bellum: Difference between revisions
ἄλογον δὴ τὸ μήτε μάχης ἄρξασθαι μήτε τοὺς φίλους φυλάξαι, ἐὰν ὑπό γε τῶν βαρβάρων ἀδικῆσθε → It is irrational neither to begin battle nor to guard the friends, if you are ever wronged by the foreigners
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|lshtext=<b>bellum</b>: ([[ante]]-[[class]]. and [[poet]]. [[duel]]-lum), i, n. Sanscr. dva, dvi, dus; cf. Germ. zwei; Engl. [[two]], [[twice]]; for the [[change]] from [[initial]] du- to b-, cf. bis for [[duis]], and<br /> v. the [[letter]] B, and Varr. L. L. 5, § 73 Müll.; 7, § 49 ib.,<br /><b>I</b> [[war]].<br /><b>I</b> Form [[duellum]]: [[duellum]], [[bellum]], [[videlicet]] [[quod]] duabus partibus de victoriā contendentibus dimicatur. Inde est [[perduellis]], qui [[pertinaciter]] retinet [[bellum]], Paul. ex Fest. p. 66, 17 Müll.: [[bellum]] [[antea]] [[duellum]] vocatum eo [[quod]] duae sunt dimicantium partes ... Postea mutatā litterā [[dictum]] [[bellum]], Isid. Orig. 18, 1, 9: hos [[pestis]] necuit, [[pars]] occidit [[illa]] [[duellis]], Enn. ap. Prisc. p. 9, 861 P. (Ann. v. 549 Vahl.): legiones reveniunt domum Exstincto duello maximo [[atque]] internecatis hostibus, Plaut. Am. 1, 1, 35: quae domi duellique [[male]] fecisti, id. As. 3, 2, 13.—So in archaic [[style]], or in citations from [[ancient]] documents: quique [[agent]] rem duelli, Cic. Leg. 2, 8, 21: aes [[atque]] [[ferrum]], duelli instrumenta, id. ib. 2, 18, 45 (translated from the Platonic laws): [[puro]] pioque duello quaerendas (res) [[censeo]], Liv. 1, 32, 12 (quoted from [[ancient]] transactions); so, [[quod]] [[duellum]] [[populo]] Romano cum Carthaginiensi est, id. 22, 10, 2: victoriaque duelli populi Romani erit, id. 23, 11, 2: si [[duellum]] [[quod]] cum rege Antiocho sumi [[populus]] jussit, id. 36, 2, 2; and from an [[ancient]] [[inscription]]' duello magno dirimendo, etc., id. 40, 52, 5.—Poet.: hic... Pacem duello miscuit, Hor. C. 3, 5, 38: cadum [[Marsi]] memorem duelli, id. ib. 3, 14, 18: [[vacuum]] [[duellis]] Janum Quirini clausit, id. ib. 4, 15, 8; cf. id. Ep. 1, 2, 7; 2, 1, 254; 2, 2, 98; Ov. F. 6, 201; Juv. 1, 169—<br /><b>II</b> Form [[bellum]].<br /> <b>A</b> War, [[warfare]] (abstr.), or a [[war]], the [[war]] (concr.), i.e. hostilities [[between]] [[two]] nations (cf. [[tumultus]]).<br /> <b>1</b> Specifying the [[enemy]].<br /> <b>a</b> By adjj. denoting the [[nation]]: omnibus Punicis Siciliensibusque [[bellis]], Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 47, § 124: [[aliquot]] annis [[ante]] [[secundum]] Punicum [[bellum]], id. Ac. 2, 5, 13: Britannicum [[bellum]], id. Att. 4, 16, 13: Gallicum, id. Prov. Cons. 14, 35: Germanicum, Caes. B. G. 3, 28: Sabinum, Liv. 1, 26, 4: Parthicum, Vell. 2, 46, 2; [[similarly]]: [[bellum]] piraticum, the [[war]] [[against]] the pirates, Vell. 2, 33, 1.—Sometimes the adj. refers to the [[leader]] or [[king]] of the [[enemy]]: Sertorianum [[bellum]], Cic. Phil. 11, 8, 18: Mithridaticum, id. Imp. Pomp. 3, 7: Jugurthinum, Hor. Epod. 9, 23; Vell. 2, 11, 1; [[similarly]]: [[bellum]] regium, the [[war]] [[against]] kings, Cic. Imp. Pomp. 17, 50. —Or it refers to the [[theatre]] of the [[war]]: [[bellum]] Africanum, Transalpinum, Cic. Imp. Pomp. 10, 28: Asiaticum, id. ib. 22, 64: Africum, Caes. B. C. 2, 32 fin.: Actiacum, Vell. 2, 86, 3: Hispaniense, id. 2, 55, 2.—<br /> <b>b</b> With gen. of the [[name]] of the [[nation]] or its [[leader]]: [[bellum]] Latinorum, the Latin [[war]], i. e. [[against]] the [[Latins]], Cic. N. D. 2, 2, 6: Venetorum, Caes. B. G. 3, 16: Helvetiorum, id. ib. 1, 40 fin.; 1, 30: Ambiorigis, id. ib. 6, 29, 4: Pyrrhi, [[Philippi]], Cic. Phil. 11, 7, 17: Samnitium, Liv. 7, 29, 2.—<br /> <b>c</b> With cum and abl. of the [[name]].<br /> <b>(a)</b> Attributively: cum Jugurthā, cum Cimbris, cum Teutonis [[bellum]], Cic. Imp. Pomp. 20, 60: belli causā cum Samnitibus, Liv. 7, 29, 3: hunc finem [[bellum]] cum Philippo habuit, id. 33, 35, 12: novum cum Antiocho instabat [[bellum]], id. 36, 36, 7; cf. id. 35, 40, 1; 38, 58, 8; 39, 1, 8; 44, 14, 7.—<br /> <b>(b)</b> With cum [[dependent]] on the [[verb]]: [[quia]] [[bellum]] Aetolis esse dixi cum Aliis, Plaut. Capt. prol. 59: [[novi]] consules... duo bella habuere... alterum cum Tiburtibus, Liv. 7, 17, 2; esp. [[with]] [[gero]], v. 2. b. α [[infra]].—<br /> <b>d</b> With [[adversus]] and acc. of the [[name]].<br /> <b>(a)</b> Attributively: [[bellum]] [[adversus]] Philippum, Liv. 31, 1, 8: [[bellum]] [[populus]] [[adversus]] Vestinos jussit, id. 8, 29, 6.—<br /> <b>(b)</b> With [[adversus]] [[dependent]] on the [[verb]]: [[quod]] homines populi Hermunduli [[adversus]] populum Romanum [[bellum]] fecere, [[Cincius]] ap. Gell. 16, 14, 1: nos pro [[vobis]] [[bellum]] suscepimus [[adversus]] Philippum. Liv. 31, 31, 18: ut [[multo]] acrius [[adversus]] duos [[quam]] [[adversus]] unum pararet [[bellum]], id. 45, 11, 8: [[bellum]] [[quod]] rex [[adversus]] Datamem susceperat, Nep. Dat. 8, 5.—<br /> <b>e</b> With [[contra]] and acc.: cum [[bellum]] nefarium [[contra]] aras et focos, [[contra]] vitam fortunasque [[nostras]]... non comparari, sed geri jam viderem, Cic. Phil. 3, 1, 1: causam belli [[contra]] patriam inferendi, id. ib. 2, 22, 53.—<br /> <b>f</b> With in and acc. ([[very]] [[rare]]): Athenienses in Peloponnesios [[sexto]] et vicesimo [[anno]] [[bellum]] gerentes, Nep. Lys. 1, 1.—<br /> With [[inter]] and acc.: hic [[finis]] belli [[inter]] Romanos ac Persea fuit, Liv. 45, 9, 2.—<br /> With [[apud]] and acc.: secutum est [[bellum]] gestum [[apud]] Mutinam, Nep. Att. 9, 1.—<br /> With dat. of the [[enemy]] [[after]] inferre and facere, v. 2. a. κ [[infra]].—<br /> <b>2</b> With verbs.<br /> <b>a</b> Referring to the [[beginning]] of the [[war]].<br /> <b>(a)</b> Bellum movere or commovere, to [[bring]] [[about]], [[stir]] up a [[war]]: [[summa]] erat [[observatio]] in [[bello]] movendo, Cic. Off. 1, 11, 37: [[bellum]] commotum a Scapulā, id. Fam. 9, 13, 1: nuntiabant alii... in Apuliā [[servile]] [[bellum]] moveri, Sall. C. 30, 2: is [[primum]] Volscis [[bellum]] in ducentos [[amplius]]... annos movit, Liv. 1, 53, 2: insequenti [[anno]] Veiens [[bellum]] motum, id. 4, 58, 6: dii pium movere [[bellum]], id. 8, 6, 4; cf. Verg. A. 10, 627; id. G. 1, 509; so, concitare, Liv. 7, 27, 5; and ciere ([[poet]].), Verg. A. 1, 541; 6, 829; 12, 158.—<br /> <b>(b)</b> Bellum parare, comparare, apparare, or se praeparare [[bello]], to [[prepare]] a [[war]], or for a [[war]]: cum tam pestiferum [[bellum]] pararet, Cic. Att. 9, 13, 3: [[bellum]] [[utrimque]] [[summopere]] parabatur, Liv. 1, 23, 1; cf. id. 45, 11, 8 (v. II. A. 1. d. β [[supra]]); Nep. Hann. 2, 6; Quint. 12, 3, 5; Ov. M. 7, 456; so, parare alicui, Nep. Alcib. 9, 5: [[bellum]] terrā et mari comparat, Cic. Att. 10, 4, 3: [[tantum]] [[bellum]] ... Cn. [[Pompeius]] extremā hieme apparavit, ineunte [[vere]] suscepit, mediā aestate confecit, id. Imp. Pomp. 12, 3, 5: [[bellum]] omnium consensu apparari [[coeptum]], Liv. 4, 55, 7: [[numquam]] [[imperator]] ita paci [[credit]], ut non se praeparet [[bello]], Sen. Vit. Beat. 26, 2.—<br /> <b>(g)</b> Bellum differre, to [[postpone]] a [[war]]: nec jam poterat [[bellum]] differri, Liv. 2, 30, 7: [[mors]] Hamilcaris et [[pueritia]] Hannibalis distulerunt [[bellum]], id. 21, 2, 3; cf. id. 5, 5, 3.—<br /> <b>(d)</b> Bellum sumere, to [[undertake]], [[begin]] a [[war]] (not in Cæsar): omne [[bellum]] sumi [[facile]], [[ceterum]] aegerrume desinere, Sall. J. 83, 1: [[prius]] [[tamen]] omnia pati decrevit [[quam]] [[bellum]] sumere, id. ib. 20, 5: de [[integro]] [[bellum]] sumit, id. ib. 62, 9: iis haec maxima [[ratio]] belli sumendi fuerat, Liv. 38, 19, 3: sumi [[bellum]] [[etiam]] ab ignavis, strenuissimi cujusque periculo geri, Tac. H. 4, 69; cf. id. A. 2, 45; 13, 34; 15, 5; 15, 7; id. Agr. 16.—（ε) Bellum suscipere ([[rarely]] inire), to [[undertake]], [[commence]] a [[war]], [[join]] in a [[war]]: [[bellum]] ita suscipiatur ut [[nihil]] [[nisi]] pax quaesita videatur, Cic. Off. 1, 23, 80: suscipienda [[quidem]] bella sunt ob eam causam ut, etc., id. ib. 1, 11, 35: judicavit a plerisque ignoratione... [[bellum]] esse [[susceptum]], [[join]], id. Marcell. 5, 13; id. Imp. Pomp. 12, 35 (v. [[supra]]): cum avertisset plebem a suscipiendo [[bello]], [[undertaking]], Liv. 4, 58, 14: senatui cum Camillo agi placuit ut [[bellum]] Etruscum susciperet, id. 6, 9, 5: bella non causis inita, sed ut eorum [[merces]] fuit, Vell. 2, 3, 3.— (ζ) Bellum consentire = [[bellum]] consensu decernere, to [[decree]] a [[war]] by [[agreement]], to [[ratify]] a [[declaration]] of [[war]] ([[rare]]): consensit et [[senatus]] [[bellum]], Liv. 8, 6, 8: [[bellum]] erat consensum, id. 1, 32, 12.—（η) Bellum alicui mandare, committere, decernere, [[dare]], gerendum [[dare]], ad aliquem deferre, or aliquem [[bello]] praeficere, praeponere, to [[assign]] a [[war]] to one as a [[commander]], to [[give]] one the [[chief]] [[command]] in a [[war]]: sed ne tum [[quidem]] [[populus]] Romanus ad privatum detulit [[bellum]], Cic. Phil. 11, 8, 18: [[populus]] Romanus consuli... [[bellum]] gerendum dedit, id. ib.: [[cur]] non... [[eidem]] ... hoc [[quoque]] [[bellum]] regium committamus? id. Imp. Pomp. 17, 50: [[Camillus]] cui id [[bellum]] [[mandatum]] erat, Liv. 5, 26, 3: Volscum [[bellum]] M. Furio [[extra]] ordinem [[decretum]], id. 6, 22, 6: Gallicum [[bellum]] Popilio [[extra]] ordinem datum, id. 7, 23, 2: quo [[die]] a [[vobis]] maritimo [[bello]] [[praepositus]] est [[imperator]], Cic. Imp. Pomp. 15, 44: cum ei ([[bello]]) imperatorem praeficere possitis, in quo [[sit]] eximia belli [[scientia]], id. ib. 16, 49: hunc toti [[bello]] praefecerunt, Caes. B. G. 5, 11 fin.: alicui [[bellum]] suscipiendum [[dare]], Cic. Imp. Pomp. 19, 58: [[bellum]] administrandum permittere, id. ib. 21, 61.— (θ) Bellum indicere alicui, to [[declare]] [[war]] [[against]] (the [[regular]] [[expression]]; coupled [[with]] facere in the [[ancient]] [[formula]] of the [[pater]] [[patratus]]), also [[bellum]] denuntiare: ob eam rem ego... [[populo]] Hermundulo... [[bellum]] (in)[[dico]] facioque, [[Cincius]] ap. Gell. 16, 14, 1: ob eam rem ego populusque Romanus populis... Latinis [[bellum]] [[indico]] facioque, Liv. 1, 32, 13: Corinthiis [[bellum]] indicamus an non? Cic. Inv. 1, 12, 17: ex quo intellegi potest, nullum [[bellum]] esse justum [[nisi]] [[quod]] aut rebus repetitis geratur, aut denuntiatum [[ante]] [[sit]] et indictum, id. Off. 1, 11, 36; id. Rep. 3, 23, 35: [[bellum]] indici posse existimabat, Liv. 1, 22, 4: ni reddantur (res) [[bellum]] indicere jussos, id. 1, 22, 6: ut... nec gererentur [[solum]] sed [[etiam]] indicerentur bella [[aliquo]] ritu, jus ... descripsit quo res repetuntur, id. 1, 32, 5; cf. id. 1, 32, 9; 2, 18, 11; 2, 38, 5; Verg. A. 7, 616.— (κ) Bellum inferre alicui (cf. [[contra]] aliquem, 1. e. [[supra]]; also [[bellum]] facere; absol., [[with]] dat., or [[with]] cum and abl.), to [[begin]] a [[war]] [[against]] ([[with]]), to [[make]] [[war]] on: Denseletis nefarium [[bellum]] intulisti, Cic. Pis. 34, 84: ei civitati [[bellum]] indici [[atque]] inferri solere, id. Verr. 2, 1, 31, § 79: qui sibi Galliaeque [[bellum]] intulissent, Caes. B. G. 4, 16; Nep. Them. 2, 4; Verg. A. 3, 248: bellumne [[populo]] Romano Lampsacena [[civitas]] facere conabatur? Cic. Verr. 2, 1, 31, § 79: [[bellum]] patriae faciet, id. Mil. 23, 63; id. Cat. 3, 9, 22: civitatem Eburonum [[populo]] Romano [[bellum]] facere ausam, Caes. B. G. 5, 28; cf. id. ib. 7, 2; 3, 29: constituit [[bellum]] facere, Sall. C. 26, 5; 24, 2: occupant [[bellum]] facere, [[they]] are the [[first]] to [[begin]] the [[war]], Liv. 1, 14, 4: ut [[bellum]] cum Priscis Latinis fieret, id. 1, 32, 13: [[populus]] Palaepolitanis [[bellum]] fieri jussit, id. 8, 22, 8; cf. Nep. [[Dion]], 4, 3; id. Ages. 2, 1.— Coupled [[with]] instruere, to [[sustain]] a [[war]]: [[urbs]] quae [[bellum]] facere [[atque]] instruere possit, Cic. Agr. 2, 28, 77.—Bellum facere had [[become]] [[obsolete]] at [[Seneca]]'s [[time]], Sen. Ep. 114, 17.—（λ) Bellum oritur or exoritur, a [[war]] begins: [[subito]] [[bellum]] in Galliā ex, ortum est, Caes. B. G. 3, 7: aliud [[multo]] [[propius]] [[bellum]] ortum, Liv. 1, 14, 4: Veiens [[bellum]] exortum, id. 2, 53, 1.—<br /> <b>b</b> Referring to the [[carrying]] on of the [[war]]: [[bellum]] gerere, to [[carry]] on a [[war]]; absol., [[with]] cum and abl., per and acc., or in and abl. (cf.: [[bellum]] gerere in aliquem, 1. a. and f. [[supra]]): [[nisi]] [[forte]] ego [[vobis]]... cessare [[nunc]] videor cum bella non [[gero]], Cic. Sen. 6, 18: cum Celtiberis, cum Cimbris [[bellum]] ut cum inimicis gerebatur, id. Off. 1, 12, 38: cum ei [[bellum]] ut cum rege Perse gereret obtigisset, id. Div. 1, 46, 103: erant hae difficultates belli gerendi, Caes. B. G. 3, 10: [[bellum]] cum Germanis gerere constituit, id. ib. 4, 6: Cn. [[Pompeius]] in extremis terris [[bellum]] gerebat, Sall. C. 16, 5: [[bellum]] [[quod]] Hannibale duce Carthaginienses cum [[populo]] Romano gessere, Liv. 21, 1, 1: [[alter]] [[consul]] in Sabinis [[bellum]] gessit, id. 2, 62, 3: de exercitibus per quos id [[bellum]] gereretur, id. 23, 25, 5: [[Chabrias]] bella in Aegypto suā [[sponte]] gessit, Nep. Chabr, 2, 1.—Sometimes [[bellum]] administrare [[only]] of the [[commander]], Cic. Imp. Pomp. 15, 43; Nep. Chabr. 2, 1. —Also ([[very]] [[rare]]): [[bellum]] bellare, Liv. 8, 40, 1 ([[but]] belligerantes is absol., Enn. ap. Cic. Off. 1, 12, 38; Ann. v. 201 Vahl.); in the [[same]] [[sense]]: [[bellum]] agere, Nep. Hann. 8, 3. —As a synonym: [[bello]] persequi aliquem, Nep. Con. 4, 1; cf. Liv. 3, 25, 3.—<br /> <b>(b)</b> Trahere or ducere [[bellum]], to [[protract]] a [[war]]: [[necesse]] est [[enim]] aut trahi id [[bellum]], aut, etc., Cic. Att. 10, 8, 2: [[bellum]] trahi non posse, Sall. J. 23, 2: belli trahendi causā, Liv. 5, 11, 8: morae quā trahebant [[bellum]] paenitebat, id. 9, 27, 5: suadere institui ut [[bellum]] duceret, Cic. Fam. 7, 3, 2: [[bellum]] [[enim]] ducetur, id. ad Brut. 1, 18, 6; Nep. Alcib. 8, 1; id. Dat. 8, 4; [[similarly]]: cum his molliter et per dilationes [[bellum]] geri [[oportet]]? Liv. 5, 5, 1.—<br /> <b>(g)</b> Bellum repellere, defendere, or propulsare, to [[ward]] [[off]], [[defend]] one's [[self]] [[against]] a [[war]]: [[bellum]] Gallicum C. Caesare imperatore gestum est, [[antea]] [[tantummodo]] repulsum, Cic. Prov. Cons. 13, 32: [[quod]] [[bellum]] non intulerit sed defenderit, Caes. B. G. 1, 44: Samnitium vix a se ipsis eo tempore propulsantium [[bellum]], Liv. 8, 37, 5.—<br /> <b>c</b> Referring to the [[end]] of a [[war]].<br /> <b>(a)</b> Bellum deponere, ponere, or omittere, to [[give]] up, [[discontinue]] a [[war]]: in quo (i.e. [[bello]]) et gerendo et deponendo jus ut plurimum valeret lege sanximus, Cic. Leg. 2, 14, 34: ([[bellum]]) cum deponi victores velint, Sall. J. 83, 1: [[bellum]] [[decem]] [[ferme]] annis [[ante]] [[depositum]] erat, Liv. 31, 1, 8: nos [[depositum]] a [[vobis]] [[bellum]] et ipsi omisimus, id. 31, 31, 19: dicit posse condicionibus [[bellum]] poni, Sall. J. 112, 1: [[bellum]] [[grave]] cum Etruriā positum est, id. H. Fragm. 1, 9 Dietsch: [[velut]] posito [[bello]], Liv. 1, 53, 5: manere [[bellum]] [[quod]] positum simuletur, id. 1, 53, 7: posito [[ubique]] [[bello]], Tac. H. 2, 52; cf. Hor. Ep. 2, 1, 93; Verg. A. 1, 291: omisso Romano [[bello]] Porsinna filium Arruntem Ariciam... mittit, Liv. 2, 14, 5.—<br /> <b>(b)</b> Bellum componere, to [[end]] a [[war]] by [[agreement]], [[make]] [[peace]]: timerent ne [[bellum]] componeretur, Cic. Fam. 10, 33, 3: si [[bellum]] compositum foret, Sall. J. 97, 2: belli componendi licentiam, id. ib. 103, 3; cf. Nep. Ham. 1, 5; id. Hann. 6, 2; id. Alcib. 8, 3; Verg. A. 12, 109; [[similarly]]: [[bellum]] sedare, Nep. Dat. 8, 5.—<br /> <b>(g)</b> Bellum conficere, perficere, finire, to [[finish]], [[end]] a [[war]]; conficere (the [[most]] [[usual]] [[term]]) and perficere, = to [[finish]] a [[war]] by [[conquering]]; finire ([[rare]]), [[without]] implying [[success]]: is [[bellum]] confecerit qui Antonium oppresserit, Cic. Fam. 11, 12, 2: bellumque maximum conficies, id. Rep. 6, 11, 11: confecto Mithridatico [[bello]], id. Prov. Cons. 11, 27; cf. id. Fam. 5, 10, 3; id. Imp. Pomp. 14, 42: quo [[proelio]] ... [[bellum]] Venetorum confectum est, Caes. B. G. 3, 16; cf. id. ib. 1, 30; 1, 44; 1, 54; 3, 28; 4, 16: [[bello]] confecto de Rhodiis [[consultum]] est, Sall. C. 51, 5; cf. id. J. 36, 1; 114, 3: neminem [[nisi]] [[bello]] confecto pecuniam petiturum esse, Liv. 24, 18, 11; cf. id. 21, 40, 11; 23, 6, 2; 31, 47, 4; 32, 32, 6; 36, 2, 3: [[bello]] perfecto, Caes. B. C. 3, 18, 5; Liv. 1, 38, 3: se quo [[die]] hostem vidisset perfecturum (i. e. [[bellum]]), id. 22, 38, 7; 31, 4, 2; cf. id. 3, 24, 1; 34, 6, 12; Just. 5, 2, 11: [[neque]] desiturum [[ante]]... [[quam]] finitum aliquā tolerabili condicione [[bellum]] videro, Liv. 23, 12, 10: finito ex maximā parte.. italico [[bello]], Vell. 2, 17, 1; Curt. 3, 1, 9; Tac. A. 15, 17; Just. 16, 2, 6; 24, 1, 8; Verg. A. 11, 116.—<br /> <b>d</b> Less [[usual]] connections: [[bellum]] delere: non [[modo]] [[praesentia]] sed [[etiam]] futura bella delevit, Cic. Lael. 3, 11; cf. Nep. Alcib. 8, 4: alere ac fovere [[bellum]], Liv. 42, 11, 5: [[bellum]] navare alicui, Tac. H. 5, 25: spargere, id. A. 3, 21; id. Agr. 38; Luc. 2, 682: serere, Liv. 21, 10, 4: circumferre, Tac. A. 13, 37: exercere, id. ib. 6, 31: [[quam]] [[celeriter]] belli [[impetus]] navigavit ( = [[quam]] [[celeriter]] [[navale]] [[bellum]] gestum est), Cic. Imp. Pomp. 12, 34; so Flor. 2, 2, 17: [[bellum]] ascendit in [[rupes]], id. 4, 12, 4: [[bellum]] serpit in proximos, id. 2, 9, 4; cf. id. 2, 2, 15: bella narrare, Cic. Or. 9, 30: canere bella, Quint. 10, 1, 91: bella legere, Cic. Imp. Pomp. 10, 28.—<br /> <b>3</b> As [[object]] denoting [[place]] or [[time]].<br /> <b>a</b> Proficisci ad [[bellum]], to [[depart]] for the [[war]].<br /> <b>(a)</b> Of the [[commander]]: [[consul]] sortitu ad [[bellum]] [[profectus]], Cic. Phil. 14, 2, 4; cf. id. Cat. 1, 13, 33: [[ipse]] ad [[bellum]] Ambiorigis [[profectus]], Caes. B. G. 6, 29, 4: ut duo ex tribunis ad [[bellum]] proficiscerentur, Liv. 4, 45, 7; cf. id. 6, 2, 9: Nep. Alcib. 4, 1; Sall. H. 2, 96 Dietsch. —Post-[[class]].: in [[bellum]], Just. 2, 11, 9; Gell. 17, 9, 8.—<br /> <b>(b)</b> Of persons partaking in a [[war]]: si proficiscerer ad [[bellum]], Cic. Fam. 7, 3, 1. —<br /> <b>b</b> Ad [[bellum]] mittere, of the [[commander]], Cic. Imp. Pomp. 17, 50; 21, 62.—<br /> <b>c</b> In bella ruere, Verg. A. 7, 782; 9, 182: in bella sequi, id. ib. 8, 547.—<br /> <b>d</b> Of [[time]].<br /> <b>(a)</b> In the locative [[case]] belli, in [[war]], [[during]] [[war]]; [[generally]] [[with]] domi ( = domi militiaeque): valete, judices justissimi, domi bellique duellatores, Plaut. Capt. prol. 68; so, domi duellique, id. As. 3, 2, 13 (v. I. [[supra]]): quibuscunque rebus vel belli vel domi poterunt rem publicam augeant, Cic. Off. 2, 24, 85: paucorum arbitrio belli domique agitabatur, Sall. J. 41, 7: [[animus]] belli [[ingens]], domi [[modicus]], id. ib. 63, 2; Liv. 2, 50, 11; 1, 36, 6; so id. 3, 43, 1; cf.: [[bello]] domique, id. 1, 34, 12: domi belloque, id. 9, 26, 21; and: [[neque]] [[bello]], [[neque]] domi, id. 4, 35, 3.—Without domi: [[simul]] rem et gloriam armis belli [[repperi]], Ter. Heaut. 1, 1, 60 ([[where]] belli [[may]] be taken [[with]] gloriam; cf. Wagn. ad loc.): magnae res temporibus illis a fortissimis viris... belli gerebantur, Cic. Rep. 2, 32, 86.—<br /> <b>(b)</b> In [[bello]] or in [[bellis]], [[during]] [[war]] or wars, in the [[war]], in the wars; [[with]] adj.: ad haec quae in civili [[bello]] fecerit, Cic. Phil. 2, 19, 47; cf. id. ib. 14, 8, 22: in ipso [[bello]] [[eadem]] sensi, id. Marcell. 5, 14: in Volsco [[bello]] [[virtus]] enituit, Liv. 2, 24, 8: in eo [[bello]], id. 23, 46, 6: in Punicis [[bellis]], Plin.8, 14, 14, § 37: in [[bello]] Trojano, id. 30, 1, 2, § 5.—Without adj.: ut [[fit]] in [[bello]], capitur [[alter]] [[filius]], Plaut. Capt. prol. 25: qui in [[bello]] occiderunt, Cic. Fam. 9, 5, 2: [[quod]] in [[bello]] saepius vindicatum est in eos, etc., Sall. C. 9, 4: non in [[bello]] [[solum]], sed [[etiam]] in [[pace]], Liv. 1, 15, 8; 2, 23, 2: in [[bello]] parta, Quint. 5, 10, 42; 12, 1, 28.—<br /> <b>(g)</b> Abl. [[bello]] or [[bellis]] = in [[bello]] or in [[bellis]] (freq.); [[with]] adjj.: nos [[semper]] omnibus Punicis Siciliensibusque [[bellis]] amicitiam fidemque populi Romani secuti sumus. Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 47, § 124: [[bello]] Italico, id. Pis. 36, 87: Veienti [[bello]], id. Div. 1, 44, 100: domestico [[bello]], id. Planc. 29, 70: qui Volsco, Aurunco Sabinoque militassent [[bello]], Liv. 23, 12, 11: [[victor]] tot [[intra]] paucos [[dies]] [[bellis]], id. 2, 27, 1: nullo [[bello]], multis [[tamen]] proeliis [[victus]], id. 9, 18, 9: [[bello]] civili, Quint. 11, 1, 36.—With gen.: praesentiam [[saepe]] divi suam declarant, ut et [[apud]] Regillum [[bello]] Latinorum, Cic. N. D. 2, 2, 6: suam felicitatem Helvetiorum [[bello]] esse perspectam, Caes. B. G. 1, 40.—Without attrib.: qui [[etiam]] [[bello]] victis regibus regna reddere consuevit, Cic. Sest. 26, 57: res [[pace]] belloque gestas, Liv. 2, 1, 1: egregieque rebus [[bello]] gestis, id. 1, 33, 9; so id. 23, 12, 11: ludi [[bello]] voti, id. 4, 35. 3: [[princeps]] [[pace]] belloque, id. 7, 1, 9: Cotyn [[bello]] juvisse Persea, id. 45, 42, 7: [[bello]] parta, Quint. 5, 10, 15; cf. id. 7, 4, 22; Ov. M. 8, 19.—<br /> <b>(d)</b> Inter [[bellum]] ([[rare]]): cujus originis morem [[necesse]] est... [[inter]] [[bellum]] natum esse, Liv. 2, 14, 2: [[inter]] haec bella consules... facti, id. 2, 63, 1.—<br /> <b>4</b> Bellum in attributive [[connection]].<br /> <b>a</b> Justum [[bellum]].<br /> <b>(a)</b> A [[righteous]] [[war]], Cic. Off. 1, 11, 36 (v. II. A. 2. a. θ [[supra]]): justum piumque [[bellum]], Liv. 1, 23, 4: non [[loquor]] [[apud]] recusantem justa bella populum, id. 7, 30, 17; so Ov. M. 8, 58; cf.: [[illa]] injusta sunt bella quae [[sine]] causā suscepta sunt, Cic. Rep. 3, 23, 35.—<br /> <b>(b)</b> A [[regular]] [[war]] (opp. a [[raid]], etc.): in fines Romanos excucurrerunt, populabundi [[magis]] [[quam]] justi [[more]] belli, Liv. 1, 15, 1.—<br /> <b>b</b> For the [[different]] kinds of [[war]]: domesticum, civile, intestinum, externum, [[navale]], maritimum, terrā marique gestum, [[servile]], sociale; v. hh. vv.—<br /> <b>c</b> Belli [[eventus]] or [[exitus]], the [[result]] of a [[war]]: quicunque belli [[eventus]] fuisset, Cic. Marcell. 8, 24: [[haud]] [[sane]] [[alio]] [[animo]] belli [[eventum]] exspectabant, Sall. C. 37, 9: [[eventus]] [[tamen]] belli [[minus]] miserabilem dimicationem fecit, Liv. 1, 23, 2; cf. id. 7, 11, 1: [[exitus]] hujus calamitosissimi belli, Cic. Fam. 6, 21, 1: cum esset [[incertus]] [[exitus]] et [[anceps]] [[fortuna]] belli, id. Marcell. 5, 15; so id. Off. 2, 8, : Britannici belli [[exitus]] exspectatur, id. Att. 4, 16, 13: [[cetera]] bella maximeque Veiens incerti [[exitus]] erant, Liv. 5, 16, 8.—<br /> <b>d</b> Fortuna belli, the chances of [[war]]: [[adeo]] [[varia]] [[fortuna]] belli ancepsque [[Mars]] fuit ut, Liv. 21, 1, 2; cf. Cic. Marcell. 5, 15 (v. c. [[supra]]).—<br /> <b>e</b> Belli artes, [[military]] [[skill]]: cuilibet superiorum regum belli pacisque et artibus et gloriā [[par]], Liv. 1, 35, 1: [[haud]] ignotas belli artes, id. 21, 1, 2: temperata et belli et pacis artibus erat [[civitas]], id. 1, 21, 6.—<br /> <b>f</b> Jus belli, the [[law]] of [[war]]: jura belli, the rights ([[law]]) of [[war]]: in re publicā [[maxime]] servanda sunt jura belli, Cic. Off. 1, 11, 34: sunt et belli [[sicut]] pacis jura, Liv. 5, 27, 6: jure belli res vindicatur, Gai. Inst. 3, 94.—<br /> Belli duces praestantissimos, the [[most]] [[excellent]] captains, generals, Cic. Or. 1, 2, 7: trium [[simul]] bellorum [[victor]], a [[victor]] in [[three]] wars, Liv. 6, 4, 1 (cf.: [[victor]] tot [[bellis]], id. 2, 27, 1). —<br /> Belli vulnera, Cic. Marcell. 8, 24.—<br /> <b>B</b> Transf.<br /> <b>1</b> Of things concr. and abstr.: qui parietibus, qui tectis, qui columnis ac postibus meis... [[bellum]] intulistis, Cic. Dom. 23, 60: [[bellum]] [[contra]] aras et focos, id. Phil. 3, 1, 1: [[miror]] [[cur]] philosophiae... [[bellum]] indixeris, id. Or. 2, 37, 155: ventri Indico [[bellum]], Hor. S. 1, 5, 8.—<br /> <b>2</b> Of animals: milvo est quoddam [[bellum]] [[quasi]] naturale cum corvo, Cic. N. D. 2, 49, 125: hanc [[Juno]] Esse jussit gruem, populisque suis indicere [[bellum]], Ov. M. 6, 92.—<br /> <b>3</b> With individuals: [[quid]] mihi opu'st... cum eis gerere [[bellum]], etc., Plaut. Stich. 1, 2, 14: [[nihil]] turpius [[quam]] cum eo [[bellum]] gerere quīcum [[familiariter]] vixeris, Cic. Lael. 21, 77: cum mihi uni cum improbis aeternum videam [[bellum]] [[susceptum]], id. Sull. 9, 28: hoc [[tibi]] juventus Romana indicimus [[bellum]], Liv. 2, 12, 11: falsum testem justo ac pio [[bello]] persequebatur, id. 3, 25, 3: tribunicium domi [[bellum]] patres territat, id. 3, 24, 1; cf. Plin. Ep. 1, 2, 57.—Ironically: [[equus]] Trojanus qui tot invictos viros muliebre [[bellum]] gerentes tulerit ac texerit, Cic. Cael. 28, 67.—<br /> <b>4</b> In mal. [[part]]., Hor. C. 3, 26, 3; 4, 1, 2.—<br /> <b>5</b> Personified as [[god]] of [[war]] ( = [[Janus]]): tabulas duas quae Belli faciem pictam habent, Plin. 35, 4, 10, § 27: sunt geminae Belli portae, etc., Verg. A. 7, 607: mortiferumque averso in limine Bellum, id. ib. 6, 279.—<br /> <b>6</b> Plur.: bella, [[army]] ([[poet]].): permanet Aonius [[Nereus]] [[violentus]] in undis, Bellaque non transfert (i.e. Graecorum exercitum), Ov. M. 12, 24: sed victae [[fera]] bella deae vexere per aequora, Sil. 7, 472: [[quid]] faciat [[bellis]] [[obsessus]] et undis? Stat. Th. 9, 490.—<br /> <b>7</b> Battle, = [[proelium]]: [[rorarii]] dicti a rore: qui [[bellum]] committebant [[ante]], Varr. L. L. 7, 3, 92: [[quod]] in [[bello]] saepius vindicatum in eos qui... tardius, revocati, [[bello]] excesserant, Sall. C. 9, 4: praecipua [[laus]] ejus belli [[penes]] consules fuit, Liv. 8, 10, 7: commisso [[statim]] [[bello]], Front. Strat. 1, 11, 2: Actia bella, Verg. A. 8, 675: ingentem pugnam, ceu [[cetera]] [[nusquam]] Bella forent, id. ib. 2, 439; cf. Flor. 3, 5, 11; Just. 2, 12; 18, 1 fin.; 24, 8; Hor. Ep. 2, 2, 98 (form [[duellum]]); Ov. H. 1, 1, 69; Verg. A. 8, 547; 12, 390; 12, 633; Stat. Th. 3, 666. —<br /> <b>8</b> Bellum = [[liber]] de [[bello]]: [[quam]] gaudebat Bello suo Punico [[Naevius]]! Cic. Sen. 14, 50. | |lshtext=<b>bellum</b>: ([[ante]]-[[class]]. and [[poet]]. [[duel]]-lum), i, n. Sanscr. dva, dvi, dus; cf. Germ. zwei; Engl. [[two]], [[twice]]; for the [[change]] from [[initial]] du- to b-, cf. bis for [[duis]], and<br /> v. the [[letter]] B, and Varr. L. L. 5, § 73 Müll.; 7, § 49 ib.,<br /><b>I</b> [[war]].<br /><b>I</b> Form [[duellum]]: [[duellum]], [[bellum]], [[videlicet]] [[quod]] duabus partibus de victoriā contendentibus dimicatur. Inde est [[perduellis]], qui [[pertinaciter]] retinet [[bellum]], Paul. ex Fest. p. 66, 17 Müll.: [[bellum]] [[antea]] [[duellum]] vocatum eo [[quod]] duae sunt dimicantium partes ... Postea mutatā litterā [[dictum]] [[bellum]], Isid. Orig. 18, 1, 9: hos [[pestis]] necuit, [[pars]] occidit [[illa]] [[duellis]], Enn. ap. Prisc. p. 9, 861 P. (Ann. v. 549 Vahl.): legiones reveniunt domum Exstincto duello maximo [[atque]] internecatis hostibus, Plaut. Am. 1, 1, 35: quae domi duellique [[male]] fecisti, id. As. 3, 2, 13.—So in archaic [[style]], or in citations from [[ancient]] documents: quique [[agent]] rem duelli, Cic. Leg. 2, 8, 21: aes [[atque]] [[ferrum]], duelli instrumenta, id. ib. 2, 18, 45 (translated from the Platonic laws): [[puro]] pioque duello quaerendas (res) [[censeo]], Liv. 1, 32, 12 (quoted from [[ancient]] transactions); so, [[quod]] [[duellum]] [[populo]] Romano cum Carthaginiensi est, id. 22, 10, 2: victoriaque duelli populi Romani erit, id. 23, 11, 2: si [[duellum]] [[quod]] cum rege Antiocho sumi [[populus]] jussit, id. 36, 2, 2; and from an [[ancient]] [[inscription]]' duello magno dirimendo, etc., id. 40, 52, 5.—Poet.: hic... Pacem duello miscuit, Hor. C. 3, 5, 38: cadum [[Marsi]] memorem duelli, id. ib. 3, 14, 18: [[vacuum]] [[duellis]] Janum Quirini clausit, id. ib. 4, 15, 8; cf. id. Ep. 1, 2, 7; 2, 1, 254; 2, 2, 98; Ov. F. 6, 201; Juv. 1, 169—<br /><b>II</b> Form [[bellum]].<br /> <b>A</b> War, [[warfare]] (abstr.), or a [[war]], the [[war]] (concr.), i.e. hostilities [[between]] [[two]] nations (cf. [[tumultus]]).<br /> <b>1</b> Specifying the [[enemy]].<br /> <b>a</b> By adjj. denoting the [[nation]]: omnibus Punicis Siciliensibusque [[bellis]], Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 47, § 124: [[aliquot]] annis [[ante]] [[secundum]] Punicum [[bellum]], id. Ac. 2, 5, 13: Britannicum [[bellum]], id. Att. 4, 16, 13: Gallicum, id. Prov. Cons. 14, 35: Germanicum, Caes. B. G. 3, 28: Sabinum, Liv. 1, 26, 4: Parthicum, Vell. 2, 46, 2; [[similarly]]: [[bellum]] piraticum, the [[war]] [[against]] the pirates, Vell. 2, 33, 1.—Sometimes the adj. refers to the [[leader]] or [[king]] of the [[enemy]]: Sertorianum [[bellum]], Cic. Phil. 11, 8, 18: Mithridaticum, id. Imp. Pomp. 3, 7: Jugurthinum, Hor. Epod. 9, 23; Vell. 2, 11, 1; [[similarly]]: [[bellum]] regium, the [[war]] [[against]] kings, Cic. Imp. Pomp. 17, 50. —Or it refers to the [[theatre]] of the [[war]]: [[bellum]] Africanum, Transalpinum, Cic. Imp. Pomp. 10, 28: Asiaticum, id. ib. 22, 64: Africum, Caes. B. C. 2, 32 fin.: Actiacum, Vell. 2, 86, 3: Hispaniense, id. 2, 55, 2.—<br /> <b>b</b> With gen. of the [[name]] of the [[nation]] or its [[leader]]: [[bellum]] Latinorum, the Latin [[war]], i. e. [[against]] the [[Latins]], Cic. N. D. 2, 2, 6: Venetorum, Caes. B. G. 3, 16: Helvetiorum, id. ib. 1, 40 fin.; 1, 30: Ambiorigis, id. ib. 6, 29, 4: Pyrrhi, [[Philippi]], Cic. Phil. 11, 7, 17: Samnitium, Liv. 7, 29, 2.—<br /> <b>c</b> With cum and abl. of the [[name]].<br /> <b>(a)</b> Attributively: cum Jugurthā, cum Cimbris, cum Teutonis [[bellum]], Cic. Imp. Pomp. 20, 60: belli causā cum Samnitibus, Liv. 7, 29, 3: hunc finem [[bellum]] cum Philippo habuit, id. 33, 35, 12: novum cum Antiocho instabat [[bellum]], id. 36, 36, 7; cf. id. 35, 40, 1; 38, 58, 8; 39, 1, 8; 44, 14, 7.—<br /> <b>(b)</b> With cum [[dependent]] on the [[verb]]: [[quia]] [[bellum]] Aetolis esse dixi cum Aliis, Plaut. Capt. prol. 59: [[novi]] consules... duo bella habuere... alterum cum Tiburtibus, Liv. 7, 17, 2; esp. [[with]] [[gero]], v. 2. b. α [[infra]].—<br /> <b>d</b> With [[adversus]] and acc. of the [[name]].<br /> <b>(a)</b> Attributively: [[bellum]] [[adversus]] Philippum, Liv. 31, 1, 8: [[bellum]] [[populus]] [[adversus]] Vestinos jussit, id. 8, 29, 6.—<br /> <b>(b)</b> With [[adversus]] [[dependent]] on the [[verb]]: [[quod]] homines populi Hermunduli [[adversus]] populum Romanum [[bellum]] fecere, [[Cincius]] ap. Gell. 16, 14, 1: nos pro [[vobis]] [[bellum]] suscepimus [[adversus]] Philippum. Liv. 31, 31, 18: ut [[multo]] acrius [[adversus]] duos [[quam]] [[adversus]] unum pararet [[bellum]], id. 45, 11, 8: [[bellum]] [[quod]] rex [[adversus]] Datamem susceperat, Nep. Dat. 8, 5.—<br /> <b>e</b> With [[contra]] and acc.: cum [[bellum]] nefarium [[contra]] aras et focos, [[contra]] vitam fortunasque [[nostras]]... non comparari, sed geri jam viderem, Cic. Phil. 3, 1, 1: causam belli [[contra]] patriam inferendi, id. ib. 2, 22, 53.—<br /> <b>f</b> With in and acc. ([[very]] [[rare]]): Athenienses in Peloponnesios [[sexto]] et vicesimo [[anno]] [[bellum]] gerentes, Nep. Lys. 1, 1.—<br /> With [[inter]] and acc.: hic [[finis]] belli [[inter]] Romanos ac Persea fuit, Liv. 45, 9, 2.—<br /> With [[apud]] and acc.: secutum est [[bellum]] gestum [[apud]] Mutinam, Nep. Att. 9, 1.—<br /> With dat. of the [[enemy]] [[after]] inferre and facere, v. 2. a. κ [[infra]].—<br /> <b>2</b> With verbs.<br /> <b>a</b> Referring to the [[beginning]] of the [[war]].<br /> <b>(a)</b> Bellum movere or commovere, to [[bring]] [[about]], [[stir]] up a [[war]]: [[summa]] erat [[observatio]] in [[bello]] movendo, Cic. Off. 1, 11, 37: [[bellum]] commotum a Scapulā, id. Fam. 9, 13, 1: nuntiabant alii... in Apuliā [[servile]] [[bellum]] moveri, Sall. C. 30, 2: is [[primum]] Volscis [[bellum]] in ducentos [[amplius]]... annos movit, Liv. 1, 53, 2: insequenti [[anno]] Veiens [[bellum]] motum, id. 4, 58, 6: dii pium movere [[bellum]], id. 8, 6, 4; cf. Verg. A. 10, 627; id. G. 1, 509; so, concitare, Liv. 7, 27, 5; and ciere ([[poet]].), Verg. A. 1, 541; 6, 829; 12, 158.—<br /> <b>(b)</b> Bellum parare, comparare, apparare, or se praeparare [[bello]], to [[prepare]] a [[war]], or for a [[war]]: cum tam pestiferum [[bellum]] pararet, Cic. Att. 9, 13, 3: [[bellum]] [[utrimque]] [[summopere]] parabatur, Liv. 1, 23, 1; cf. id. 45, 11, 8 (v. II. A. 1. d. β [[supra]]); Nep. Hann. 2, 6; Quint. 12, 3, 5; Ov. M. 7, 456; so, parare alicui, Nep. Alcib. 9, 5: [[bellum]] terrā et mari comparat, Cic. Att. 10, 4, 3: [[tantum]] [[bellum]] ... Cn. [[Pompeius]] extremā hieme apparavit, ineunte [[vere]] suscepit, mediā aestate confecit, id. Imp. Pomp. 12, 3, 5: [[bellum]] omnium consensu apparari [[coeptum]], Liv. 4, 55, 7: [[numquam]] [[imperator]] ita paci [[credit]], ut non se praeparet [[bello]], Sen. Vit. Beat. 26, 2.—<br /> <b>(g)</b> Bellum differre, to [[postpone]] a [[war]]: nec jam poterat [[bellum]] differri, Liv. 2, 30, 7: [[mors]] Hamilcaris et [[pueritia]] Hannibalis distulerunt [[bellum]], id. 21, 2, 3; cf. id. 5, 5, 3.—<br /> <b>(d)</b> Bellum sumere, to [[undertake]], [[begin]] a [[war]] (not in Cæsar): omne [[bellum]] sumi [[facile]], [[ceterum]] aegerrume desinere, Sall. J. 83, 1: [[prius]] [[tamen]] omnia pati decrevit [[quam]] [[bellum]] sumere, id. ib. 20, 5: de [[integro]] [[bellum]] sumit, id. ib. 62, 9: iis haec maxima [[ratio]] belli sumendi fuerat, Liv. 38, 19, 3: sumi [[bellum]] [[etiam]] ab ignavis, strenuissimi cujusque periculo geri, Tac. H. 4, 69; cf. id. A. 2, 45; 13, 34; 15, 5; 15, 7; id. Agr. 16.—（ε) Bellum suscipere ([[rarely]] inire), to [[undertake]], [[commence]] a [[war]], [[join]] in a [[war]]: [[bellum]] ita suscipiatur ut [[nihil]] [[nisi]] pax quaesita videatur, Cic. Off. 1, 23, 80: suscipienda [[quidem]] bella sunt ob eam causam ut, etc., id. ib. 1, 11, 35: judicavit a plerisque ignoratione... [[bellum]] esse [[susceptum]], [[join]], id. Marcell. 5, 13; id. Imp. Pomp. 12, 35 (v. [[supra]]): cum avertisset plebem a suscipiendo [[bello]], [[undertaking]], Liv. 4, 58, 14: senatui cum Camillo agi placuit ut [[bellum]] Etruscum susciperet, id. 6, 9, 5: bella non causis inita, sed ut eorum [[merces]] fuit, Vell. 2, 3, 3.— (ζ) Bellum consentire = [[bellum]] consensu decernere, to [[decree]] a [[war]] by [[agreement]], to [[ratify]] a [[declaration]] of [[war]] ([[rare]]): consensit et [[senatus]] [[bellum]], Liv. 8, 6, 8: [[bellum]] erat consensum, id. 1, 32, 12.—（η) Bellum alicui mandare, committere, decernere, [[dare]], gerendum [[dare]], ad aliquem deferre, or aliquem [[bello]] praeficere, praeponere, to [[assign]] a [[war]] to one as a [[commander]], to [[give]] one the [[chief]] [[command]] in a [[war]]: sed ne tum [[quidem]] [[populus]] Romanus ad privatum detulit [[bellum]], Cic. Phil. 11, 8, 18: [[populus]] Romanus consuli... [[bellum]] gerendum dedit, id. ib.: [[cur]] non... [[eidem]] ... hoc [[quoque]] [[bellum]] regium committamus? id. Imp. Pomp. 17, 50: [[Camillus]] cui id [[bellum]] [[mandatum]] erat, Liv. 5, 26, 3: Volscum [[bellum]] M. Furio [[extra]] ordinem [[decretum]], id. 6, 22, 6: Gallicum [[bellum]] Popilio [[extra]] ordinem datum, id. 7, 23, 2: quo [[die]] a [[vobis]] maritimo [[bello]] [[praepositus]] est [[imperator]], Cic. Imp. Pomp. 15, 44: cum ei ([[bello]]) imperatorem praeficere possitis, in quo [[sit]] eximia belli [[scientia]], id. ib. 16, 49: hunc toti [[bello]] praefecerunt, Caes. B. G. 5, 11 fin.: alicui [[bellum]] suscipiendum [[dare]], Cic. Imp. Pomp. 19, 58: [[bellum]] administrandum permittere, id. ib. 21, 61.— (θ) Bellum indicere alicui, to [[declare]] [[war]] [[against]] (the [[regular]] [[expression]]; coupled [[with]] facere in the [[ancient]] [[formula]] of the [[pater]] [[patratus]]), also [[bellum]] denuntiare: ob eam rem ego... [[populo]] Hermundulo... [[bellum]] (in)[[dico]] facioque, [[Cincius]] ap. Gell. 16, 14, 1: ob eam rem ego populusque Romanus populis... Latinis [[bellum]] [[indico]] facioque, Liv. 1, 32, 13: Corinthiis [[bellum]] indicamus an non? Cic. Inv. 1, 12, 17: ex quo intellegi potest, nullum [[bellum]] esse justum [[nisi]] [[quod]] aut rebus repetitis geratur, aut denuntiatum [[ante]] [[sit]] et indictum, id. Off. 1, 11, 36; id. Rep. 3, 23, 35: [[bellum]] indici posse existimabat, Liv. 1, 22, 4: ni reddantur (res) [[bellum]] indicere jussos, id. 1, 22, 6: ut... nec gererentur [[solum]] sed [[etiam]] indicerentur bella [[aliquo]] ritu, jus ... descripsit quo res repetuntur, id. 1, 32, 5; cf. id. 1, 32, 9; 2, 18, 11; 2, 38, 5; Verg. A. 7, 616.— (κ) Bellum inferre alicui (cf. [[contra]] aliquem, 1. e. [[supra]]; also [[bellum]] facere; absol., [[with]] dat., or [[with]] cum and abl.), to [[begin]] a [[war]] [[against]] ([[with]]), to [[make]] [[war]] on: Denseletis nefarium [[bellum]] intulisti, Cic. Pis. 34, 84: ei civitati [[bellum]] indici [[atque]] inferri solere, id. Verr. 2, 1, 31, § 79: qui sibi Galliaeque [[bellum]] intulissent, Caes. B. G. 4, 16; Nep. Them. 2, 4; Verg. A. 3, 248: bellumne [[populo]] Romano Lampsacena [[civitas]] facere conabatur? Cic. Verr. 2, 1, 31, § 79: [[bellum]] patriae faciet, id. Mil. 23, 63; id. Cat. 3, 9, 22: civitatem Eburonum [[populo]] Romano [[bellum]] facere ausam, Caes. B. G. 5, 28; cf. id. ib. 7, 2; 3, 29: constituit [[bellum]] facere, Sall. C. 26, 5; 24, 2: occupant [[bellum]] facere, [[they]] are the [[first]] to [[begin]] the [[war]], Liv. 1, 14, 4: ut [[bellum]] cum Priscis Latinis fieret, id. 1, 32, 13: [[populus]] Palaepolitanis [[bellum]] fieri jussit, id. 8, 22, 8; cf. Nep. [[Dion]], 4, 3; id. Ages. 2, 1.— Coupled [[with]] instruere, to [[sustain]] a [[war]]: [[urbs]] quae [[bellum]] facere [[atque]] instruere possit, Cic. Agr. 2, 28, 77.—Bellum facere had [[become]] [[obsolete]] at [[Seneca]]'s [[time]], Sen. Ep. 114, 17.—（λ) Bellum oritur or exoritur, a [[war]] begins: [[subito]] [[bellum]] in Galliā ex, ortum est, Caes. B. G. 3, 7: aliud [[multo]] [[propius]] [[bellum]] ortum, Liv. 1, 14, 4: Veiens [[bellum]] exortum, id. 2, 53, 1.—<br /> <b>b</b> Referring to the [[carrying]] on of the [[war]]: [[bellum]] gerere, to [[carry]] on a [[war]]; absol., [[with]] cum and abl., per and acc., or in and abl. (cf.: [[bellum]] gerere in aliquem, 1. a. and f. [[supra]]): [[nisi]] [[forte]] ego [[vobis]]... cessare [[nunc]] videor cum bella non [[gero]], Cic. Sen. 6, 18: cum Celtiberis, cum Cimbris [[bellum]] ut cum inimicis gerebatur, id. Off. 1, 12, 38: cum ei [[bellum]] ut cum rege Perse gereret obtigisset, id. Div. 1, 46, 103: erant hae difficultates belli gerendi, Caes. B. G. 3, 10: [[bellum]] cum Germanis gerere constituit, id. ib. 4, 6: Cn. [[Pompeius]] in extremis terris [[bellum]] gerebat, Sall. C. 16, 5: [[bellum]] [[quod]] Hannibale duce Carthaginienses cum [[populo]] Romano gessere, Liv. 21, 1, 1: [[alter]] [[consul]] in Sabinis [[bellum]] gessit, id. 2, 62, 3: de exercitibus per quos id [[bellum]] gereretur, id. 23, 25, 5: [[Chabrias]] bella in Aegypto suā [[sponte]] gessit, Nep. Chabr, 2, 1.—Sometimes [[bellum]] administrare [[only]] of the [[commander]], Cic. Imp. Pomp. 15, 43; Nep. Chabr. 2, 1. —Also ([[very]] [[rare]]): [[bellum]] bellare, Liv. 8, 40, 1 ([[but]] belligerantes is absol., Enn. ap. Cic. Off. 1, 12, 38; Ann. v. 201 Vahl.); in the [[same]] [[sense]]: [[bellum]] agere, Nep. Hann. 8, 3. —As a synonym: [[bello]] persequi aliquem, Nep. Con. 4, 1; cf. Liv. 3, 25, 3.—<br /> <b>(b)</b> Trahere or ducere [[bellum]], to [[protract]] a [[war]]: [[necesse]] est [[enim]] aut trahi id [[bellum]], aut, etc., Cic. Att. 10, 8, 2: [[bellum]] trahi non posse, Sall. J. 23, 2: belli trahendi causā, Liv. 5, 11, 8: morae quā trahebant [[bellum]] paenitebat, id. 9, 27, 5: suadere institui ut [[bellum]] duceret, Cic. Fam. 7, 3, 2: [[bellum]] [[enim]] ducetur, id. ad Brut. 1, 18, 6; Nep. Alcib. 8, 1; id. Dat. 8, 4; [[similarly]]: cum his molliter et per dilationes [[bellum]] geri [[oportet]]? Liv. 5, 5, 1.—<br /> <b>(g)</b> Bellum repellere, defendere, or propulsare, to [[ward]] [[off]], [[defend]] one's [[self]] [[against]] a [[war]]: [[bellum]] Gallicum C. Caesare imperatore gestum est, [[antea]] [[tantummodo]] repulsum, Cic. Prov. Cons. 13, 32: [[quod]] [[bellum]] non intulerit sed defenderit, Caes. B. G. 1, 44: Samnitium vix a se ipsis eo tempore propulsantium [[bellum]], Liv. 8, 37, 5.—<br /> <b>c</b> Referring to the [[end]] of a [[war]].<br /> <b>(a)</b> Bellum deponere, ponere, or omittere, to [[give]] up, [[discontinue]] a [[war]]: in quo (i.e. [[bello]]) et gerendo et deponendo jus ut plurimum valeret lege sanximus, Cic. Leg. 2, 14, 34: ([[bellum]]) cum deponi victores velint, Sall. J. 83, 1: [[bellum]] [[decem]] [[ferme]] annis [[ante]] [[depositum]] erat, Liv. 31, 1, 8: nos [[depositum]] a [[vobis]] [[bellum]] et ipsi omisimus, id. 31, 31, 19: dicit posse condicionibus [[bellum]] poni, Sall. J. 112, 1: [[bellum]] [[grave]] cum Etruriā positum est, id. H. Fragm. 1, 9 Dietsch: [[velut]] posito [[bello]], Liv. 1, 53, 5: manere [[bellum]] [[quod]] positum simuletur, id. 1, 53, 7: posito [[ubique]] [[bello]], Tac. H. 2, 52; cf. Hor. Ep. 2, 1, 93; Verg. A. 1, 291: omisso Romano [[bello]] Porsinna filium Arruntem Ariciam... mittit, Liv. 2, 14, 5.—<br /> <b>(b)</b> Bellum componere, to [[end]] a [[war]] by [[agreement]], [[make]] [[peace]]: timerent ne [[bellum]] componeretur, Cic. Fam. 10, 33, 3: si [[bellum]] compositum foret, Sall. J. 97, 2: belli componendi licentiam, id. ib. 103, 3; cf. Nep. Ham. 1, 5; id. Hann. 6, 2; id. Alcib. 8, 3; Verg. A. 12, 109; [[similarly]]: [[bellum]] sedare, Nep. Dat. 8, 5.—<br /> <b>(g)</b> Bellum conficere, perficere, finire, to [[finish]], [[end]] a [[war]]; conficere (the [[most]] [[usual]] [[term]]) and perficere, = to [[finish]] a [[war]] by [[conquering]]; finire ([[rare]]), [[without]] implying [[success]]: is [[bellum]] confecerit qui Antonium oppresserit, Cic. Fam. 11, 12, 2: bellumque maximum conficies, id. Rep. 6, 11, 11: confecto Mithridatico [[bello]], id. Prov. Cons. 11, 27; cf. id. Fam. 5, 10, 3; id. Imp. Pomp. 14, 42: quo [[proelio]] ... [[bellum]] Venetorum confectum est, Caes. B. G. 3, 16; cf. id. ib. 1, 30; 1, 44; 1, 54; 3, 28; 4, 16: [[bello]] confecto de Rhodiis [[consultum]] est, Sall. C. 51, 5; cf. id. J. 36, 1; 114, 3: neminem [[nisi]] [[bello]] confecto pecuniam petiturum esse, Liv. 24, 18, 11; cf. id. 21, 40, 11; 23, 6, 2; 31, 47, 4; 32, 32, 6; 36, 2, 3: [[bello]] perfecto, Caes. B. C. 3, 18, 5; Liv. 1, 38, 3: se quo [[die]] hostem vidisset perfecturum (i. e. [[bellum]]), id. 22, 38, 7; 31, 4, 2; cf. id. 3, 24, 1; 34, 6, 12; Just. 5, 2, 11: [[neque]] desiturum [[ante]]... [[quam]] finitum aliquā tolerabili condicione [[bellum]] videro, Liv. 23, 12, 10: finito ex maximā parte.. italico [[bello]], Vell. 2, 17, 1; Curt. 3, 1, 9; Tac. A. 15, 17; Just. 16, 2, 6; 24, 1, 8; Verg. A. 11, 116.—<br /> <b>d</b> Less [[usual]] connections: [[bellum]] delere: non [[modo]] [[praesentia]] sed [[etiam]] futura bella delevit, Cic. Lael. 3, 11; cf. Nep. Alcib. 8, 4: alere ac fovere [[bellum]], Liv. 42, 11, 5: [[bellum]] navare alicui, Tac. H. 5, 25: spargere, id. A. 3, 21; id. Agr. 38; Luc. 2, 682: serere, Liv. 21, 10, 4: circumferre, Tac. A. 13, 37: exercere, id. ib. 6, 31: [[quam]] [[celeriter]] belli [[impetus]] navigavit ( = [[quam]] [[celeriter]] [[navale]] [[bellum]] gestum est), Cic. Imp. Pomp. 12, 34; so Flor. 2, 2, 17: [[bellum]] ascendit in [[rupes]], id. 4, 12, 4: [[bellum]] serpit in proximos, id. 2, 9, 4; cf. id. 2, 2, 15: bella narrare, Cic. Or. 9, 30: canere bella, Quint. 10, 1, 91: bella legere, Cic. Imp. Pomp. 10, 28.—<br /> <b>3</b> As [[object]] denoting [[place]] or [[time]].<br /> <b>a</b> Proficisci ad [[bellum]], to [[depart]] for the [[war]].<br /> <b>(a)</b> Of the [[commander]]: [[consul]] sortitu ad [[bellum]] [[profectus]], Cic. Phil. 14, 2, 4; cf. id. Cat. 1, 13, 33: [[ipse]] ad [[bellum]] Ambiorigis [[profectus]], Caes. B. G. 6, 29, 4: ut duo ex tribunis ad [[bellum]] proficiscerentur, Liv. 4, 45, 7; cf. id. 6, 2, 9: Nep. Alcib. 4, 1; Sall. H. 2, 96 Dietsch. —Post-[[class]].: in [[bellum]], Just. 2, 11, 9; Gell. 17, 9, 8.—<br /> <b>(b)</b> Of persons partaking in a [[war]]: si proficiscerer ad [[bellum]], Cic. Fam. 7, 3, 1. —<br /> <b>b</b> Ad [[bellum]] mittere, of the [[commander]], Cic. Imp. Pomp. 17, 50; 21, 62.—<br /> <b>c</b> In bella ruere, Verg. A. 7, 782; 9, 182: in bella sequi, id. ib. 8, 547.—<br /> <b>d</b> Of [[time]].<br /> <b>(a)</b> In the locative [[case]] belli, in [[war]], [[during]] [[war]]; [[generally]] [[with]] domi ( = domi militiaeque): valete, judices justissimi, domi bellique duellatores, Plaut. Capt. prol. 68; so, domi duellique, id. As. 3, 2, 13 (v. I. [[supra]]): quibuscunque rebus vel belli vel domi poterunt rem publicam augeant, Cic. Off. 2, 24, 85: paucorum arbitrio belli domique agitabatur, Sall. J. 41, 7: [[animus]] belli [[ingens]], domi [[modicus]], id. ib. 63, 2; Liv. 2, 50, 11; 1, 36, 6; so id. 3, 43, 1; cf.: [[bello]] domique, id. 1, 34, 12: domi belloque, id. 9, 26, 21; and: [[neque]] [[bello]], [[neque]] domi, id. 4, 35, 3.—Without domi: [[simul]] rem et gloriam armis belli [[repperi]], Ter. Heaut. 1, 1, 60 ([[where]] belli [[may]] be taken [[with]] gloriam; cf. Wagn. ad loc.): magnae res temporibus illis a fortissimis viris... belli gerebantur, Cic. Rep. 2, 32, 86.—<br /> <b>(b)</b> In [[bello]] or in [[bellis]], [[during]] [[war]] or wars, in the [[war]], in the wars; [[with]] adj.: ad haec quae in civili [[bello]] fecerit, Cic. Phil. 2, 19, 47; cf. id. ib. 14, 8, 22: in ipso [[bello]] [[eadem]] sensi, id. Marcell. 5, 14: in Volsco [[bello]] [[virtus]] enituit, Liv. 2, 24, 8: in eo [[bello]], id. 23, 46, 6: in Punicis [[bellis]], Plin.8, 14, 14, § 37: in [[bello]] Trojano, id. 30, 1, 2, § 5.—Without adj.: ut [[fit]] in [[bello]], capitur [[alter]] [[filius]], Plaut. Capt. prol. 25: qui in [[bello]] occiderunt, Cic. Fam. 9, 5, 2: [[quod]] in [[bello]] saepius vindicatum est in eos, etc., Sall. C. 9, 4: non in [[bello]] [[solum]], sed [[etiam]] in [[pace]], Liv. 1, 15, 8; 2, 23, 2: in [[bello]] parta, Quint. 5, 10, 42; 12, 1, 28.—<br /> <b>(g)</b> Abl. [[bello]] or [[bellis]] = in [[bello]] or in [[bellis]] (freq.); [[with]] adjj.: nos [[semper]] omnibus Punicis Siciliensibusque [[bellis]] amicitiam fidemque populi Romani secuti sumus. Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 47, § 124: [[bello]] Italico, id. Pis. 36, 87: Veienti [[bello]], id. Div. 1, 44, 100: domestico [[bello]], id. Planc. 29, 70: qui Volsco, Aurunco Sabinoque militassent [[bello]], Liv. 23, 12, 11: [[victor]] tot [[intra]] paucos [[dies]] [[bellis]], id. 2, 27, 1: nullo [[bello]], multis [[tamen]] proeliis [[victus]], id. 9, 18, 9: [[bello]] civili, Quint. 11, 1, 36.—With gen.: praesentiam [[saepe]] divi suam declarant, ut et [[apud]] Regillum [[bello]] Latinorum, Cic. N. D. 2, 2, 6: suam felicitatem Helvetiorum [[bello]] esse perspectam, Caes. B. G. 1, 40.—Without attrib.: qui [[etiam]] [[bello]] victis regibus regna reddere consuevit, Cic. Sest. 26, 57: res [[pace]] belloque gestas, Liv. 2, 1, 1: egregieque rebus [[bello]] gestis, id. 1, 33, 9; so id. 23, 12, 11: ludi [[bello]] voti, id. 4, 35. 3: [[princeps]] [[pace]] belloque, id. 7, 1, 9: Cotyn [[bello]] juvisse Persea, id. 45, 42, 7: [[bello]] parta, Quint. 5, 10, 15; cf. id. 7, 4, 22; Ov. M. 8, 19.—<br /> <b>(d)</b> Inter [[bellum]] ([[rare]]): cujus originis morem [[necesse]] est... [[inter]] [[bellum]] natum esse, Liv. 2, 14, 2: [[inter]] haec bella consules... facti, id. 2, 63, 1.—<br /> <b>4</b> Bellum in attributive [[connection]].<br /> <b>a</b> Justum [[bellum]].<br /> <b>(a)</b> A [[righteous]] [[war]], Cic. Off. 1, 11, 36 (v. II. A. 2. a. θ [[supra]]): justum piumque [[bellum]], Liv. 1, 23, 4: non [[loquor]] [[apud]] recusantem justa bella populum, id. 7, 30, 17; so Ov. M. 8, 58; cf.: [[illa]] injusta sunt bella quae [[sine]] causā suscepta sunt, Cic. Rep. 3, 23, 35.—<br /> <b>(b)</b> A [[regular]] [[war]] (opp. a [[raid]], etc.): in fines Romanos excucurrerunt, populabundi [[magis]] [[quam]] justi [[more]] belli, Liv. 1, 15, 1.—<br /> <b>b</b> For the [[different]] kinds of [[war]]: domesticum, civile, intestinum, externum, [[navale]], maritimum, terrā marique gestum, [[servile]], sociale; v. hh. vv.—<br /> <b>c</b> Belli [[eventus]] or [[exitus]], the [[result]] of a [[war]]: quicunque belli [[eventus]] fuisset, Cic. Marcell. 8, 24: [[haud]] [[sane]] [[alio]] [[animo]] belli [[eventum]] exspectabant, Sall. C. 37, 9: [[eventus]] [[tamen]] belli [[minus]] miserabilem dimicationem fecit, Liv. 1, 23, 2; cf. id. 7, 11, 1: [[exitus]] hujus calamitosissimi belli, Cic. Fam. 6, 21, 1: cum esset [[incertus]] [[exitus]] et [[anceps]] [[fortuna]] belli, id. Marcell. 5, 15; so id. Off. 2, 8, : Britannici belli [[exitus]] exspectatur, id. Att. 4, 16, 13: [[cetera]] bella maximeque Veiens incerti [[exitus]] erant, Liv. 5, 16, 8.—<br /> <b>d</b> Fortuna belli, the chances of [[war]]: [[adeo]] [[varia]] [[fortuna]] belli ancepsque [[Mars]] fuit ut, Liv. 21, 1, 2; cf. Cic. Marcell. 5, 15 (v. c. [[supra]]).—<br /> <b>e</b> Belli artes, [[military]] [[skill]]: cuilibet superiorum regum belli pacisque et artibus et gloriā [[par]], Liv. 1, 35, 1: [[haud]] ignotas belli artes, id. 21, 1, 2: temperata et belli et pacis artibus erat [[civitas]], id. 1, 21, 6.—<br /> <b>f</b> Jus belli, the [[law]] of [[war]]: jura belli, the rights ([[law]]) of [[war]]: in re publicā [[maxime]] servanda sunt jura belli, Cic. Off. 1, 11, 34: sunt et belli [[sicut]] pacis jura, Liv. 5, 27, 6: jure belli res vindicatur, Gai. Inst. 3, 94.—<br /> Belli duces praestantissimos, the [[most]] [[excellent]] captains, generals, Cic. Or. 1, 2, 7: trium [[simul]] bellorum [[victor]], a [[victor]] in [[three]] wars, Liv. 6, 4, 1 (cf.: [[victor]] tot [[bellis]], id. 2, 27, 1). —<br /> Belli vulnera, Cic. Marcell. 8, 24.—<br /> <b>B</b> Transf.<br /> <b>1</b> Of things concr. and abstr.: qui parietibus, qui tectis, qui columnis ac postibus meis... [[bellum]] intulistis, Cic. Dom. 23, 60: [[bellum]] [[contra]] aras et focos, id. Phil. 3, 1, 1: [[miror]] [[cur]] philosophiae... [[bellum]] indixeris, id. Or. 2, 37, 155: ventri Indico [[bellum]], Hor. S. 1, 5, 8.—<br /> <b>2</b> Of animals: milvo est quoddam [[bellum]] [[quasi]] naturale cum corvo, Cic. N. D. 2, 49, 125: hanc [[Juno]] Esse jussit gruem, populisque suis indicere [[bellum]], Ov. M. 6, 92.—<br /> <b>3</b> With individuals: [[quid]] mihi opu'st... cum eis gerere [[bellum]], etc., Plaut. Stich. 1, 2, 14: [[nihil]] turpius [[quam]] cum eo [[bellum]] gerere quīcum [[familiariter]] vixeris, Cic. Lael. 21, 77: cum mihi uni cum improbis aeternum videam [[bellum]] [[susceptum]], id. Sull. 9, 28: hoc [[tibi]] juventus Romana indicimus [[bellum]], Liv. 2, 12, 11: falsum testem justo ac pio [[bello]] persequebatur, id. 3, 25, 3: tribunicium domi [[bellum]] patres territat, id. 3, 24, 1; cf. Plin. Ep. 1, 2, 57.—Ironically: [[equus]] Trojanus qui tot invictos viros muliebre [[bellum]] gerentes tulerit ac texerit, Cic. Cael. 28, 67.—<br /> <b>4</b> In mal. [[part]]., Hor. C. 3, 26, 3; 4, 1, 2.—<br /> <b>5</b> Personified as [[god]] of [[war]] ( = [[Janus]]): tabulas duas quae Belli faciem pictam habent, Plin. 35, 4, 10, § 27: sunt geminae Belli portae, etc., Verg. A. 7, 607: mortiferumque averso in limine Bellum, id. ib. 6, 279.—<br /> <b>6</b> Plur.: bella, [[army]] ([[poet]].): permanet Aonius [[Nereus]] [[violentus]] in undis, Bellaque non transfert (i.e. Graecorum exercitum), Ov. M. 12, 24: sed victae [[fera]] bella deae vexere per aequora, Sil. 7, 472: [[quid]] faciat [[bellis]] [[obsessus]] et undis? Stat. Th. 9, 490.—<br /> <b>7</b> Battle, = [[proelium]]: [[rorarii]] dicti a rore: qui [[bellum]] committebant [[ante]], Varr. L. L. 7, 3, 92: [[quod]] in [[bello]] saepius vindicatum in eos qui... tardius, revocati, [[bello]] excesserant, Sall. C. 9, 4: praecipua [[laus]] ejus belli [[penes]] consules fuit, Liv. 8, 10, 7: commisso [[statim]] [[bello]], Front. Strat. 1, 11, 2: Actia bella, Verg. A. 8, 675: ingentem pugnam, ceu [[cetera]] [[nusquam]] Bella forent, id. ib. 2, 439; cf. Flor. 3, 5, 11; Just. 2, 12; 18, 1 fin.; 24, 8; Hor. Ep. 2, 2, 98 (form [[duellum]]); Ov. H. 1, 1, 69; Verg. A. 8, 547; 12, 390; 12, 633; Stat. Th. 3, 666. —<br /> <b>8</b> Bellum = [[liber]] de [[bello]]: [[quam]] gaudebat Bello suo Punico [[Naevius]]! Cic. Sen. 14, 50. | ||
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|gf=<b>bellum</b>,⁴ ī, n., ([[duellum]]),<br /><b>1</b> guerre [au pr. et au fig.] : [[vel]] belli [[vel]] [[domi]] Cic. Off. 2, 85, soit en temps de guerre, soit en temps de paix ; Veienti [[bello]] Cic. Div. 1, 100, pendant la guerre contre Véies ; [[bellis]] Punicis Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 124, pendant les guerres puniques ; in civili [[bello]] Cic. Phil. 2, 47, pendant la guerre civile ; [[bellum]] [[navale]] Cic. Pomp. 28 ou maritimum Sall. C. 39, 1, la guerre des pirates ; [[bellum]] [[adversus]] Philippum Liv. 31, 1, 8, la guerre contre Philippe ; cum improbis suscipere [[bellum]] Cic. [[Sulla]] 28, entreprendre la guerre contre les méchants || v. parare, gerere, indicere, ducere, trahere, etc.<br /><b>2</b> combat, bataille : Sall. C. 9, 4 ; Liv. 8, 10, 7<br /><b>3</b> [au pl., fig.] armées : Ov. M. 12, 24 ; Plin. Min. [[Pan]]. 12, 3 || la Guerre, divinité : Belli portæ Virg. En. 1, 294, les portes du temple de [[Janus]]. | |||
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Revision as of 06:36, 14 August 2017
Latin > English (Lewis & Short)
bellum: (ante-class. and poet. duel-lum), i, n. Sanscr. dva, dvi, dus; cf. Germ. zwei; Engl. two, twice; for the change from initial du- to b-, cf. bis for duis, and
v. the letter B, and Varr. L. L. 5, § 73 Müll.; 7, § 49 ib.,
I war.
I Form duellum: duellum, bellum, videlicet quod duabus partibus de victoriā contendentibus dimicatur. Inde est perduellis, qui pertinaciter retinet bellum, Paul. ex Fest. p. 66, 17 Müll.: bellum antea duellum vocatum eo quod duae sunt dimicantium partes ... Postea mutatā litterā dictum bellum, Isid. Orig. 18, 1, 9: hos pestis necuit, pars occidit illa duellis, Enn. ap. Prisc. p. 9, 861 P. (Ann. v. 549 Vahl.): legiones reveniunt domum Exstincto duello maximo atque internecatis hostibus, Plaut. Am. 1, 1, 35: quae domi duellique male fecisti, id. As. 3, 2, 13.—So in archaic style, or in citations from ancient documents: quique agent rem duelli, Cic. Leg. 2, 8, 21: aes atque ferrum, duelli instrumenta, id. ib. 2, 18, 45 (translated from the Platonic laws): puro pioque duello quaerendas (res) censeo, Liv. 1, 32, 12 (quoted from ancient transactions); so, quod duellum populo Romano cum Carthaginiensi est, id. 22, 10, 2: victoriaque duelli populi Romani erit, id. 23, 11, 2: si duellum quod cum rege Antiocho sumi populus jussit, id. 36, 2, 2; and from an ancient inscription' duello magno dirimendo, etc., id. 40, 52, 5.—Poet.: hic... Pacem duello miscuit, Hor. C. 3, 5, 38: cadum Marsi memorem duelli, id. ib. 3, 14, 18: vacuum duellis Janum Quirini clausit, id. ib. 4, 15, 8; cf. id. Ep. 1, 2, 7; 2, 1, 254; 2, 2, 98; Ov. F. 6, 201; Juv. 1, 169—
II Form bellum.
A War, warfare (abstr.), or a war, the war (concr.), i.e. hostilities between two nations (cf. tumultus).
1 Specifying the enemy.
a By adjj. denoting the nation: omnibus Punicis Siciliensibusque bellis, Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 47, § 124: aliquot annis ante secundum Punicum bellum, id. Ac. 2, 5, 13: Britannicum bellum, id. Att. 4, 16, 13: Gallicum, id. Prov. Cons. 14, 35: Germanicum, Caes. B. G. 3, 28: Sabinum, Liv. 1, 26, 4: Parthicum, Vell. 2, 46, 2; similarly: bellum piraticum, the war against the pirates, Vell. 2, 33, 1.—Sometimes the adj. refers to the leader or king of the enemy: Sertorianum bellum, Cic. Phil. 11, 8, 18: Mithridaticum, id. Imp. Pomp. 3, 7: Jugurthinum, Hor. Epod. 9, 23; Vell. 2, 11, 1; similarly: bellum regium, the war against kings, Cic. Imp. Pomp. 17, 50. —Or it refers to the theatre of the war: bellum Africanum, Transalpinum, Cic. Imp. Pomp. 10, 28: Asiaticum, id. ib. 22, 64: Africum, Caes. B. C. 2, 32 fin.: Actiacum, Vell. 2, 86, 3: Hispaniense, id. 2, 55, 2.—
b With gen. of the name of the nation or its leader: bellum Latinorum, the Latin war, i. e. against the Latins, Cic. N. D. 2, 2, 6: Venetorum, Caes. B. G. 3, 16: Helvetiorum, id. ib. 1, 40 fin.; 1, 30: Ambiorigis, id. ib. 6, 29, 4: Pyrrhi, Philippi, Cic. Phil. 11, 7, 17: Samnitium, Liv. 7, 29, 2.—
c With cum and abl. of the name.
(a) Attributively: cum Jugurthā, cum Cimbris, cum Teutonis bellum, Cic. Imp. Pomp. 20, 60: belli causā cum Samnitibus, Liv. 7, 29, 3: hunc finem bellum cum Philippo habuit, id. 33, 35, 12: novum cum Antiocho instabat bellum, id. 36, 36, 7; cf. id. 35, 40, 1; 38, 58, 8; 39, 1, 8; 44, 14, 7.—
(b) With cum dependent on the verb: quia bellum Aetolis esse dixi cum Aliis, Plaut. Capt. prol. 59: novi consules... duo bella habuere... alterum cum Tiburtibus, Liv. 7, 17, 2; esp. with gero, v. 2. b. α infra.—
d With adversus and acc. of the name.
(a) Attributively: bellum adversus Philippum, Liv. 31, 1, 8: bellum populus adversus Vestinos jussit, id. 8, 29, 6.—
(b) With adversus dependent on the verb: quod homines populi Hermunduli adversus populum Romanum bellum fecere, Cincius ap. Gell. 16, 14, 1: nos pro vobis bellum suscepimus adversus Philippum. Liv. 31, 31, 18: ut multo acrius adversus duos quam adversus unum pararet bellum, id. 45, 11, 8: bellum quod rex adversus Datamem susceperat, Nep. Dat. 8, 5.—
e With contra and acc.: cum bellum nefarium contra aras et focos, contra vitam fortunasque nostras... non comparari, sed geri jam viderem, Cic. Phil. 3, 1, 1: causam belli contra patriam inferendi, id. ib. 2, 22, 53.—
f With in and acc. (very rare): Athenienses in Peloponnesios sexto et vicesimo anno bellum gerentes, Nep. Lys. 1, 1.—
With inter and acc.: hic finis belli inter Romanos ac Persea fuit, Liv. 45, 9, 2.—
With apud and acc.: secutum est bellum gestum apud Mutinam, Nep. Att. 9, 1.—
With dat. of the enemy after inferre and facere, v. 2. a. κ infra.—
2 With verbs.
a Referring to the beginning of the war.
(a) Bellum movere or commovere, to bring about, stir up a war: summa erat observatio in bello movendo, Cic. Off. 1, 11, 37: bellum commotum a Scapulā, id. Fam. 9, 13, 1: nuntiabant alii... in Apuliā servile bellum moveri, Sall. C. 30, 2: is primum Volscis bellum in ducentos amplius... annos movit, Liv. 1, 53, 2: insequenti anno Veiens bellum motum, id. 4, 58, 6: dii pium movere bellum, id. 8, 6, 4; cf. Verg. A. 10, 627; id. G. 1, 509; so, concitare, Liv. 7, 27, 5; and ciere (poet.), Verg. A. 1, 541; 6, 829; 12, 158.—
(b) Bellum parare, comparare, apparare, or se praeparare bello, to prepare a war, or for a war: cum tam pestiferum bellum pararet, Cic. Att. 9, 13, 3: bellum utrimque summopere parabatur, Liv. 1, 23, 1; cf. id. 45, 11, 8 (v. II. A. 1. d. β supra); Nep. Hann. 2, 6; Quint. 12, 3, 5; Ov. M. 7, 456; so, parare alicui, Nep. Alcib. 9, 5: bellum terrā et mari comparat, Cic. Att. 10, 4, 3: tantum bellum ... Cn. Pompeius extremā hieme apparavit, ineunte vere suscepit, mediā aestate confecit, id. Imp. Pomp. 12, 3, 5: bellum omnium consensu apparari coeptum, Liv. 4, 55, 7: numquam imperator ita paci credit, ut non se praeparet bello, Sen. Vit. Beat. 26, 2.—
(g) Bellum differre, to postpone a war: nec jam poterat bellum differri, Liv. 2, 30, 7: mors Hamilcaris et pueritia Hannibalis distulerunt bellum, id. 21, 2, 3; cf. id. 5, 5, 3.—
(d) Bellum sumere, to undertake, begin a war (not in Cæsar): omne bellum sumi facile, ceterum aegerrume desinere, Sall. J. 83, 1: prius tamen omnia pati decrevit quam bellum sumere, id. ib. 20, 5: de integro bellum sumit, id. ib. 62, 9: iis haec maxima ratio belli sumendi fuerat, Liv. 38, 19, 3: sumi bellum etiam ab ignavis, strenuissimi cujusque periculo geri, Tac. H. 4, 69; cf. id. A. 2, 45; 13, 34; 15, 5; 15, 7; id. Agr. 16.—（ε) Bellum suscipere (rarely inire), to undertake, commence a war, join in a war: bellum ita suscipiatur ut nihil nisi pax quaesita videatur, Cic. Off. 1, 23, 80: suscipienda quidem bella sunt ob eam causam ut, etc., id. ib. 1, 11, 35: judicavit a plerisque ignoratione... bellum esse susceptum, join, id. Marcell. 5, 13; id. Imp. Pomp. 12, 35 (v. supra): cum avertisset plebem a suscipiendo bello, undertaking, Liv. 4, 58, 14: senatui cum Camillo agi placuit ut bellum Etruscum susciperet, id. 6, 9, 5: bella non causis inita, sed ut eorum merces fuit, Vell. 2, 3, 3.— (ζ) Bellum consentire = bellum consensu decernere, to decree a war by agreement, to ratify a declaration of war (rare): consensit et senatus bellum, Liv. 8, 6, 8: bellum erat consensum, id. 1, 32, 12.—（η) Bellum alicui mandare, committere, decernere, dare, gerendum dare, ad aliquem deferre, or aliquem bello praeficere, praeponere, to assign a war to one as a commander, to give one the chief command in a war: sed ne tum quidem populus Romanus ad privatum detulit bellum, Cic. Phil. 11, 8, 18: populus Romanus consuli... bellum gerendum dedit, id. ib.: cur non... eidem ... hoc quoque bellum regium committamus? id. Imp. Pomp. 17, 50: Camillus cui id bellum mandatum erat, Liv. 5, 26, 3: Volscum bellum M. Furio extra ordinem decretum, id. 6, 22, 6: Gallicum bellum Popilio extra ordinem datum, id. 7, 23, 2: quo die a vobis maritimo bello praepositus est imperator, Cic. Imp. Pomp. 15, 44: cum ei (bello) imperatorem praeficere possitis, in quo sit eximia belli scientia, id. ib. 16, 49: hunc toti bello praefecerunt, Caes. B. G. 5, 11 fin.: alicui bellum suscipiendum dare, Cic. Imp. Pomp. 19, 58: bellum administrandum permittere, id. ib. 21, 61.— (θ) Bellum indicere alicui, to declare war against (the regular expression; coupled with facere in the ancient formula of the pater patratus), also bellum denuntiare: ob eam rem ego... populo Hermundulo... bellum (in)dico facioque, Cincius ap. Gell. 16, 14, 1: ob eam rem ego populusque Romanus populis... Latinis bellum indico facioque, Liv. 1, 32, 13: Corinthiis bellum indicamus an non? Cic. Inv. 1, 12, 17: ex quo intellegi potest, nullum bellum esse justum nisi quod aut rebus repetitis geratur, aut denuntiatum ante sit et indictum, id. Off. 1, 11, 36; id. Rep. 3, 23, 35: bellum indici posse existimabat, Liv. 1, 22, 4: ni reddantur (res) bellum indicere jussos, id. 1, 22, 6: ut... nec gererentur solum sed etiam indicerentur bella aliquo ritu, jus ... descripsit quo res repetuntur, id. 1, 32, 5; cf. id. 1, 32, 9; 2, 18, 11; 2, 38, 5; Verg. A. 7, 616.— (κ) Bellum inferre alicui (cf. contra aliquem, 1. e. supra; also bellum facere; absol., with dat., or with cum and abl.), to begin a war against (with), to make war on: Denseletis nefarium bellum intulisti, Cic. Pis. 34, 84: ei civitati bellum indici atque inferri solere, id. Verr. 2, 1, 31, § 79: qui sibi Galliaeque bellum intulissent, Caes. B. G. 4, 16; Nep. Them. 2, 4; Verg. A. 3, 248: bellumne populo Romano Lampsacena civitas facere conabatur? Cic. Verr. 2, 1, 31, § 79: bellum patriae faciet, id. Mil. 23, 63; id. Cat. 3, 9, 22: civitatem Eburonum populo Romano bellum facere ausam, Caes. B. G. 5, 28; cf. id. ib. 7, 2; 3, 29: constituit bellum facere, Sall. C. 26, 5; 24, 2: occupant bellum facere, they are the first to begin the war, Liv. 1, 14, 4: ut bellum cum Priscis Latinis fieret, id. 1, 32, 13: populus Palaepolitanis bellum fieri jussit, id. 8, 22, 8; cf. Nep. Dion, 4, 3; id. Ages. 2, 1.— Coupled with instruere, to sustain a war: urbs quae bellum facere atque instruere possit, Cic. Agr. 2, 28, 77.—Bellum facere had become obsolete at Seneca's time, Sen. Ep. 114, 17.—（λ) Bellum oritur or exoritur, a war begins: subito bellum in Galliā ex, ortum est, Caes. B. G. 3, 7: aliud multo propius bellum ortum, Liv. 1, 14, 4: Veiens bellum exortum, id. 2, 53, 1.—
b Referring to the carrying on of the war: bellum gerere, to carry on a war; absol., with cum and abl., per and acc., or in and abl. (cf.: bellum gerere in aliquem, 1. a. and f. supra): nisi forte ego vobis... cessare nunc videor cum bella non gero, Cic. Sen. 6, 18: cum Celtiberis, cum Cimbris bellum ut cum inimicis gerebatur, id. Off. 1, 12, 38: cum ei bellum ut cum rege Perse gereret obtigisset, id. Div. 1, 46, 103: erant hae difficultates belli gerendi, Caes. B. G. 3, 10: bellum cum Germanis gerere constituit, id. ib. 4, 6: Cn. Pompeius in extremis terris bellum gerebat, Sall. C. 16, 5: bellum quod Hannibale duce Carthaginienses cum populo Romano gessere, Liv. 21, 1, 1: alter consul in Sabinis bellum gessit, id. 2, 62, 3: de exercitibus per quos id bellum gereretur, id. 23, 25, 5: Chabrias bella in Aegypto suā sponte gessit, Nep. Chabr, 2, 1.—Sometimes bellum administrare only of the commander, Cic. Imp. Pomp. 15, 43; Nep. Chabr. 2, 1. —Also (very rare): bellum bellare, Liv. 8, 40, 1 (but belligerantes is absol., Enn. ap. Cic. Off. 1, 12, 38; Ann. v. 201 Vahl.); in the same sense: bellum agere, Nep. Hann. 8, 3. —As a synonym: bello persequi aliquem, Nep. Con. 4, 1; cf. Liv. 3, 25, 3.—
(b) Trahere or ducere bellum, to protract a war: necesse est enim aut trahi id bellum, aut, etc., Cic. Att. 10, 8, 2: bellum trahi non posse, Sall. J. 23, 2: belli trahendi causā, Liv. 5, 11, 8: morae quā trahebant bellum paenitebat, id. 9, 27, 5: suadere institui ut bellum duceret, Cic. Fam. 7, 3, 2: bellum enim ducetur, id. ad Brut. 1, 18, 6; Nep. Alcib. 8, 1; id. Dat. 8, 4; similarly: cum his molliter et per dilationes bellum geri oportet? Liv. 5, 5, 1.—
(g) Bellum repellere, defendere, or propulsare, to ward off, defend one's self against a war: bellum Gallicum C. Caesare imperatore gestum est, antea tantummodo repulsum, Cic. Prov. Cons. 13, 32: quod bellum non intulerit sed defenderit, Caes. B. G. 1, 44: Samnitium vix a se ipsis eo tempore propulsantium bellum, Liv. 8, 37, 5.—
c Referring to the end of a war.
(a) Bellum deponere, ponere, or omittere, to give up, discontinue a war: in quo (i.e. bello) et gerendo et deponendo jus ut plurimum valeret lege sanximus, Cic. Leg. 2, 14, 34: (bellum) cum deponi victores velint, Sall. J. 83, 1: bellum decem ferme annis ante depositum erat, Liv. 31, 1, 8: nos depositum a vobis bellum et ipsi omisimus, id. 31, 31, 19: dicit posse condicionibus bellum poni, Sall. J. 112, 1: bellum grave cum Etruriā positum est, id. H. Fragm. 1, 9 Dietsch: velut posito bello, Liv. 1, 53, 5: manere bellum quod positum simuletur, id. 1, 53, 7: posito ubique bello, Tac. H. 2, 52; cf. Hor. Ep. 2, 1, 93; Verg. A. 1, 291: omisso Romano bello Porsinna filium Arruntem Ariciam... mittit, Liv. 2, 14, 5.—
(b) Bellum componere, to end a war by agreement, make peace: timerent ne bellum componeretur, Cic. Fam. 10, 33, 3: si bellum compositum foret, Sall. J. 97, 2: belli componendi licentiam, id. ib. 103, 3; cf. Nep. Ham. 1, 5; id. Hann. 6, 2; id. Alcib. 8, 3; Verg. A. 12, 109; similarly: bellum sedare, Nep. Dat. 8, 5.—
(g) Bellum conficere, perficere, finire, to finish, end a war; conficere (the most usual term) and perficere, = to finish a war by conquering; finire (rare), without implying success: is bellum confecerit qui Antonium oppresserit, Cic. Fam. 11, 12, 2: bellumque maximum conficies, id. Rep. 6, 11, 11: confecto Mithridatico bello, id. Prov. Cons. 11, 27; cf. id. Fam. 5, 10, 3; id. Imp. Pomp. 14, 42: quo proelio ... bellum Venetorum confectum est, Caes. B. G. 3, 16; cf. id. ib. 1, 30; 1, 44; 1, 54; 3, 28; 4, 16: bello confecto de Rhodiis consultum est, Sall. C. 51, 5; cf. id. J. 36, 1; 114, 3: neminem nisi bello confecto pecuniam petiturum esse, Liv. 24, 18, 11; cf. id. 21, 40, 11; 23, 6, 2; 31, 47, 4; 32, 32, 6; 36, 2, 3: bello perfecto, Caes. B. C. 3, 18, 5; Liv. 1, 38, 3: se quo die hostem vidisset perfecturum (i. e. bellum), id. 22, 38, 7; 31, 4, 2; cf. id. 3, 24, 1; 34, 6, 12; Just. 5, 2, 11: neque desiturum ante... quam finitum aliquā tolerabili condicione bellum videro, Liv. 23, 12, 10: finito ex maximā parte.. italico bello, Vell. 2, 17, 1; Curt. 3, 1, 9; Tac. A. 15, 17; Just. 16, 2, 6; 24, 1, 8; Verg. A. 11, 116.—
d Less usual connections: bellum delere: non modo praesentia sed etiam futura bella delevit, Cic. Lael. 3, 11; cf. Nep. Alcib. 8, 4: alere ac fovere bellum, Liv. 42, 11, 5: bellum navare alicui, Tac. H. 5, 25: spargere, id. A. 3, 21; id. Agr. 38; Luc. 2, 682: serere, Liv. 21, 10, 4: circumferre, Tac. A. 13, 37: exercere, id. ib. 6, 31: quam celeriter belli impetus navigavit ( = quam celeriter navale bellum gestum est), Cic. Imp. Pomp. 12, 34; so Flor. 2, 2, 17: bellum ascendit in rupes, id. 4, 12, 4: bellum serpit in proximos, id. 2, 9, 4; cf. id. 2, 2, 15: bella narrare, Cic. Or. 9, 30: canere bella, Quint. 10, 1, 91: bella legere, Cic. Imp. Pomp. 10, 28.—
3 As object denoting place or time.
a Proficisci ad bellum, to depart for the war.
(a) Of the commander: consul sortitu ad bellum profectus, Cic. Phil. 14, 2, 4; cf. id. Cat. 1, 13, 33: ipse ad bellum Ambiorigis profectus, Caes. B. G. 6, 29, 4: ut duo ex tribunis ad bellum proficiscerentur, Liv. 4, 45, 7; cf. id. 6, 2, 9: Nep. Alcib. 4, 1; Sall. H. 2, 96 Dietsch. —Post-class.: in bellum, Just. 2, 11, 9; Gell. 17, 9, 8.—
(b) Of persons partaking in a war: si proficiscerer ad bellum, Cic. Fam. 7, 3, 1. —
b Ad bellum mittere, of the commander, Cic. Imp. Pomp. 17, 50; 21, 62.—
c In bella ruere, Verg. A. 7, 782; 9, 182: in bella sequi, id. ib. 8, 547.—
d Of time.
(a) In the locative case belli, in war, during war; generally with domi ( = domi militiaeque): valete, judices justissimi, domi bellique duellatores, Plaut. Capt. prol. 68; so, domi duellique, id. As. 3, 2, 13 (v. I. supra): quibuscunque rebus vel belli vel domi poterunt rem publicam augeant, Cic. Off. 2, 24, 85: paucorum arbitrio belli domique agitabatur, Sall. J. 41, 7: animus belli ingens, domi modicus, id. ib. 63, 2; Liv. 2, 50, 11; 1, 36, 6; so id. 3, 43, 1; cf.: bello domique, id. 1, 34, 12: domi belloque, id. 9, 26, 21; and: neque bello, neque domi, id. 4, 35, 3.—Without domi: simul rem et gloriam armis belli repperi, Ter. Heaut. 1, 1, 60 (where belli may be taken with gloriam; cf. Wagn. ad loc.): magnae res temporibus illis a fortissimis viris... belli gerebantur, Cic. Rep. 2, 32, 86.—
(b) In bello or in bellis, during war or wars, in the war, in the wars; with adj.: ad haec quae in civili bello fecerit, Cic. Phil. 2, 19, 47; cf. id. ib. 14, 8, 22: in ipso bello eadem sensi, id. Marcell. 5, 14: in Volsco bello virtus enituit, Liv. 2, 24, 8: in eo bello, id. 23, 46, 6: in Punicis bellis, Plin.8, 14, 14, § 37: in bello Trojano, id. 30, 1, 2, § 5.—Without adj.: ut fit in bello, capitur alter filius, Plaut. Capt. prol. 25: qui in bello occiderunt, Cic. Fam. 9, 5, 2: quod in bello saepius vindicatum est in eos, etc., Sall. C. 9, 4: non in bello solum, sed etiam in pace, Liv. 1, 15, 8; 2, 23, 2: in bello parta, Quint. 5, 10, 42; 12, 1, 28.—
(g) Abl. bello or bellis = in bello or in bellis (freq.); with adjj.: nos semper omnibus Punicis Siciliensibusque bellis amicitiam fidemque populi Romani secuti sumus. Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 47, § 124: bello Italico, id. Pis. 36, 87: Veienti bello, id. Div. 1, 44, 100: domestico bello, id. Planc. 29, 70: qui Volsco, Aurunco Sabinoque militassent bello, Liv. 23, 12, 11: victor tot intra paucos dies bellis, id. 2, 27, 1: nullo bello, multis tamen proeliis victus, id. 9, 18, 9: bello civili, Quint. 11, 1, 36.—With gen.: praesentiam saepe divi suam declarant, ut et apud Regillum bello Latinorum, Cic. N. D. 2, 2, 6: suam felicitatem Helvetiorum bello esse perspectam, Caes. B. G. 1, 40.—Without attrib.: qui etiam bello victis regibus regna reddere consuevit, Cic. Sest. 26, 57: res pace belloque gestas, Liv. 2, 1, 1: egregieque rebus bello gestis, id. 1, 33, 9; so id. 23, 12, 11: ludi bello voti, id. 4, 35. 3: princeps pace belloque, id. 7, 1, 9: Cotyn bello juvisse Persea, id. 45, 42, 7: bello parta, Quint. 5, 10, 15; cf. id. 7, 4, 22; Ov. M. 8, 19.—
(d) Inter bellum (rare): cujus originis morem necesse est... inter bellum natum esse, Liv. 2, 14, 2: inter haec bella consules... facti, id. 2, 63, 1.—
4 Bellum in attributive connection.
a Justum bellum.
(a) A righteous war, Cic. Off. 1, 11, 36 (v. II. A. 2. a. θ supra): justum piumque bellum, Liv. 1, 23, 4: non loquor apud recusantem justa bella populum, id. 7, 30, 17; so Ov. M. 8, 58; cf.: illa injusta sunt bella quae sine causā suscepta sunt, Cic. Rep. 3, 23, 35.—
(b) A regular war (opp. a raid, etc.): in fines Romanos excucurrerunt, populabundi magis quam justi more belli, Liv. 1, 15, 1.—
b For the different kinds of war: domesticum, civile, intestinum, externum, navale, maritimum, terrā marique gestum, servile, sociale; v. hh. vv.—
c Belli eventus or exitus, the result of a war: quicunque belli eventus fuisset, Cic. Marcell. 8, 24: haud sane alio animo belli eventum exspectabant, Sall. C. 37, 9: eventus tamen belli minus miserabilem dimicationem fecit, Liv. 1, 23, 2; cf. id. 7, 11, 1: exitus hujus calamitosissimi belli, Cic. Fam. 6, 21, 1: cum esset incertus exitus et anceps fortuna belli, id. Marcell. 5, 15; so id. Off. 2, 8, : Britannici belli exitus exspectatur, id. Att. 4, 16, 13: cetera bella maximeque Veiens incerti exitus erant, Liv. 5, 16, 8.—
d Fortuna belli, the chances of war: adeo varia fortuna belli ancepsque Mars fuit ut, Liv. 21, 1, 2; cf. Cic. Marcell. 5, 15 (v. c. supra).—
e Belli artes, military skill: cuilibet superiorum regum belli pacisque et artibus et gloriā par, Liv. 1, 35, 1: haud ignotas belli artes, id. 21, 1, 2: temperata et belli et pacis artibus erat civitas, id. 1, 21, 6.—
f Jus belli, the law of war: jura belli, the rights (law) of war: in re publicā maxime servanda sunt jura belli, Cic. Off. 1, 11, 34: sunt et belli sicut pacis jura, Liv. 5, 27, 6: jure belli res vindicatur, Gai. Inst. 3, 94.—
Belli duces praestantissimos, the most excellent captains, generals, Cic. Or. 1, 2, 7: trium simul bellorum victor, a victor in three wars, Liv. 6, 4, 1 (cf.: victor tot bellis, id. 2, 27, 1). —
Belli vulnera, Cic. Marcell. 8, 24.—
B Transf.
1 Of things concr. and abstr.: qui parietibus, qui tectis, qui columnis ac postibus meis... bellum intulistis, Cic. Dom. 23, 60: bellum contra aras et focos, id. Phil. 3, 1, 1: miror cur philosophiae... bellum indixeris, id. Or. 2, 37, 155: ventri Indico bellum, Hor. S. 1, 5, 8.—
2 Of animals: milvo est quoddam bellum quasi naturale cum corvo, Cic. N. D. 2, 49, 125: hanc Juno Esse jussit gruem, populisque suis indicere bellum, Ov. M. 6, 92.—
3 With individuals: quid mihi opu'st... cum eis gerere bellum, etc., Plaut. Stich. 1, 2, 14: nihil turpius quam cum eo bellum gerere quīcum familiariter vixeris, Cic. Lael. 21, 77: cum mihi uni cum improbis aeternum videam bellum susceptum, id. Sull. 9, 28: hoc tibi juventus Romana indicimus bellum, Liv. 2, 12, 11: falsum testem justo ac pio bello persequebatur, id. 3, 25, 3: tribunicium domi bellum patres territat, id. 3, 24, 1; cf. Plin. Ep. 1, 2, 57.—Ironically: equus Trojanus qui tot invictos viros muliebre bellum gerentes tulerit ac texerit, Cic. Cael. 28, 67.—
4 In mal. part., Hor. C. 3, 26, 3; 4, 1, 2.—
5 Personified as god of war ( = Janus): tabulas duas quae Belli faciem pictam habent, Plin. 35, 4, 10, § 27: sunt geminae Belli portae, etc., Verg. A. 7, 607: mortiferumque averso in limine Bellum, id. ib. 6, 279.—
6 Plur.: bella, army (poet.): permanet Aonius Nereus violentus in undis, Bellaque non transfert (i.e. Graecorum exercitum), Ov. M. 12, 24: sed victae fera bella deae vexere per aequora, Sil. 7, 472: quid faciat bellis obsessus et undis? Stat. Th. 9, 490.—
7 Battle, = proelium: rorarii dicti a rore: qui bellum committebant ante, Varr. L. L. 7, 3, 92: quod in bello saepius vindicatum in eos qui... tardius, revocati, bello excesserant, Sall. C. 9, 4: praecipua laus ejus belli penes consules fuit, Liv. 8, 10, 7: commisso statim bello, Front. Strat. 1, 11, 2: Actia bella, Verg. A. 8, 675: ingentem pugnam, ceu cetera nusquam Bella forent, id. ib. 2, 439; cf. Flor. 3, 5, 11; Just. 2, 12; 18, 1 fin.; 24, 8; Hor. Ep. 2, 2, 98 (form duellum); Ov. H. 1, 1, 69; Verg. A. 8, 547; 12, 390; 12, 633; Stat. Th. 3, 666. —
8 Bellum = liber de bello: quam gaudebat Bello suo Punico Naevius! Cic. Sen. 14, 50.
Latin > French (Gaffiot 2016)
bellum,⁴ ī, n., (duellum),
1 guerre [au pr. et au fig.] : vel belli vel domi Cic. Off. 2, 85, soit en temps de guerre, soit en temps de paix ; Veienti bello Cic. Div. 1, 100, pendant la guerre contre Véies ; bellis Punicis Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 124, pendant les guerres puniques ; in civili bello Cic. Phil. 2, 47, pendant la guerre civile ; bellum navale Cic. Pomp. 28 ou maritimum Sall. C. 39, 1, la guerre des pirates ; bellum adversus Philippum Liv. 31, 1, 8, la guerre contre Philippe ; cum improbis suscipere bellum Cic. Sulla 28, entreprendre la guerre contre les méchants
