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Ὁ συκοφάντης ἐστὶν ἐν πόλει λύκος (τοῖς πέλας λύκος) → Calumniator, quemquem novit, huic lupus'st → Der Denunziant lebt in der Stadt gleichsam als Wolf (ist seinen Nachbarn wie ein Wolf)
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|lshtext=<b>prō</b>: (archaic collat. form, posi in [[posimerium]]; cf. [[pono]], from posino; cf. Gr. [[ποτί]] | |lshtext=<b>prō</b>: (archaic collat. form, posi in [[posimerium]]; cf. [[pono]], from posino; cf. Gr. [[ποτί]] and ποτ [[with]] [[πρός]]), adv. and prep. [[root]] in Sanscr. prep. pra-, [[before]], as in prathamas, [[first]]; Gr. πρό; cf.: [[πρότερος]], [[πρῶτος]], etc.; Lat.: [[prae]], [[prior]], [[priscus]], etc.; perh. old abl. form, of [[which]] [[prae]] is the loc.,<br /><b>I</b> [[before]], in [[front]] of; and, transf., for, [[with]] the [[idea]] of [[protection]], substitution, or [[proportion]].<br /><b>I</b> Adv., [[found]] [[only]] in the transf. comp. signif. (v. [[infra]], II. B. 3.) in [[connection]] [[with]] [[quam]] and ut: pro [[quam]] and pro ut (the [[latter]] [[usually]] written in one [[word]], [[prout]]), [[like]] [[prae]] [[quam]] and [[prae]] ut. *<br /> <b>A</b> Pro [[quam]], in [[proportion]] as, [[just]] as: nec [[satis]] est, pro [[quam]] largos exaestuat [[aestus]], Lucr. 2, 1137. —<br /> <b>B</b> Pro ut or [[prout]], according as, in [[proportion]], [[accordingly]], proportionably as, [[just]] as, as ([[class]].): compararat argenti [[bene]] facti, [[prout]] Thermitani hominis facultates ferebant, [[satis]], Cic. Verr. 2, 2, 34, § 83: tuas litteras, [[prout]] res postulat, [[exspecto]], id. Att. 11, 6 fin.: id, [[prout]] cujusque [[ingenium]] erat, interpretabantur, Liv. 38, 50: [[prout]] [[locus]] [[iniquus]] aequusve his aut illis, [[prout]] [[animus]] pugnantium est, [[prout]] [[numerus]], [[varia]] pugnae [[fortuna]] est, id. 38, 40 fin.—With a corresp. ita: ejusque rationem ita haberi, [[prout]] haberi lege liceret, Cic. Phil. 5, 17, 46: [[prout]] [[sedes]] ipsa est, ita [[varia]] genera morborum sunt, Cels. 4, 4, 5: [[prout]] nives satiaverint, ita Nilum increscere, Plin. 5, 9, 10, § 51.—<br /><b>II</b> Prep. [[with]] abl. ([[late]] Lat. [[with]] acc.: PRO SALVTEM SVAM, Inscr. Grut. 4, 12; 46, 9; Inscr. Orell. 2360), [[before]], in [[front]] of.<br /> <b>A</b> Lit., of [[place]]: sedens pro aede Castoris, Cic. Phil. 3, 11, 27: praesidia, quae pro templis cernitis, id. Mil. 1, 2: ii qui pro portis castrorum in statione erant, Caes. B. G. 4, 32: pro castris copias habere, id. ib. 7, 66: pro castris dimicare, id. ib. 5, 16: pro [[oppido]], id. ib. 7, 71: pro opere consistere, Sall. J. 92, 9: [[castra]] pro moenibus locata, Liv. 2, 53; 4, 17: pro [[muro]], id. 30, 10: pro castris explicare aciem, id. 6, 23: pro [[vallo]], Plin. 2, 37, 37, § 101; Vell. 2, 19, 1.—With verbs of [[motion]]: [[Caesar]] pro castris suas copias produxit, [[before]] the [[camp]], Caes. B. G. 1, 48: hasce tabulas hic [[ibidem]] pro pedibus tuis obicito, [[before]] [[your]] feet, App. Mag. p. 337, 36; id. M. 4, p. 155, 2.—<br /> <b>2</b> In partic., [[with]] the [[accessory]] [[idea]] of [[presence]] on the [[front]] [[part]], on the [[edge]] or [[brink]] of a [[place]], on or in the [[front]] of, [[often]] to be translated by a [[simple]] on or in: pro censu [[classis]] iuniorum, Serv. [[Tullius]] cum dixit, accipi debet in censu, ut ait M. [[Varro]], [[sicuti]] pro aede Castoris, pro tribunali, pro testimonio, Fest. p. 246 Müll.; cf.: pro significat in, ut pro rostris, pro aede, pro tribunali, Paul. ex Fest. p. 228 Müll.; and: pro [[sententia]] ac si dicatur in sententiā, ut pro rostris id est in rostris, id. p. 226 Müll.: hac re pro suggestu pronunciata, qs. [[standing]] on the [[front]] [[part]] of the [[tribune]], or, as we would [[say]], on the [[tribune]], Caes. B. G. 6, 3: pro tribunali cum aliquid ageretur, [[was]] transacted [[before]] or at my [[tribunal]], Cic. Fam. 3, 8, 21; so, pro tribunali, id. Pis. 5, 11; id. Sest. 15, 34: pro contione, [[before]] the [[assembled]] [[army]]; and, in gen., [[before]] the [[assembly]]: [[laudatus]] pro contione [[Jugurtha]], Sall. J. 8, 2; cf. Curt. 9, 1, 1: pro contione laudibus legati militumque tollere animos, Liv. 7, 7: fortes viros pro contione donantis, Curt. 10, 5, 10: pro contione litteras recitare, id. 4, 10, 16; Liv. 38, 23 fin.: pro contione [[palam]] utrumque temptavit, Suet. Vesp. 7; Tac. A. 3, 9; Front. Strat. 1, 11, 3: 4, 5, 11; cf.: pro [[comitio]], Suet. Aug. 43: uti pro consilio [[imperatum]] erat, in the [[council]], Sall. J. 29, 6; cf.: [[supplicatio]] in [[triduum]] pro collegio decemvirūm imperata fuit, Liv. 38, 36: pontifices pro collegio decrevisse, Gell. 11, 3, 2: pro collegio pronuntiare, Liv. 4, 26, 9: suas simultates pro magistratu exercere, id. 39, 5: pro munimentis castelli manipulos explicat, [[before]], on the fortifications, Tac. A. 2, 80; 12, 33: stabat pro litore diversa [[acies]], in [[front]] of or [[upon]] the [[shore]], id. ib. 14, 30: legionem pro ripā componere, id. ib. 12, 29: velamenta et infulas pro muris ostentant, in [[front]] of, from the walls, Tac. H. 3, 31; so, pro muris, id. A. 2, 81: ad hoc mulieres puerique pro tectis aedificiorum saxa et [[alia]], quae [[locus]] praebebat, [[certatim]] mittere, [[standing]] on the [[edge]] of the roofs, from the roofs, Sall. J. 67, 1 Kritz.—<br /> <b>B</b> Transf.<br /> <b>1</b> To [[signify]] a [[standing]] [[before]] or in [[front]] of, for [[defence]] or [[protection]]; [[hence]] an acting for, in [[behalf]] of, in [[favor]] of, for the [[benefit]] of, on the [[side]] of (opp. [[contra]], adversum): veri inveniendi causā [[contra]] omnia dici oportere et pro omnibus, Cic. Ac. 2, 18, 60; cf.: hoc non [[modo]] non pro me, sed [[contra]] me est [[potius]], id. de Or. 3, 20, 75: [[partim]] [[nihil]] [[contra]] Habitum valere, [[partim]] [[etiam]] pro hoc esse, id. Clu. 32, 88: difficillimum videtur [[quod]] dixi, pro ipsis esse quibus eveniunt ista, quae horremus ac tremimus, Sen. Prov. 3, 2: haec cum [[contra]] legem proque lege dicta essent, Liv. 34, 8: pro Romano [[populo]] armis certare, Enn. ap. Non. 150, 6 (Ann. v. 215 Vahl.); cf.: pro vostrā vitā morti occumbant, id. ap. Serv. ad Verg. A. 2, 62 (Trag. v. 176 Vahl.): quae ego pro re publica fecissem, [[Cato]] ap. Front. p. 149: [[nihil]] ab eo praetermissum est, [[quod]] aut pro re publicā conquerendum fuit, aut pro eā disputandum, Cic. Sest. 2, 3: omnia me [[semper]] pro amicorum periculis, [[nihil]] [[umquam]] pro me ipso deprecatum, id. de Or. 2, 49, 201: convenit dimicare pro legibus, pro libertate, pro patriā, id. Tusc. 4, 19, 43: [[dulce]] et [[decorum]] est pro patriā mori, Hor. C. 3, 2, 13; cf. id. ib. 3, 19, 2: pro sollicitis non [[tacitus]] reis, id. ib. 4, 1, 14: spondere levi pro paupere, id. A. P. 423: urbes, quae viris aut [[loco]] pro hostibus et [[advorsum]] se opportunissumae erant, Sall. J. 88, 4: nec aliud [[adversus]] validissimas gentes pro nobis utilius, [[quam]], etc., Tac. Agr. 12: et [[locus]] pro [[vobis]] et nox erit, Liv 9, 24, 8: et loca sua et [[genus]] pugnae pro hoste fuere, id. 39, 30, 3: pro Corbulone [[aetas]], [[patrius]] mos ... erant: [[contra]], etc., Tac. A. 3, 31; id. H. 4, 78; Curt. 4, 14, 16.—<br /> <b>2</b> With the [[notion]] of replacement or substitution, in the [[place]] of, [[instead]] of, for.<br /> <b>a</b> In gen.: [[numquam]] ego [[argentum]] pro vino congiario ... disdidi, [[Cato]] ap. Front. p. 149: ego ibo pro te, si [[tibi]] non [[libet]], Plaut. Most. 5, 2, 10: ego pro te molam, Ter. And. 1, 2, 29; Cic. Leg. 2, 5, 13: mutata (ea [[dico]]), in quibus pro verbo [[proprio]] subicitur aliud ... ut cum minutum dicimus animum pro parvo, etc., id. Or. 27, 92 sq.; cf.: [[libenter]] [[etiam]] copulando verba jungebant, ut [[sodes]] pro si audes, sis pro si vis ... ain' pro aisne, nequire pro non [[quire]], malle pro [[magis]] velle, nolle pro non velle. Dein [[etiam]] [[saepe]] et [[exin]] pro [[deinde]] et [[exinde]] dicimus, id. ib. 45, 154: pro vitulā statuis dulcem Aulide natam, Hor S. 2, 3, 199: pro [[bene]] [[sano]] Ac non incauto fictum astutumque vocamus, id. ib. 1, 3, 61; cf. Suet. Caes. 70: pro [[ope]] ferendā sociis pergit [[ipse]] [[ire]], etc., Liv. 23, 28, 11 Weissenb. ad loc.; Zumpt, Gram. § 667; cf.: pro eo, ut ipsi ex [[alieno]] agro raperent, suas terras, etc., Liv. 22, 1, 2.—<br /> <b>b</b> Esp. freq. in [[connection]] [[with]] the [[title]] of [[any]] [[officer]], to [[denote]] his [[substitute]]' pro consule, pro praetore, pro quaestore, pro [[magistro]], etc. ([[afterwards]] joined [[into]] one [[word]], as [[proconsul]], [[propraetor]], proquaestor, [[promagister]], etc.), [[proconsul]], proprœtor, proquœstor, [[vice]]-[[director]]: cum pro consule in Ciliciam proficiscens Athenas venissem, Cic. de Or. 1, 18, 82; cf.: cum L. [[Philippus]] pro consulibus eum se mittere dixit, non pro consule, [[instead]] of the consuls, not as [[proconsul]], id. Phil. 11, 8, 18: nec pro praetore, Caesarem (vocat), id. ib. 13, 10, 22; Liv. 35, 1. cum Alexandriae pro quaestore essem, Cic. Ac. 2, 4, 11' cf.: litteris Q. Caepionis Bruti pro consule ... Q. Hortensii pro consule [[opera]], etc., id. Phil. 10, 11, 26: P. [[Terentius]] operas in portu et scripturā Asiae pro [[magistro]] dedit, id. Att. 11, 10, 1; cf. id. Verr. 2, 2, 70, § 169; id. Fam. 13, 65, 1; see also the words [[proconsul]], [[promagister]], [[propraetor]], proquaestor, etc.—<br /> <b>c</b> So of [[price]], [[penalty]], etc., in [[exchange]], in [[return]] for: [[tres]] minas pro istis duobus dedi, Plaut. Most. 3, 2, 138; id. Aul. 3, 3, 8: pro hujus peccatis ego [[supplicium]] sufferam, Ter. And. 5, 3, 17: [[dimidium]] ejus [[quod]] [[pactus]] esset, pro carmine daturum, Cic. de Or. 2, 86, 351: pro vitā hominis [[nisi]] hominis [[vita]] reddatur, non posse deorum inmortalium [[numen]] placari, Caes. B. G. 6, 16: id pro immolatis in [[foro]] Tarquiniensium Romanis poenae hostibus redditum, Liv. 7, 19, 3: vos, pro paternis sceleribus, poenas [[date]], Sen. Med. 925; Lact. 2, 7, 21: pro crimine poenas, Ov. Ib. 621.—<br /> <b>3</b> Pro is also [[frequently]] used to [[denote]] the viewing, judging, considering, representing of a [[thing]] as [[something]], for, the [[same]] as, [[just]] as, as: pro [[sano]] loqueris, [[quom]] me appellas nomine, Plaut. Men. 2, 2, 24: [[sese]] ducit pro adulescentulo, id. Stich. 3, 1, 65; id. Cist. 1, 3, 24: hunc Eduxi a parvulo, habui, amavi pro meo, as my [[own]], Ter. Ad. 1, 1, 23: [[Cato]] [[ille]] [[noster]] qui mihi [[unus]] est pro [[centum]] milibus, whose [[voice]] I [[regard]] as [[equal]] to [[that]] of thousands, Cic. Att. 2, 5, 1: Siciliam nobis non pro penariā cellā, sed pro aerario fuisse, id. Verr. 2, 2, 2, § 5: P. Sestio pro occiso [[relictus]] est, id. Sest. 38, 81; Caes. B. G. 3, 109: cum pro damnato mortuoque esset, as [[good]] as condemned and [[dead]], Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 15, § 33: [[summa]] [[ratio]], quae sapientibus pro [[necessitate]] est, Plin. Ep. 1, 12, 3: negotia pro solatiis accipiens, Tac. A. 4, 13: consuli pro hostibus esse, Liv. 43, 5, 4: [[adeo]] [[incredibilis]] visa res, ut non pro [[vano]] [[modo]], sed vix pro [[sano]] nuncius audiretur, as a [[boaster]], Liv. 39, 49: [[quoniam]] de adventu Caesaris pro [[certo]] habebamus, to [[consider]] as [[certain]], Mat. ap. Cic. Att. 9, 15, 6 et saep.; v. [[certus]].—<br /> <b>4</b> Esp. in [[certain]] phrases: pro eo, for the [[same]] [[thing]], as [[just]] the [[same]]: ut si a Caesare, [[quod]] speramus, impetrarimus, tuo beneficio nos id consecutos esse judicemus: [[sin]] [[minus]], pro eo [[tantum]] id habeamus, cum a te [[data]] [[sit]] [[opera]], ut impetraremus, Cic. Fam. 13, 7, 5.—With the particles of [[comparison]]: [[atque]] (ac), ac si, [[quasi]], [[just]] the [[same]] as, [[even]] as, as [[though]]: pro eo ac debui, [[just]] as [[was]] my [[duty]], Sulp. ap. Cic. Fam. 4, 5, 1: pro eo ac si concessum [[sit]], Cic. Inv. 1, 32, 54: pro eo est [[atque]] si [[adhibitus]] non esset, Dig. 28, 1, 22: pro eo erit [[quasi]] ne [[legatum]] [[quidem]] [[sit]], ib. 30, 1, 38: pro eo [[quod]], for the [[reason]] [[that]], [[because]]: pro eo [[quod]] ejus [[nomen]] erat magnā [[apud]] omnes gloriā, Cic. de Or. 2, 18, 75: pro eo [[quod]] pluribus verbis vos [[quam]] volui fatigavi, veniam a [[vobis]] petitam velim, Liv 38, 49 fin.—<br /> <b>5</b> On [[account]] of, for the [[sake]] of: [[dolor]] pro patriā, Cic. Fin. 1, 7, 24: [[tumultus]] pro recuperandā re publicā, id. Brut. 90, 311 dub. (B. and K. [[omit]] pro): dedit pro corpore nummos, i. e. to [[rescue]] his [[person]], Hor. S. 1, 2, 43: aliquem [[amare]] pro ejus eximiā suavitate, Cic. de Or 1, 55, 234: pro quibus meritis [[quanto]] opere [[dilectus]] [[sit]], Suet. Aug. 57: cum pro incolumitate principis vota susceperunt, Tac. A. 4, 17: pro bono (= [[bene]]), Sall. J. 22, 4.—<br /> <b>6</b> Pro is used in its [[most]] [[general]] [[sense]] in stating the [[relation]] [[between]] [[two]] objects or actions, in [[proportion]], in [[comparison]] [[with]], according to or as, [[conformably]] to, by [[virtue]] of, for, etc.: [[meus]] [[pater]] [[nunc]] pro hujus verbis recte et [[sapienter]] facit, according to his [[story]], Plaut. Am. 1, 1, 133: tu pro oratione nec vir nec [[mulier]] mihi's, id. Rud. 4, 4, 71: pro viribus tacere ac fabulari, according to one's [[ability]], Enn. ap. Non. 475, 4 (Trag. v. 181 Vahl.): facere certum'st pro copiā ac sapientiā, Plaut. Merc. 3, 1, 8: agere pro viribus, Cic. Sen. 9, 27: aliquem pro dignitate laudare, id. Rosc. Am. 12, 33: [[proelium]] atrocius [[quam]] pro [[numero]] pugnantium fuit, Liv. 21, 29: pro imperio, by [[virtue]] of his [[office]] or [[authority]]: [[quia]] pro imperio [[palam]] interfici non poterat, Liv. 1, 51, 2; [[hence]], [[imperatively]], dictatorially, [[summarily]]: nec illum ipsum submovere pro imperio posse [[more]] majorum, id. 2, 56, 12' [[hem]]! [[satis]] pro imperio, [[quisquis]] es, Ter. Phorm. 1, 4, 18: pro tuā prudentiā, Cic. Fam. 4, 10, 2; 11, 12, 2: cum in eam rationem pro suo [[quisque]] sensu ac dolore loqueretur, id. Verr. 2, 1, 27, § 69: quibus aliquid opis [[fortasse]] ego pro meā, tu pro tuā, pro suā [[quisque]] parte ferre potuisset, id. Fam. 15, 15, 3: pro virili parte, according to one's [[ability]], id. Sest. 66, 138; Liv. praef. 2; Ov. Tr. 5, 11, 23. —Esp. freq.: pro ratā parte and pro ratā, in [[proportion]], proportionably; v. [[ratus]]: pro se [[quisque]], [[each]] according to his [[ability]], [[each]] one for [[himself]], Cic. Off. 3, 14, 58; Caes. B. G. 2, 25; Verg. A. 12, 552 et saep.: pro tempore et pro re, according to [[time]] and circumstances, Caes. B. G. 5, 8: pro facultatibus, Nep. Epam. 3, 5.—Pro eo, [[quantum]], or ut, in [[proportion]] to, as, according to, according as: eāque pro eo, [[quantum]] in [[quoque]] [[sit]] ponderis, esse aestimanda, Cic. Fin. 4, 21, 58: [[equidem]] pro eo, quanti te [[facio]], [[quicquid]] feceris, approbabo, id. Fam. 3, 3, 2: [[tamen]] pro eo ut temporis [[difficultas]] tulit, etc., L. Metell. ap. Cic. Verr. 2, 3, 54, § 126.!*? In [[composition]] the o is [[long]] in [[some]] words, in others [[short]] ([[through]] the [[influence]] of the Gr. προ-): prōdeo, prŏfiteor; and [[even]] in words borrowed from the Greek, as prōlogus.—Its [[signification]] has [[reference]] [[either]] to [[place]], [[before]], forwards; or to [[protection]], for; [[procedo]], [[procurro]], [[profanus]]; [[procuro]], [[propugno]], [[prosum]], [[protego]].<br /><b>prō</b>: (less correctly prōh), interj., an [[exclamation]] of [[wonder]] or [[lamentation]],<br /><b>I</b> O! Ah! Alas! ([[class]].).<br /> <b>(a)</b> With nom.: [[proh]]! bonae [[frugi]] hominem te jam [[pridem]] esse [[arbitror]], Plaut. Cas. 2, 4, 4: pro [[Juppiter]]! Enn. ap. Varr L. L. 7, § 12 Müll. (Trag. v 225 Vahl.); Ter. And. 4, 3, 17; id. Eun. 3, 5, 2; id. Ad. 1, 2, 31; cf.: pro [[supreme]] [[Juppiter]], id. ib. 2, 1, 42: pro [[Juppiter]], Hominis stultitiam! id. ib. 3, 3, 12: pro di immortales, id. ib. 3, 4, 1; cf.: pro, dii immortales: Cic. Imp. Pomp. 12, 33: pro [[curia]] inversique [[mores]]! Hor. C. 3, 5, 7: pro [[scelus]], Mart. 2, 46, 8.—<br /> <b>(b)</b> Parenthet.: pro, quanta [[potentia]] regni Est, [[Venus]] alma, tui, Ov. M. 13, 758: et mea, pro! nullo pondere verba cadunt, id. H. 3, 98: [[tantum]], pro! degeneramus a patribus, Liv. 22, 14, 6; Curt. 4, 16, 10.—<br /> <b>(g)</b> With acc.: pro divom fidem! Enn. ap. [[Don]]. ad. Ter. Phorm. 2, 2, 25 (Sat. v. 30 Vahl.); Ter. Ad. 4, 7, 28; cf.: pro deum [[atque]] hominum fidem! id. And. 1, 5, 2; 11; id. Heaut. 1, 1, 9; Cic. Tusc. 5, 16, 48; [[instead]] of [[which]], ellipt.: pro deum immortalium! Ter. Phorm. 2, 3, 4: pro deum [[atque]] hominum, id. Hec. 2, 1, 1: pro fidem deum! [[facinus]] foedum, id. Eun. 5, 4, 21.—<br /> <b>(d)</b> With gen.: pro malae tractationis! Tert. Poen. fin. | ||
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Revision as of 09:34, 13 August 2017
Latin > English (Lewis & Short)
prō: (archaic collat. form, posi in posimerium; cf. pono, from posino; cf. Gr. ποτί and ποτ with πρός), adv. and prep. root in Sanscr. prep. pra-, before, as in prathamas, first; Gr. πρό; cf.: πρότερος, πρῶτος, etc.; Lat.: prae, prior, priscus, etc.; perh. old abl. form, of which prae is the loc.,
I before, in front of; and, transf., for, with the idea of protection, substitution, or proportion.
I Adv., found only in the transf. comp. signif. (v. infra, II. B. 3.) in connection with quam and ut: pro quam and pro ut (the latter usually written in one word, prout), like prae quam and prae ut. *
A Pro quam, in proportion as, just as: nec satis est, pro quam largos exaestuat aestus, Lucr. 2, 1137. —
B Pro ut or prout, according as, in proportion, accordingly, proportionably as, just as, as (class.): compararat argenti bene facti, prout Thermitani hominis facultates ferebant, satis, Cic. Verr. 2, 2, 34, § 83: tuas litteras, prout res postulat, exspecto, id. Att. 11, 6 fin.: id, prout cujusque ingenium erat, interpretabantur, Liv. 38, 50: prout locus iniquus aequusve his aut illis, prout animus pugnantium est, prout numerus, varia pugnae fortuna est, id. 38, 40 fin.—With a corresp. ita: ejusque rationem ita haberi, prout haberi lege liceret, Cic. Phil. 5, 17, 46: prout sedes ipsa est, ita varia genera morborum sunt, Cels. 4, 4, 5: prout nives satiaverint, ita Nilum increscere, Plin. 5, 9, 10, § 51.—
II Prep. with abl. (late Lat. with acc.: PRO SALVTEM SVAM, Inscr. Grut. 4, 12; 46, 9; Inscr. Orell. 2360), before, in front of.
A Lit., of place: sedens pro aede Castoris, Cic. Phil. 3, 11, 27: praesidia, quae pro templis cernitis, id. Mil. 1, 2: ii qui pro portis castrorum in statione erant, Caes. B. G. 4, 32: pro castris copias habere, id. ib. 7, 66: pro castris dimicare, id. ib. 5, 16: pro oppido, id. ib. 7, 71: pro opere consistere, Sall. J. 92, 9: castra pro moenibus locata, Liv. 2, 53; 4, 17: pro muro, id. 30, 10: pro castris explicare aciem, id. 6, 23: pro vallo, Plin. 2, 37, 37, § 101; Vell. 2, 19, 1.—With verbs of motion: Caesar pro castris suas copias produxit, before the camp, Caes. B. G. 1, 48: hasce tabulas hic ibidem pro pedibus tuis obicito, before your feet, App. Mag. p. 337, 36; id. M. 4, p. 155, 2.—
2 In partic., with the accessory idea of presence on the front part, on the edge or brink of a place, on or in the front of, often to be translated by a simple on or in: pro censu classis iuniorum, Serv. Tullius cum dixit, accipi debet in censu, ut ait M. Varro, sicuti pro aede Castoris, pro tribunali, pro testimonio, Fest. p. 246 Müll.; cf.: pro significat in, ut pro rostris, pro aede, pro tribunali, Paul. ex Fest. p. 228 Müll.; and: pro sententia ac si dicatur in sententiā, ut pro rostris id est in rostris, id. p. 226 Müll.: hac re pro suggestu pronunciata, qs. standing on the front part of the tribune, or, as we would say, on the tribune, Caes. B. G. 6, 3: pro tribunali cum aliquid ageretur, was transacted before or at my tribunal, Cic. Fam. 3, 8, 21; so, pro tribunali, id. Pis. 5, 11; id. Sest. 15, 34: pro contione, before the assembled army; and, in gen., before the assembly: laudatus pro contione Jugurtha, Sall. J. 8, 2; cf. Curt. 9, 1, 1: pro contione laudibus legati militumque tollere animos, Liv. 7, 7: fortes viros pro contione donantis, Curt. 10, 5, 10: pro contione litteras recitare, id. 4, 10, 16; Liv. 38, 23 fin.: pro contione palam utrumque temptavit, Suet. Vesp. 7; Tac. A. 3, 9; Front. Strat. 1, 11, 3: 4, 5, 11; cf.: pro comitio, Suet. Aug. 43: uti pro consilio imperatum erat, in the council, Sall. J. 29, 6; cf.: supplicatio in triduum pro collegio decemvirūm imperata fuit, Liv. 38, 36: pontifices pro collegio decrevisse, Gell. 11, 3, 2: pro collegio pronuntiare, Liv. 4, 26, 9: suas simultates pro magistratu exercere, id. 39, 5: pro munimentis castelli manipulos explicat, before, on the fortifications, Tac. A. 2, 80; 12, 33: stabat pro litore diversa acies, in front of or upon the shore, id. ib. 14, 30: legionem pro ripā componere, id. ib. 12, 29: velamenta et infulas pro muris ostentant, in front of, from the walls, Tac. H. 3, 31; so, pro muris, id. A. 2, 81: ad hoc mulieres puerique pro tectis aedificiorum saxa et alia, quae locus praebebat, certatim mittere, standing on the edge of the roofs, from the roofs, Sall. J. 67, 1 Kritz.—
B Transf.
1 To signify a standing before or in front of, for defence or protection; hence an acting for, in behalf of, in favor of, for the benefit of, on the side of (opp. contra, adversum): veri inveniendi causā contra omnia dici oportere et pro omnibus, Cic. Ac. 2, 18, 60; cf.: hoc non modo non pro me, sed contra me est potius, id. de Or. 3, 20, 75: partim nihil contra Habitum valere, partim etiam pro hoc esse, id. Clu. 32, 88: difficillimum videtur quod dixi, pro ipsis esse quibus eveniunt ista, quae horremus ac tremimus, Sen. Prov. 3, 2: haec cum contra legem proque lege dicta essent, Liv. 34, 8: pro Romano populo armis certare, Enn. ap. Non. 150, 6 (Ann. v. 215 Vahl.); cf.: pro vostrā vitā morti occumbant, id. ap. Serv. ad Verg. A. 2, 62 (Trag. v. 176 Vahl.): quae ego pro re publica fecissem, Cato ap. Front. p. 149: nihil ab eo praetermissum est, quod aut pro re publicā conquerendum fuit, aut pro eā disputandum, Cic. Sest. 2, 3: omnia me semper pro amicorum periculis, nihil umquam pro me ipso deprecatum, id. de Or. 2, 49, 201: convenit dimicare pro legibus, pro libertate, pro patriā, id. Tusc. 4, 19, 43: dulce et decorum est pro patriā mori, Hor. C. 3, 2, 13; cf. id. ib. 3, 19, 2: pro sollicitis non tacitus reis, id. ib. 4, 1, 14: spondere levi pro paupere, id. A. P. 423: urbes, quae viris aut loco pro hostibus et advorsum se opportunissumae erant, Sall. J. 88, 4: nec aliud adversus validissimas gentes pro nobis utilius, quam, etc., Tac. Agr. 12: et locus pro vobis et nox erit, Liv 9, 24, 8: et loca sua et genus pugnae pro hoste fuere, id. 39, 30, 3: pro Corbulone aetas, patrius mos ... erant: contra, etc., Tac. A. 3, 31; id. H. 4, 78; Curt. 4, 14, 16.—
2 With the notion of replacement or substitution, in the place of, instead of, for.
a In gen.: numquam ego argentum pro vino congiario ... disdidi, Cato ap. Front. p. 149: ego ibo pro te, si tibi non libet, Plaut. Most. 5, 2, 10: ego pro te molam, Ter. And. 1, 2, 29; Cic. Leg. 2, 5, 13: mutata (ea dico), in quibus pro verbo proprio subicitur aliud ... ut cum minutum dicimus animum pro parvo, etc., id. Or. 27, 92 sq.; cf.: libenter etiam copulando verba jungebant, ut sodes pro si audes, sis pro si vis ... ain' pro aisne, nequire pro non quire, malle pro magis velle, nolle pro non velle. Dein etiam saepe et exin pro deinde et exinde dicimus, id. ib. 45, 154: pro vitulā statuis dulcem Aulide natam, Hor S. 2, 3, 199: pro bene sano Ac non incauto fictum astutumque vocamus, id. ib. 1, 3, 61; cf. Suet. Caes. 70: pro ope ferendā sociis pergit ipse ire, etc., Liv. 23, 28, 11 Weissenb. ad loc.; Zumpt, Gram. § 667; cf.: pro eo, ut ipsi ex alieno agro raperent, suas terras, etc., Liv. 22, 1, 2.—
b Esp. freq. in connection with the title of any officer, to denote his substitute' pro consule, pro praetore, pro quaestore, pro magistro, etc. (afterwards joined into one word, as proconsul, propraetor, proquaestor, promagister, etc.), proconsul, proprœtor, proquœstor, vice-director: cum pro consule in Ciliciam proficiscens Athenas venissem, Cic. de Or. 1, 18, 82; cf.: cum L. Philippus pro consulibus eum se mittere dixit, non pro consule, instead of the consuls, not as proconsul, id. Phil. 11, 8, 18: nec pro praetore, Caesarem (vocat), id. ib. 13, 10, 22; Liv. 35, 1. cum Alexandriae pro quaestore essem, Cic. Ac. 2, 4, 11' cf.: litteris Q. Caepionis Bruti pro consule ... Q. Hortensii pro consule opera, etc., id. Phil. 10, 11, 26: P. Terentius operas in portu et scripturā Asiae pro magistro dedit, id. Att. 11, 10, 1; cf. id. Verr. 2, 2, 70, § 169; id. Fam. 13, 65, 1; see also the words proconsul, promagister, propraetor, proquaestor, etc.—
c So of price, penalty, etc., in exchange, in return for: tres minas pro istis duobus dedi, Plaut. Most. 3, 2, 138; id. Aul. 3, 3, 8: pro hujus peccatis ego supplicium sufferam, Ter. And. 5, 3, 17: dimidium ejus quod pactus esset, pro carmine daturum, Cic. de Or. 2, 86, 351: pro vitā hominis nisi hominis vita reddatur, non posse deorum inmortalium numen placari, Caes. B. G. 6, 16: id pro immolatis in foro Tarquiniensium Romanis poenae hostibus redditum, Liv. 7, 19, 3: vos, pro paternis sceleribus, poenas date, Sen. Med. 925; Lact. 2, 7, 21: pro crimine poenas, Ov. Ib. 621.—
3 Pro is also frequently used to denote the viewing, judging, considering, representing of a thing as something, for, the same as, just as, as: pro sano loqueris, quom me appellas nomine, Plaut. Men. 2, 2, 24: sese ducit pro adulescentulo, id. Stich. 3, 1, 65; id. Cist. 1, 3, 24: hunc Eduxi a parvulo, habui, amavi pro meo, as my own, Ter. Ad. 1, 1, 23: Cato ille noster qui mihi unus est pro centum milibus, whose voice I regard as equal to that of thousands, Cic. Att. 2, 5, 1: Siciliam nobis non pro penariā cellā, sed pro aerario fuisse, id. Verr. 2, 2, 2, § 5: P. Sestio pro occiso relictus est, id. Sest. 38, 81; Caes. B. G. 3, 109: cum pro damnato mortuoque esset, as good as condemned and dead, Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 15, § 33: summa ratio, quae sapientibus pro necessitate est, Plin. Ep. 1, 12, 3: negotia pro solatiis accipiens, Tac. A. 4, 13: consuli pro hostibus esse, Liv. 43, 5, 4: adeo incredibilis visa res, ut non pro vano modo, sed vix pro sano nuncius audiretur, as a boaster, Liv. 39, 49: quoniam de adventu Caesaris pro certo habebamus, to consider as certain, Mat. ap. Cic. Att. 9, 15, 6 et saep.; v. certus.—
4 Esp. in certain phrases: pro eo, for the same thing, as just the same: ut si a Caesare, quod speramus, impetrarimus, tuo beneficio nos id consecutos esse judicemus: sin minus, pro eo tantum id habeamus, cum a te data sit opera, ut impetraremus, Cic. Fam. 13, 7, 5.—With the particles of comparison: atque (ac), ac si, quasi, just the same as, even as, as though: pro eo ac debui, just as was my duty, Sulp. ap. Cic. Fam. 4, 5, 1: pro eo ac si concessum sit, Cic. Inv. 1, 32, 54: pro eo est atque si adhibitus non esset, Dig. 28, 1, 22: pro eo erit quasi ne legatum quidem sit, ib. 30, 1, 38: pro eo quod, for the reason that, because: pro eo quod ejus nomen erat magnā apud omnes gloriā, Cic. de Or. 2, 18, 75: pro eo quod pluribus verbis vos quam volui fatigavi, veniam a vobis petitam velim, Liv 38, 49 fin.—
5 On account of, for the sake of: dolor pro patriā, Cic. Fin. 1, 7, 24: tumultus pro recuperandā re publicā, id. Brut. 90, 311 dub. (B. and K. omit pro): dedit pro corpore nummos, i. e. to rescue his person, Hor. S. 1, 2, 43: aliquem amare pro ejus eximiā suavitate, Cic. de Or 1, 55, 234: pro quibus meritis quanto opere dilectus sit, Suet. Aug. 57: cum pro incolumitate principis vota susceperunt, Tac. A. 4, 17: pro bono (= bene), Sall. J. 22, 4.—
6 Pro is used in its most general sense in stating the relation between two objects or actions, in proportion, in comparison with, according to or as, conformably to, by virtue of, for, etc.: meus pater nunc pro hujus verbis recte et sapienter facit, according to his story, Plaut. Am. 1, 1, 133: tu pro oratione nec vir nec mulier mihi's, id. Rud. 4, 4, 71: pro viribus tacere ac fabulari, according to one's ability, Enn. ap. Non. 475, 4 (Trag. v. 181 Vahl.): facere certum'st pro copiā ac sapientiā, Plaut. Merc. 3, 1, 8: agere pro viribus, Cic. Sen. 9, 27: aliquem pro dignitate laudare, id. Rosc. Am. 12, 33: proelium atrocius quam pro numero pugnantium fuit, Liv. 21, 29: pro imperio, by virtue of his office or authority: quia pro imperio palam interfici non poterat, Liv. 1, 51, 2; hence, imperatively, dictatorially, summarily: nec illum ipsum submovere pro imperio posse more majorum, id. 2, 56, 12' hem! satis pro imperio, quisquis es, Ter. Phorm. 1, 4, 18: pro tuā prudentiā, Cic. Fam. 4, 10, 2; 11, 12, 2: cum in eam rationem pro suo quisque sensu ac dolore loqueretur, id. Verr. 2, 1, 27, § 69: quibus aliquid opis fortasse ego pro meā, tu pro tuā, pro suā quisque parte ferre potuisset, id. Fam. 15, 15, 3: pro virili parte, according to one's ability, id. Sest. 66, 138; Liv. praef. 2; Ov. Tr. 5, 11, 23. —Esp. freq.: pro ratā parte and pro ratā, in proportion, proportionably; v. ratus: pro se quisque, each according to his ability, each one for himself, Cic. Off. 3, 14, 58; Caes. B. G. 2, 25; Verg. A. 12, 552 et saep.: pro tempore et pro re, according to time and circumstances, Caes. B. G. 5, 8: pro facultatibus, Nep. Epam. 3, 5.—Pro eo, quantum, or ut, in proportion to, as, according to, according as: eāque pro eo, quantum in quoque sit ponderis, esse aestimanda, Cic. Fin. 4, 21, 58: equidem pro eo, quanti te facio, quicquid feceris, approbabo, id. Fam. 3, 3, 2: tamen pro eo ut temporis difficultas tulit, etc., L. Metell. ap. Cic. Verr. 2, 3, 54, § 126.!*? In composition the o is long in some words, in others short (through the influence of the Gr. προ-): prōdeo, prŏfiteor; and even in words borrowed from the Greek, as prōlogus.—Its signification has reference either to place, before, forwards; or to protection, for; procedo, procurro, profanus; procuro, propugno, prosum, protego.
prō: (less correctly prōh), interj., an exclamation of wonder or lamentation,
I O! Ah! Alas! (class.).
(a) With nom.: proh! bonae frugi hominem te jam pridem esse arbitror, Plaut. Cas. 2, 4, 4: pro Juppiter! Enn. ap. Varr L. L. 7, § 12 Müll. (Trag. v 225 Vahl.); Ter. And. 4, 3, 17; id. Eun. 3, 5, 2; id. Ad. 1, 2, 31; cf.: pro supreme Juppiter, id. ib. 2, 1, 42: pro Juppiter, Hominis stultitiam! id. ib. 3, 3, 12: pro di immortales, id. ib. 3, 4, 1; cf.: pro, dii immortales: Cic. Imp. Pomp. 12, 33: pro curia inversique mores! Hor. C. 3, 5, 7: pro scelus, Mart. 2, 46, 8.—
(b) Parenthet.: pro, quanta potentia regni Est, Venus alma, tui, Ov. M. 13, 758: et mea, pro! nullo pondere verba cadunt, id. H. 3, 98: tantum, pro! degeneramus a patribus, Liv. 22, 14, 6; Curt. 4, 16, 10.—
(g) With acc.: pro divom fidem! Enn. ap. Don. ad. Ter. Phorm. 2, 2, 25 (Sat. v. 30 Vahl.); Ter. Ad. 4, 7, 28; cf.: pro deum atque hominum fidem! id. And. 1, 5, 2; 11; id. Heaut. 1, 1, 9; Cic. Tusc. 5, 16, 48; instead of which, ellipt.: pro deum immortalium! Ter. Phorm. 2, 3, 4: pro deum atque hominum, id. Hec. 2, 1, 1: pro fidem deum! facinus foedum, id. Eun. 5, 4, 21.—
(d) With gen.: pro malae tractationis! Tert. Poen. fin.
