b class="b3">ἐξ ἀξίου τοῦ ξύλου κἂν ἀπάγξασθαι</b>, i.e. if one must be hanged, at least let it be on a noble tree, <span class="title">App.Prov.</span>2.67, cf. <span class="bibl">Ar.<span class="title">Ra.</span>736</span>; in [[NT]], of the [[cross]], Act.Ap.5.30,10.39. </span><span class="sense"><span class="bld">e</span> [[stake]] on which criminals were impaled, <span class="bibl">Alex.222.10</span>. </span><span class="sense"><span class="bld">4</span> [[bench]], [[table]], esp. [[money-changer's table]], <span class="bibl">D.45.33</span>. </span><span class="sense"><span class="bld">5</span> <b class="b3">πρῶτον ξύλον</b> front [[bench]] in the Athenian theatre, <span class="bibl">Ar.<span class="title">Ach.</span>25</span>, <span class="bibl"><span class="title">V.</span>90</span>, cf. Sch.adlocc. : hence <b class="b3">οὑπὶ τῶν ξύλων</b> the official who had to take care of the [[seats]], <span class="bibl">Hermipp.9</span> (according to Meineke). </span><span class="sense"><span class="bld">6</span> the Hippocratic [[bench]], <span class="bibl">Hp.<span class="title">Fract.</span>13</span>, <span class="bibl"><span class="title">Art.</span>72</span>. </span><span class="sense"><span class="bld">III</span> of live wood, [[tree]], [ὄρος] δασὺ πολλοῖς καὶ παντοδαποῖς καὶ μεγάλοις ξύλοις <span class="bibl">X.<span class="title">An.</span>6.4.5</span>, cf. <span class="bibl">Call.<span class="title">Cer.</span>41</span>, <span class="bibl">Agatharch.55</span>, <span class="bibl">LXX <span class="title">Ca.</span>2.3</span>, al. : opp. [[σάρξ]], <span class="bibl">Thphr.<span class="title">HP</span>1.2.6</span>,al.; τῷ ξ. τοῦ δένδρου ἀνάλογον τὴν λεγομένην εἶναι γῆν <span class="bibl">Plot.6.7.11</span>; τὸ ξ. τῆς ἀμπέλου <span class="bibl">E.<span class="title">Cyc.</span>572</span>; <b class="b3">εἴρια ἀπὸ ξύλου</b>, of cotton, <span class="bibl">Hdt.3.47</span>; εἵματα ἀπὸ ξύλων πεποιημένα <span class="bibl">Id.7.65</span>, cf.<span class="bibl">Poll.7.75</span>. </span><span class="sense"><span class="bld">IV</span> of persons, [[blockhead]], APl.4.187; of a stubborn person, σίδηρός τις ἢ ξ. πρὸς τὰς δεήσεις <span class="bibl">Ach.Tat.5.22</span>. </span><span class="sense"><span class="bld">V</span> [[a measure oflength]], = <span class="bibl">3</span> (also <span class="bibl">2</span> <span class="bibl">2</span>/<span class="bibl">3</span>) cubits, the side of the [[ναύβιον]], Hero ''*Geom''.23.4,11, <span class="bibl"><span class="title">POxy.</span>669.11</span>,<span class="bibl">28</span> (iii A.D.), <span class="bibl">1053</span> (vi/vii A.D.).</span> | ||
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{{etym | {{etym | ||
|etymtx=Grammatical information: n.<br />Meaning: <b class="b2">wood, construction-wood-, firewood, tree, beam, stick, foot-, neckblock, banc, table</b> (Il.); also as length-measure = | |etymtx=Grammatical information: n.<br />Meaning: <b class="b2">wood, construction-wood-, firewood, tree, beam, stick, foot-, neckblock, banc, table</b> (Il.); also as length-measure = [[the side of the ναύβιον]] (Hero Geom., pap.).<br />Compounds: Very many compp., e.g. [[ξυλουργός]] (<b class="b3">-οργός</b>, <b class="b3">-εργός</b>) m. [[carpenter]] with <b class="b3">-έω</b>, <b class="b3">-ία</b>, <b class="b3">-ικός</b> (IA.; cf. on [[δημιουργός]]); <b class="b3">μονό-ξυλος</b> [[made from one piece of wood]], of [[πλοῖον]] a.o. (IA.). On [[ξύλοχος]] s. v.<br />Derivatives: 1. Dimin.: <b class="b3">ξυλ-άριον</b> [[small piece of wood]] (LXX, pap. a.o.), <b class="b3">-ήφιον</b> [[piece of wood]] (Hp., hell.), <b class="b3">-άφιον</b> <b class="b2">id.</b> (Eust.; on <b class="b3">-ήφιον</b>, <b class="b3">-άφιον</b> Wackernagel Glotta 4, 243 f. [Kl. Schr. 2, 1200f.]); [[ξύλιον]] [[piece of wood]] (pap. IVp). Further subst.: 2. <b class="b3">ξυλ-εύς</b> m. [[woodcutter]], name of a sacrificial attendant in Olympia (inscr. Ia, Paus., H.) with <b class="b3">-εύω</b>, <b class="b3">-εύομαι</b> [[fetch wood]] (hell. inscr., Men., H.), <b class="b3">-εία</b> f. <b class="b2">fetching wood, store of wood, construction-wood</b> (Plb., Str., pap.); Bosshardt 75; 3. <b class="b3">ξυλ-ίτης ἰχθῦς ποιός</b> H. (explan. in Strömberg Fischnamen 25); <b class="b3">-ῖτις</b> ([[γῆ]], [[χέρσος]]) f. [[shrub-coutry]] (pap.; Redard 109 w. n.); 4. [[ξυλών]], <b class="b3">-ῶνος</b> m. [[place for wood]] (Delos III--IIa). Adj. 1. <b class="b3">ξύλ-ινος</b> [[of wood]], [[wooden]] (Pi., B., IA.), 2. <b class="b3">-ικός</b> <b class="b2">id.</b> (Arist.) with <b class="b3">-ικάριος</b> <b class="b2">woodhandler (?)</b> (Korykos; from Lat. [[-ārius]]), 3. <b class="b3">-ηρός</b> [[regarding wood]] (Delos IIIa), <b class="b3">-ηρά</b> f. [[woodzmarket]]? (pap. Ip), 4. <b class="b3">-ώδης</b> <b class="b2">woodlike, -coloured</b> (Hp., Arist., Thphr.). Verbs. 1. <b class="b3">ξυλ-ίζομαι</b> [[fetch wood]] (X., Plu.) with <b class="b3">-ισμός</b> [[fetching wood]] (Str., D.H.), <b class="b3">-ιστής</b> [[who fetches wood]] (sch.); 2. <b class="b3">ξυλ-όομαι</b>, <b class="b3">-όω</b> [[become wood]], [[make]], [[make of wood]] (Thphr., LXX) with <b class="b3">-ωσις</b> f. [[woodwork]] (Th., hell. inscr.), <b class="b3">-ωμα</b>, <b class="b3">-ωμάτιον</b> <b class="b2">id.</b> (Delos IIIa a.o.); 3. <b class="b3">ξυλ-εύω</b>, s. above on [[ξυλεύς]].<br />Etymology: With [[ξύλον]] (from where on younger Att. vases [[σύλον]], [[σύλινος]]; Schwyzer 211) agrees Lith. <b class="b2">šùlas</b> <b class="b2">(bucket-, ton-) stave, stander, pillar</b>, if from IE <b class="b2">*ḱsulo-</b>; besides, in vokalism deviating, several Slav. forms, e.g. Russ. <b class="b2">šúlo</b> n. [[garden-pole]], Scr. [[šûlj]] m. [[block]] (IE <b class="b2">*ḱseulo-</b>?). Similarly with [[ū]] and anlaut. [[s-]], Germ., e.g. OHG [[sūl]] f. [[style]], [[pole]], with [[au]] (IE [[ou]]?) Goth. [[sauls]] [[pillar]]. The relation between the Slav., Balt. and Germ. words has been amply discussed but hardly explained; s. Vasmer and Fraenkel s. vv. with ric lit. and further forms. Older lit. also in Bq, WP. 2, 503 f. and W.-Hofmann s. [[silva]]. Mann Slavon. Rev. 37, 134 still adduces Alb. [[shul]] [[bar]], [[nail]], [[siphon]]. -- Original connection with [[ξύω]] (e.g. Fick 3, 446, also as supposition Schwyzer 329) is not probable, secondary influence (Chantraine Form. 240) well acceptable. | ||
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{{mdlsj | {{mdlsj |
Revision as of 18:20, 20 August 2022
English (LSJ)
[ῠ], τό (pl. spelt A ξύλεα Abh. Berl. Akad. 1928(6).32 (Cos, v B. C.)), wood cut and ready for use, firewood, timber, etc., Hom., mostly in plural, Il.8.507,547, Od.14.418; ξ. νήϊα ship-timber, Hes.Op. 808; ξ. ναυπηγήσιμα Th.7.25, X.An.6.4.4, Pl.Lg.706b, D.17.28; ξ. τετράγωνα logs cut square, Hdt.1.186, cf. Pl.Prt.325d, Arist.EN 1109b7. 2 in plural, also, the wood-market, ἐπὶ ξύλα ἰέναι Ar.Fr. 403. II in sg., piece of wood, log, beam, post, once in Hom., ξ. αὖον… ἢ δρυὸς ἢ πεύκης Il.23.327; ξ. σύκινον spoon made of fig wood, Pl.Hp.Ma.291c; peg or lever, Arist.MA701b9; perch, ἐπὶ ξύλου καθεύδειν Ar.Nu.1431 : by poet. periphr., Ἀργοῦς ξύλον A.Fr.20; ἵπποιο κακὸν ξ., of the Trojan horse, AP9.152 (Agath.) : hence anything made of wood, as, 2 cudgel, club, Hdt.2.63,4.180, Ar.Lys.357, PHal.1.187 (iii B.C.); μετὰ ξύλων εἰσπηδῆσαι PTeb.304.10 (ii A.D.); ξύλοις συντρίψειν Luc.Demon.50; of the club of Heracles, Plu.Lyc.30. 3 an instrument of punishment, a wooden collar, put on the neck of the prisoner, ξύλῳ φιμοῦν τὸν αὐχένα Ar.Nu.592; ἐς τετρημένον ξ. ἐγκαθαρμόσαι… τὸν αὐχένα Id.Lys.680; or, b stocks, in which the feet were confined, Hdt.9.37, 6.75, Ar.Eq.367, D.18.129; ξ. ἐφέλκειν Polyzel.3; ἐν τῷ ξ. δεδέσθαι Lys.10.16 (v. ποδοκάκκη), cf. Act.Ap.16.24, OGI483.181 (Pergam., ii A.D.) : also in plural, ἔδησεν ἐν τοῖς ξ. And.1.45. c πεντεσύριγγον ξύλον (v. sub voc.) was a combination of both, with holes for the neck, arms, and legs, Ar.Eq.1049. d gallows, κρεμάσαι τινὰ ἐπὶ ξύλου LXX De.21.22; ξ. δίδυμον ib.Jo.8.29 : prov., ἐξ ἀξίου τοῦ ξύλου κἂν ἀπάγξασθαι, i.e. if one must be hanged, at least let it be on a noble tree, App.Prov.2.67, cf. Ar.Ra.736; in NT, of the cross, Act.Ap.5.30,10.39. e stake on which criminals were impaled, Alex.222.10. 4 bench, table, esp. money-changer's table, D.45.33. 5 πρῶτον ξύλον front bench in the Athenian theatre, Ar.Ach.25, V.90, cf. Sch.adlocc. : hence οὑπὶ τῶν ξύλων the official who had to take care of the seats, Hermipp.9 (according to Meineke). 6 the Hippocratic bench, Hp.Fract.13, Art.72. III of live wood, tree, [ὄρος] δασὺ πολλοῖς καὶ παντοδαποῖς καὶ μεγάλοις ξύλοις X.An.6.4.5, cf. Call.Cer.41, Agatharch.55, LXX Ca.2.3, al. : opp. σάρξ, Thphr.HP1.2.6,al.; τῷ ξ. τοῦ δένδρου ἀνάλογον τὴν λεγομένην εἶναι γῆν Plot.6.7.11; τὸ ξ. τῆς ἀμπέλου E.Cyc.572; εἴρια ἀπὸ ξύλου, of cotton, Hdt.3.47; εἵματα ἀπὸ ξύλων πεποιημένα Id.7.65, cf.Poll.7.75. IV of persons, blockhead, APl.4.187; of a stubborn person, σίδηρός τις ἢ ξ. πρὸς τὰς δεήσεις Ach.Tat.5.22. V a measure oflength, = 3 (also 2 2/3) cubits, the side of the ναύβιον, Hero *Geom.23.4,11, POxy.669.11,28 (iii A.D.), 1053 (vi/vii A.D.).
German (Pape)
[Seite 281] τό, das Holz (von ξύω), das abgehauen ist, zum Verbrennen oder zu anderer Benutzung für den Haus- und Schiffbau; ὑπὸ δὲ ξύλα κάγκανα κεῖται, Il. 21, 364; ὑπὸ δὲ ξύλα δαῖον, Il. 18, 347; oft so im plur., κέασε ξύλα νηλέϊ χαλκῷ, Od. 14, 418; nur einmal bei Hom. im singul., Il. 23, 327; ξύλον ξύλῳ ποτίκολλον, Pind. frg. 280; ἐν τομῇ ξύλου, Soph. Tr. 697; ξύλα νήϊα, Schiffbauholz, Hes. O. 810, vgl. νήϊος; ναυπηγήσιμα, Plat. Legg. IV, 706 b; ξύλα τετράγωνα, Balken, Her. 1, 186. Ganz allgemein, καὶ λίθῳ καὶ ξύλῳ καὶ ἀνθρώπῳ, Plat. Hipp. mai. 291 c; λίθους καὶ ξύλα Gorg. 468 a. – Uebh. alles aus Holz Gemachte, Stock, Knittel, Her. 2, 63. 4, 180, wie Sp., Pol. 6, 36, 3; Plut. vom Herakles δέρμα καὶ ξύλον ἔχων, Lycurg. 30; ξύλοις συντρίψειν, Luc. Demon. 50. – Besond. ein bei Sklaven gebrauchtes Zwangs-und Strafwerkzeug, in welches der Hals oder die Füße eingespannt wurden, τετρημένον, Ar. Lys. 680; ξύλῳ δῆσαί τινα, auch ἐν ξύλῳ, Equ. 367. 702; Her. 9, 37; Andoc. 1, 45; ἐν ξύλῳ δεδέσθαι, Lys. 10, 16, mit ποδοκάκη zusammen; Folgde; ξύλῳ φιμοῦν τὸν αὐχένα, Ar. Ran. 716; auch Wahnsinnige oder Tolle wurden in dies Holz gesteckt, Her. 6, 75. – Πρῶτον ξύλον ist im athenischen Theater die vorderste, unterste Sitzbank; denn die Sitze waren vor Alters von Holz, der Name blieb aber auch in dem von Stein gebau'ten Theater; es saßen die Prytanen und Magistrate darauf, Ar. Ach. 25 Vesp. 90. – Vom Kreuz, an das die Verbrecher geheftet werden, N. T.; vgl. auch Alexis bei Ath. IV, 134 a. – Von lebendigem Holze, der Baum, bei alexandrinischen Dichtern, Callim. u. A. Doch nennt Her. 3, 47 die Baumwolle schon εἴρια ἀπὸ ξύλου; vgl. Poll. 7, 75. Oefters der Baumwollenbaum bei Sp.; εἵματα ἀπὸ ξύλων bei Her. 7, 65 scheinen Kleider aus Bast, βίβλος zu sein. – Übertr., ein hölzerner, stumpfsinniger Mensch, s. Iac. Ach. Tat. p. 815. – Auch ein bestimmtes Längenmaaß hieß so, = 3 πήχεις, 4½ Fuß, Mathem. vett.
Greek (Liddell-Scott)
ξύλον: [ῠ], τό, (ἴσως ἐκ τοῦ ξύω), ξύλον κεκομμένον καὶ ἕτοιμον πρὸς χρῆσιν, ξύλον πρὸς καῦσιν, οἰκοδομήν, κτλ., Ὅμ., παρ’ ᾧ κατὰ τὸ πλεῖστον κεῖται ἐπὶ ξύλων πρὸς καῦσιν χρησίμων, καὶ ἐν τῷ πληθ., Ἰλ. Θ. 507, 547, κ. ἀλλ. (πρβλ. ἄξυλος)· ξύλα νήια, πρὸς ναυπηγίαν, Ἡσ. Ἔργ. καὶ Ἡμ. 806· ξ. ναυπηγήσιμα Θουκ. 7. 25, Ξεν., κλ.· ξ. τετράγωνα, ξύλα κεκομμένα τετράγ., Ἡρόδ. 1. 186. 2) ἐν τῷ πληθ., ὡσαύτως ἡ τῶν ξύλων ἀγορά, ἐπὶ ξύλα ἰέναι Ἀριστοφ. Ἀποσπ. 356. ΙΙ. ἐν τῷ ἑνικῷ, τεμάχιον ξύλου, παρ’ Ὁμ. ἅπαξ, ξ. αὖον... ἢ δρυὸς ἢ πεύκης Ἰλ. Ψ. 327· - ξύλον ἐπὶ τοῦ ὁποίου κοιμῶνται ὄρνιθες, ἐπὶ ξύλον καθεύδειν Ἀριστοφ. Νεφ. 1431· - κατὰ ποιητ. περίφρασιν, Ἀργοῦς ξύλον Αἰσχύλ. Ἀποσπ. 19· ἵπποιο κακὸν ξ., ἐπὶ τοῦ δουρείου ἵππου, Ἀνθ. Π. 9. 152· - ἐντεῦθεν, πᾶν πρᾶγμα ἐκ ξύλου κατεσκευασμένον, ὡς, 2) ῥάβδος, βακτηρία, ῥόπαλον, Ἡρόδ. 2. 63., 4. 180, Ἀριστοφ.· ἐπὶ τοῦ ῥοπάλου τοῦ Ἡρακλέους, Πλουτ. Λυκοῦργ. 30. 3) κολαστήριον ὄργανον, α) βαρὺς κλοιὸς ἐκ ξύλου τιθέμενος ἐπὶ τοῦ αὐχένος τοῦ κολαζομένου, ξύλῳ φιμοῦν τὸν αὐχένα Ἀριστοφ. Νεφ. 592· ἐς τετρημένον ξ. ἐγκαθαρμόσαι... τὸν αὐχένα ὁ αὐτ. ἐν Λυσ. 680· ἤ, β) ξύλινα ποδόδεσμα, ἐν οἷς ἐκλείοντο οἱ πόδες, ποδοκάκκη, Ἡρόδ. 9. 39, καὶ οὕτω πιθαν. 6. 75, Ἀριστοφ. Ἱππ. 367· ξ. ἐφέλκειν Πολύζηλος ἐν «Δημοτυνδάρεῳ» 1 - Λυσίας λέγει ὅτι τοῦτο (δηλ. τὴν ποδοκάκκην) ἐσήμαινεν ἡ νομικὴ φράσις: ἐν τῷ ξύλῳ δεδέσθαι, πρβλ. Πράξ. Ἀποστ. ις΄, 24. γ) τὸ πεντεσύριγγον ξύλον (ἴδε ἐν λέξ.) ἦτο ὁ συνδυασμὸς ἀμφοτέρων μετὰ ὀπῶν διὰ τὸν τράχηλον, τὰς χεῖρας καὶ τοὺς πόδας, Ἀριστοφ. Ἱππ. 1049· πρβλ. χοῖνιξ ΙΙ, κλοιός, κύφων. 4) σανὶς ἢ δοκός, εἰς ἣν οἱ κακοῦργοι ἐδένοντο, Ἄλεξις ἐν «Τίτθῃ» 1. 10, πρβλ. Κρατῖν. ἐν Ἀδήλ. 148· καὶ ἐν τῇ Καιν. Διαθ., ὁ σταυρός, Πράξ. Ἀποστ. ε΄, 30, ι΄, 39, κ. ἀλλ.· πρβλ. Ἑβδ. (Δευτ. ΚΑ΄, 22 κ.ἑξ.)· - παροιμ., ἐξ ἀξίου τοῦ ξύλου κἂν ἀπάγξασθαι, δηλ. ἂν εἶναι ἀνάγκη νὰ ἀπαγχονισθῇ τις, τοὐλάχιστον νὰ ἀπαγχονισθῇ ἐκ κλάδου δένδρου ἀξιολόγου, Παροιμιογρ. σ. 138· καθ’ ὃ ἑρμηνευτέα ἡ φράσις ἐν Ἀριστοφ. Βατρ. 736· οὕτως, Aeneae magni dextra cadis, Οὐεργιλίου Αἰνειὰς 10. 830, πρβλ. 11. 689. 5) σανίς, τράπεζα, μάλιστα ἀργυραμοιβοῦ, Δημ. 1111. 22. 6) πρῶτον ξύλον, ἡ πρώτη σειρὰ βάθρων τοῦ ἐν Ἀθήναις θεάτρου, ἐφ’ ἧς ἐκάθηντο οἱ πρυτάνεις (ὅθεν καὶ ἐκαλοῦντο πρωτόβαθροι)· ἡ φράσις προῆλθεν ἐκ τοῦ ὅτι κατ’ ἀρχὰς τὰ ἐν τῷ θεάτρῳ καθίσματα ἦσαν ἐκ ξύλου, διετηρήθη δὲ καὶ ὅτε ἦσαν ἐκ λίθου, ἴδε Ἑρμηνευτ. εἰς Ἀριστοφ. Ἀχ. 25, Σφ. 90· ἐντεῡθεν, οὑπὶ τῶν ξύλων, ὁ ὑπάλληλος ὁ φροντίζων περὶ τῶν ἑδωλίων, Ἕρμιππ. ἐν «Ἀρτοπώλισιν» 5, ἔνθα ἴδε Meineke. ΙΙΙ. ἐπὶ δένδρου, (ὄρος) δασὺ πολλοῖς καὶ παντοδαποῖς ξύλοις Ξεν. Ἀν. 6. 4, 5· ἀλλὰ τοῦτο σπάνιον πλὴν παρὰ τοῖς Ἀλεξανδρίνοις, ὡς Καλλ. εἰς Δήμ. 41· ― ἂν καὶ ὁ Εὐρ. λέγει τὸ ξ. τῆς ἀμπέλου, Κύκλ. 572· καὶ ὁ Ἡρόδ. 3. 47, καλεῖ τὸν βάμβακα εἴρια ἀπὸ ξύλου, πρβλ. Πολυδ. Ζ΄, 75· ― ἀλλὰ τὸ εἵματα ἀπὸ ξύλων, Ἡρόδ. 7. 65, ἐκλαμβάνει ὁ Winckelm. ὡς σημαῖνον ἐνδύματα ἐκ φλοιοῦ τῆς βύβλου. IV. ξυλοκέφαλος, ἠλίθιος ἄνθρωπος, Ἰακώψ. εἰς Ἀχιλλ. Τάτ. σ. 815. V. μέτρον ἐκτάσεως, = 3 πήχ., Ἥρων ἐν Cotel. Monum. 4. σελ. 313.
French (Bailly abrégé)
ου (τό) :
I. bois, particul.
1 bois mort, souche, tronc ou morceau de bois ; τὰ ξύλα morceaux de bois ; particul. bois de construction pour navires;
2 bois sur pied, tronc d’arbre, arbre;
II. tout objet en bois :
1 bâton;
2 massue;
3 instrument de supplice pour esclaves, càd carcan, entraves pour les pieds.
Étymologie: R. Ξυ racler ; v. ξύω, ξέω.
English (Autenrieth)
(ξύω): mostly pl., wood, not standing, but cut; sing., trunk of a tree, Il. 23.327.
English (Slater)
ξύλον
1 wood ποτίκολλον ἅτε ξύλον παρὰ ξύλῳ fr. 241.
Spanish
English (Strong)
from another form of the base of ξέστης; timber (as fuel or material); by implication, a stick, club or tree or other wooden article or substance: staff, stocks, tree, wood.
English (Thayer)
ξύλου, τό (from ξύω to scrape, plane), from Homer down; the Sept. for עֵץ;
1. wood: universally, ξύλον θύϊνον, that which is made of wood, as a beam from which anyone is suspended, a gibbet, a cross (A. V. tree, which see in B. D. American edition), עֵץ, καλόν, ξυλοπεδη, ποδοκάκη, ποδοστράβη, Latin nervus, by which the Latin renders the Hebrew סַד, a fetter, or shackle for the feet, Job (B. D., under the word Smith's Bible Dictionary, Stocks)): Herodotus 6,75; 9,37; Aristophanes eq. 367,394, 705); a cudgel, stick, staff: plural, Herodotus 2,63; 4,180; Demosthenes, p. 645,15; Polybius 6,37, 3; Josephus, b. j. 2,9, 4; Herodian, 7,7, 4).
2. a tree: ξυλος τῆς ζωῆς, see ζωή, 2b., p. 274{a}.
Greek Monotonic
ξύλον: [ῠ], τό (πιθ. από το ξύω)·
I. ξύλο κομμένο και έτοιμο για χρήση, καυσόξυλο, κούτσουρο, ξυλεία για οικοδομή κ.λπ., σε Όμηρ.· ξύλα νήϊα, ξυλεία για ναυπήγηση πλοίου, σε Ησίοδ.· ξύλα ναυπηγήσιμα, σε Θουκ.· ΙI. 1. στον ενικ., κομμάτι ξύλου, στύλος, σε Όμηρ.· κοντάρι, σε Αριστοφ.· ραβδί, ρόπαλο, στυλιάρι, σε Ηρόδ., Αριστοφ.·
2. περιλαίμιο από ξύλο, που έμπαινε στο λαιμό του φυλακισμένου, σε Αριστοφ.· επίσης, ξύλινα δεσμά που εφαρμόζονταν στα πόδια του, σε Ηρόδ., Αριστοφ.· πρβλ. πεντεσύριγγος.
3. σανίδα ή δοκάρι στο οποίο δένονταν οι εγκληματίες, σταυρός μαρτυρίου, σε Καινή Διαθήκη
4. τραπέζι αργυραμοιβού, σε Δημ.
5. πρῶτον ξύλον, η πρώτη σειρά ξύλινων καθισμάτων (για τους επιφανείς, τους πρυτάνεις) στο αθηναϊκό θέατρο, σε Αριστοφ.
III. λέγεται για ξύλο που δεν έχει κοπεί, δέντρο, σε Ξεν.
Russian (Dvoretsky)
ξύλον: (ῠ) τό ξύω и ξέω
1) pl. срубленный лес, бревна: ξύλα νήϊα Hes. или ναυπηγήσιμα Thuc. корабельный лес; ξύλα τετράγωνα Her. четырехгранные бревна, балки;
2) pl. поленья, дрова (ξύλα κάγκανα Hom.);
3) пень или столб (ξ. ἢ δρυὸς ἢ πεύκης Hom.);
4) деревянное сооружение: Ἀργοῦς ξ. Aesch. корабль Арго; ἵπποιο ξ. Anth. (Троянский) деревянный конь;
5) дубинка, палица, палка (ἔχοντες ξύλα Her.; μετὰ μαχαιρῶν καὶ ξύλων NT);
6) шейная или ножная колодка (ξ. σιδηρόδετον Her.; ἐν τῷ ξύλῳ δεδέσθαι Lys.): ξύλῳ φιμοῦν или ἐς ξύλον ἐγκαθαρμόσαι τὸν αὐχένα Arph. надеть на шею колодку;
7) скамья: πρῶτον ξ. Arph. первая скамья (в афинском театре, предназначавшаяся для πρυτάνεις);
8) стол менялы Dem.;
9) дерево (ὄρος δασὺ παντοδαποῖς ξύλοις Xen.; ξ. τῆς ζωῆς NT): τὸ ξ. τῆς ἀμπέλου Eur. виноградная лоза; εἴρια ἀπὸ ξύλου Her. древесная шерсть, т. е. хлопок; εἵματα ἀπὸ ξύλων Her. предполож. одежды из древесной коры или луба;
10) NT = σταυρός;
11) ксил (мера длины = 1.39 м).
Frisk Etymological English
Grammatical information: n.
Meaning: wood, construction-wood-, firewood, tree, beam, stick, foot-, neckblock, banc, table (Il.); also as length-measure = the side of the ναύβιον (Hero Geom., pap.).
Compounds: Very many compp., e.g. ξυλουργός (-οργός, -εργός) m. carpenter with -έω, -ία, -ικός (IA.; cf. on δημιουργός); μονό-ξυλος made from one piece of wood, of πλοῖον a.o. (IA.). On ξύλοχος s. v.
Derivatives: 1. Dimin.: ξυλ-άριον small piece of wood (LXX, pap. a.o.), -ήφιον piece of wood (Hp., hell.), -άφιον id. (Eust.; on -ήφιον, -άφιον Wackernagel Glotta 4, 243 f. [Kl. Schr. 2, 1200f.]); ξύλιον piece of wood (pap. IVp). Further subst.: 2. ξυλ-εύς m. woodcutter, name of a sacrificial attendant in Olympia (inscr. Ia, Paus., H.) with -εύω, -εύομαι fetch wood (hell. inscr., Men., H.), -εία f. fetching wood, store of wood, construction-wood (Plb., Str., pap.); Bosshardt 75; 3. ξυλ-ίτης ἰχθῦς ποιός H. (explan. in Strömberg Fischnamen 25); -ῖτις (γῆ, χέρσος) f. shrub-coutry (pap.; Redard 109 w. n.); 4. ξυλών, -ῶνος m. place for wood (Delos III--IIa). Adj. 1. ξύλ-ινος of wood, wooden (Pi., B., IA.), 2. -ικός id. (Arist.) with -ικάριος woodhandler (?) (Korykos; from Lat. -ārius), 3. -ηρός regarding wood (Delos IIIa), -ηρά f. woodzmarket? (pap. Ip), 4. -ώδης woodlike, -coloured (Hp., Arist., Thphr.). Verbs. 1. ξυλ-ίζομαι fetch wood (X., Plu.) with -ισμός fetching wood (Str., D.H.), -ιστής who fetches wood (sch.); 2. ξυλ-όομαι, -όω become wood, make, make of wood (Thphr., LXX) with -ωσις f. woodwork (Th., hell. inscr.), -ωμα, -ωμάτιον id. (Delos IIIa a.o.); 3. ξυλ-εύω, s. above on ξυλεύς.
Etymology: With ξύλον (from where on younger Att. vases σύλον, σύλινος; Schwyzer 211) agrees Lith. šùlas (bucket-, ton-) stave, stander, pillar, if from IE *ḱsulo-; besides, in vokalism deviating, several Slav. forms, e.g. Russ. šúlo n. garden-pole, Scr. šûlj m. block (IE *ḱseulo-?). Similarly with ū and anlaut. s-, Germ., e.g. OHG sūl f. style, pole, with au (IE ou?) Goth. sauls pillar. The relation between the Slav., Balt. and Germ. words has been amply discussed but hardly explained; s. Vasmer and Fraenkel s. vv. with ric lit. and further forms. Older lit. also in Bq, WP. 2, 503 f. and W.-Hofmann s. silva. Mann Slavon. Rev. 37, 134 still adduces Alb. shul bar, nail, siphon. -- Original connection with ξύω (e.g. Fick 3, 446, also as supposition Schwyzer 329) is not probable, secondary influence (Chantraine Form. 240) well acceptable.
Middle Liddell
ξῠ́λον, ου, τό, [perhaps from ξύω]
I. wood cut and ready for use, firewood, timber, Hom.; ξύλα νήια ship- timber, Hes.; ξ. ναυπηγήσιμα Thuc.
II. in sg. a piece of wood, a post, Hom.: a perch, Ar.: a stick, cudgel, club, Hdt., Ar.
2. a collar of wood, put on the neck of the prisoner, Ar.:—also stocks, for the feet, Hdt., Ar.; cf. πεντεσύριγγος.
3. a plank or beam to which malefactors were bound, the Cross, NTest.
4. a money-changer's table, Dem.
5. πρῶτον ξύλον the front bench of the Athenian theatre, Ar.
III*. of live wood, a tree, Xen.
{{FriskDe
|ftr=ξύλον: {ksúlon}
Grammar: n.
Meaning: ‘Holz, Bau-, Brennholz, Baum, Balken, Stock, Fuß-, Halsblock, Bank, Tisch’ (seit Il.); auch als Längenmaß = [[die Seite des ναύβιον (Hero Geom., Pap.).
Composita : Sehr zahlreiche Kompp., z.B. ξυλουργός (-οργός, -εργός) m. Holzarbeiter, Zimmermann mit -έω, -ία, -ικός (ion. att.; vgl. zu δημιουργός); μονόξυλος aus einem Stück Holz gemacht, von πλοῖον u.a. (ion. att.). Zu ξύλοχος s. bes.
Derivative: Ableitungen. 1. Deminutiva: ξυλάριον Hölzchen (LXX, Pap. u.a.), -ήφιον Holzstück (Hp., hell.), -άφιον ib. (Eust.; zu -ήφιον, -άφιον Wackernagel Glotta 4, 243 f. [Kl. Schr. 2, 1200f.]); ξύλιον Holzblock (Pap. IVp). Übrige Subst.: 2. ξυλεύς m. Holzholer, N. eines Opferdieners in Olympia (Inschr. Ia, Paus., H.) nnt -εύω, -εύομαι Holz holen (hell. Inschr., Men., H.), -εία f. das Holzholen, Holzvorrat, Bauholz (Plb., Str., Pap. u. a.); Bosshardt 75; 3. ξυλίτης· ἰχθῦς ποιός H. (tastende Erklärungsversuche bei Strömberg Fischnamen 25); -ῖτις (γῆ, χέρσος) f. Strauchland (Pap.; Redard 109 m. A.); 4. ξυλών, -ῶνος m. ‘Holzschup- pen’ (Delos III—IIa). Adj. 1. ξύλινος von Holz, hölzern (Pi., B., ion. att.), 2. -ικός ib. (Arist. usw.) mit -ικάριος ‘Holzhändler (?)’ (Korykos; aus lat. -ārius), 3. -ηρός Holz betreffend (Delos IIIa), -ηρά f. Holzmarkt? (Pap. Ip), 4. -ώδης ‘holzartig, -farben’ (Hp., Arist., Thphr.). Verba. 1. ξυλίζομαι Holz holen (X., Plu. u.a.) mit -ισμός das Holzholen (Str., D.H.), -ιστής Holzholer (Sch.); 2. ξυλόομαι, -όω zu Holz werden, machen, von Holz machen (Thphr., LXX usw.) mit -ωσις f. Holzwerk (Th., hell. Inschr. u.a.), -ωμα, -ωμάτιον ib. (Delos IIIa u.a.); 3. ξυλεύω, s. oben zu ξυλεύς.
Etymology : Zu ξύλον (woraus auf jüngeren att. Vasen σύλον, σύλινος; Schwyzer 211 m. Lit.) stimmt lit. šùlas ‘(Eimer-, Tonnen-) Stab, Ständer, Pfeiler’, wenn aus idg. *ḱsulo-; daneben, im Vokal abweichend, mehrere slav. Formen, z.B. russ. šúlo n. Zaunpfahl, skr. šûlj m. Block (idg. *ḱseulo-?). Ähnlich mit ū und anlaut. s-, germ., z.B. ahd. sūl f. Pfosten, Säule, mit au (idg. ou?) got. sauls Säule. Wie sich die slav., balt. und germ. Wörter zueinander verhalten, ist lebhaft diskutiert worden und kaum. endgültig aufgeklärt; s. Vasmer und Fraenkel s. vv. mit reicher Lit. und weiteren Formen. Ältere Lit. auch bei Bq, WP. 2, 503 f. und W.-Hofmann s. silva. Mann Slavon. Rev. 37, 134 zieht noch heran alb. shul Stange, Nagel, Hebel. — Ursprüngliche Verbindung mit ξύω (z.B. Fick 3, 446, auch als Vermutung Schwyzer 329) ist nicht glaubhaft, sekundäre Beeinflussung (Chantraine Form. 240) gut denkbar.
Page 2,338-339
}}
Chinese
原文音譯:xÚlon 克需朗
詞類次數:名詞(19)
原文字根:木 相當於: (עֵץ)
字義溯源:木料,木製品,木頭,木,木狗,樹,棒,十字架;源自(ξέστης)=容器);而 (ξέστης)出自(ξέστης)X*=光滑)。這字有時譯為:木頭(6次),除啓示錄的一次外,其餘五次在使徒行傳與書信中均係指十字架,就是主耶穌所釘的十字架
出現次數:總共(20);太(2);可(2);路(2);徒(4);林前(1);加(1);彼前(1);啓(7)
譯字彙編:
1) 樹(6) 路23:31; 啓2:7; 啓22:2; 啓22:2; 啓22:14; 啓22:19;
2) 木頭(6) 徒5:30; 徒10:39; 徒13:29; 加3:13; 彼前2:24; 啓18:12;
3) 棒(5) 太26:47; 太26:55; 可14:43; 可14:48; 路22:52;
4) 木(2) 林前3:12; 啓18:12;
5) 木狗(1) 徒16:24