asper: Difference between revisions
πάντων χρηµάτων µέτρον ἐστίν ἄνθρωπος, τῶν µέν ὄντων ὡς ἐστιν, τῶν δέ οὐκ ὄντων ὡς οὐκ ἔστιν → man is the measure of all things, of things which are, that they are, and of things which are not, that they are not (Protagoras fr.1)
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|lnetxt=asper aspera -um, asperior -or -us, asperrimus -a -um ADJ :: rude/unrefined; cruel/violent/savage/raging/drastic; stern/severe/bitter; hard<br />asper asper aspera -um, asperior -or -us, asperrimus -a -um ADJ :: rough/uneven/shaggy, coarse, harsh; embossed/encrusted; (mint condition coins)<br />asper asper aspera -um, asperior -or -us, asperrimus -a -um ADJ :: sharp/pointed, jagged/irregular, rugged/severe; sour, pungent, grating, keen<br />asper asper aspra -um, asprior -or -us, asprissimus -a -um ADJ :: rough/uneven, coarse/harsh; sharp/pointed; rude; savage; pungent; keen; bitter | |||
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{{Lewis | {{Lewis | ||
|lshtext=<b>asper</b>: ĕra, ĕrum, adj. (aspra = aspera, Enn. ap. App. Mag. p. 299, [[but]] Vahl. ad Enn. p. 166 reads<br /><b>I</b> spissa [[instead]] of aspra: aspris = asperis, Verg. A. 2, 379; aspro = [[aspero]], Pall. Insit. 67) [etym. dub.; Doed. foll. by Hinter connects it [[with]] [[ἀσπαίρω]], to [[struggle]], to [[resist]]; Corssen, Ausspr. II. p. 593, regards [[asper]] (i. e. ab spe) as the [[proper]] [[opposite]] of [[prosper]] (i. e. pro spe); [[thus]] [[asper]] [[originally]] meant [[hopeless]], [[desperate]]; v. also id. ib. II. p. 870; cf. the [[use]] of res asperae as the [[opposite]] of res prosperae]; as affecting the [[sense]] of [[touch]], [[rough]], [[uneven]] (opp. lēvis or [[lenis]]; syn.: [[scaber]], [[acutus]], [[insuavis]], [[acerbus]], [[amarus]], [[mordax]], [[durus]]).<br /> Lit.: [[lingua]] aspera tactu, Lucr. 6, 1150; cf. Verg. G. 3, 508; Ov. M. 7, 556; Luc. 4, 325: mixta aspera levibus, Lucr. 2, 471: in locis (spectatur) plani an montuosi, leves an asperi, Cic. Part. Or. 10, 36: Quid judicant [[sensus]]? [[dulce]], amarum; [[lene]], asperum, id. Fin. 2, 12, 36: [[tumulus]] asperi (sc. saxibus) soli, Liv. 25, 36: saxa, Enn. ap. Cic. Pis. 19; Cic. Tusc. 1, 16, 37; Pac. ap. Mar. Vict. p. 2522 P.; Att. ap. Cic. Tusc. 2, 10, 23; Lucr. 4, 147; Ov. M. 6, 76; cf. [[Leucas]], Luc. 1, 42: loca, Caes. B. C. 3, 42, and Vulg. Act. 27, 29: viae asperae, ib. Bar. 4, 26: [[vallis]] aspera, ib. Deut. 21, 4 et saep.: [[unda]], Enn. ap. Macr. S. 6, 2: [[glacies]], Verg. E. 10, 49: [[hiems]], Ov. M. 11, 490; Claud. ap. Prob. Cons. 270: [[Phasis]], i. e. [[frozen]], [[ice]]-[[bound]], Prob. ap. Rufin. I. 375; and of [[climate]]: aspera [[caelo]] Germania, [[harsh]], [[severe]], Tac. G. 2: [[arteria]]. the [[windpipe]] (v. [[arteria]]), Cic. N. D. 2, 54, 136; Cels. 4, 1.—Of [[raised]] [[work]] (i. e. bas-[[relief]], etc., as [[being]] [[rough]]), as in Gr. [[τραχύς]] (cf. [[exaspero]]): aspera signis Pocula, Verg. A. 9, 263: Cymbiaque argento perfecta [[atque]] aspera signis, id. ib. 5, 267: signis exstantibus [[asper]] Antiquus [[crater]], Ov. M. 12, 235 (cf.: stantem [[extra]] pocula caprum, Juv. 1, 76): Summus inaurato [[crater]] erat [[asper]] acantho, Ov. M. 13, 701: aspera pocula, Prop. 2, 6, 17: [[ebur]], Sen. Hippol. 899: [[balteus]], Val. Fl. 5, 578: [[cingula]] bacis, Claud. Laud. Stil. 2, 89; cf. Drak. ad Sil. 11, 279: [[nummus]], not [[worn]] [[smooth]], [[new]], Suet. Ner. 44; cf. Sen. Ep. 19: [[mare]], agitated by a [[storm]], [[rough]], [[tempestuous]], Liv. 37, 16.—Of things [[that]] [[have]] a [[rough]], [[thorny]], [[prickly]] [[exterior]]: [[barba]], Tib. 1, 8, 32: sentes, Verg. A. 2, 379: [[rubus]], id. E. 3, 89: [[mucro]], Luc. 7, 139 (cf. Tac. A. 15, 54: pugionem vetustate obtusum asperari saxo jussit; v. [[aspero]]).—<br /> <b>2</b> | |lshtext=<b>asper</b>: ĕra, ĕrum, adj. (aspra = aspera, Enn. ap. App. Mag. p. 299, [[but]] Vahl. ad Enn. p. 166 reads<br /><b>I</b> spissa [[instead]] of aspra: aspris = asperis, Verg. A. 2, 379; aspro = [[aspero]], Pall. Insit. 67) [etym. dub.; Doed. foll. by Hinter connects it [[with]] [[ἀσπαίρω]], to [[struggle]], to [[resist]]; Corssen, Ausspr. II. p. 593, regards [[asper]] (i. e. ab spe) as the [[proper]] [[opposite]] of [[prosper]] (i. e. pro spe); [[thus]] [[asper]] [[originally]] meant [[hopeless]], [[desperate]]; v. also id. ib. II. p. 870; cf. the [[use]] of res asperae as the [[opposite]] of res prosperae]; as affecting the [[sense]] of [[touch]], [[rough]], [[uneven]] (opp. lēvis or [[lenis]]; syn.: [[scaber]], [[acutus]], [[insuavis]], [[acerbus]], [[amarus]], [[mordax]], [[durus]]).<br /> Lit.: [[lingua]] aspera tactu, Lucr. 6, 1150; cf. Verg. G. 3, 508; Ov. M. 7, 556; Luc. 4, 325: mixta aspera levibus, Lucr. 2, 471: in locis (spectatur) plani an montuosi, leves an asperi, Cic. Part. Or. 10, 36: Quid judicant [[sensus]]? [[dulce]], amarum; [[lene]], asperum, id. Fin. 2, 12, 36: [[tumulus]] asperi (sc. saxibus) soli, Liv. 25, 36: saxa, Enn. ap. Cic. Pis. 19; Cic. Tusc. 1, 16, 37; Pac. ap. Mar. Vict. p. 2522 P.; Att. ap. Cic. Tusc. 2, 10, 23; Lucr. 4, 147; Ov. M. 6, 76; cf. [[Leucas]], Luc. 1, 42: loca, Caes. B. C. 3, 42, and Vulg. Act. 27, 29: viae asperae, ib. Bar. 4, 26: [[vallis]] aspera, ib. Deut. 21, 4 et saep.: [[unda]], Enn. ap. Macr. S. 6, 2: [[glacies]], Verg. E. 10, 49: [[hiems]], Ov. M. 11, 490; Claud. ap. Prob. Cons. 270: [[Phasis]], i. e. [[frozen]], [[ice]]-[[bound]], Prob. ap. Rufin. I. 375; and of [[climate]]: aspera [[caelo]] Germania, [[harsh]], [[severe]], Tac. G. 2: [[arteria]]. the [[windpipe]] (v. [[arteria]]), Cic. N. D. 2, 54, 136; Cels. 4, 1.—Of [[raised]] [[work]] (i. e. bas-[[relief]], etc., as [[being]] [[rough]]), as in Gr. [[τραχύς]] (cf. [[exaspero]]): aspera signis Pocula, Verg. A. 9, 263: Cymbiaque argento perfecta [[atque]] aspera signis, id. ib. 5, 267: signis exstantibus [[asper]] Antiquus [[crater]], Ov. M. 12, 235 (cf.: stantem [[extra]] pocula caprum, Juv. 1, 76): Summus inaurato [[crater]] erat [[asper]] acantho, Ov. M. 13, 701: aspera pocula, Prop. 2, 6, 17: [[ebur]], Sen. Hippol. 899: [[balteus]], Val. Fl. 5, 578: [[cingula]] bacis, Claud. Laud. Stil. 2, 89; cf. Drak. ad Sil. 11, 279: [[nummus]], not [[worn]] [[smooth]], [[new]], Suet. Ner. 44; cf. Sen. Ep. 19: [[mare]], agitated by a [[storm]], [[rough]], [[tempestuous]], Liv. 37, 16.—Of things [[that]] [[have]] a [[rough]], [[thorny]], [[prickly]] [[exterior]]: [[barba]], Tib. 1, 8, 32: sentes, Verg. A. 2, 379: [[rubus]], id. E. 3, 89: [[mucro]], Luc. 7, 139 (cf. Tac. A. 15, 54: pugionem vetustate obtusum asperari saxo jussit; v. [[aspero]]).—<br /> <b>2</b> Meton., of [[food]]: He. [[Asper]] [[meus]] [[victus]] sanest. Er. Sentisne essitas? He. My [[fare]] is [[very]] [[rough]]. Er. Do [[you]] [[feed]] on brambles? Plaut. Capt. 1, 2, 85; cf. id. ib. 3, 1, 37; also of a [[cough]] producing [[hoarseness]]: quas ([[fauces]]) aspera vexat Assidue [[tussis]], Mart. 11, 86, 1.—<br /> <b>3</b> Subst.: aspĕrum, i, n., an [[uneven]], [[rough]] [[place]]: [[latens]] in asperis [[radix]], Hor. Epod. 5, 67: aspera maris, Tac. A. 4, 6: [[propter]] aspera et confragosa, Plin. 3, 5, 9, § 53: per aspera et devia, Suet. Tib. 60: erunt aspera in vias planas, Vulg. Isa. 40, 4; ib. Luc. 3, 5.—Also in the [[sup]]. absol.: asperrimo hiemis [[Ticinum]] [[usque]] [[progressus]], Tac. A. 3, 5.—<br /><b>II</b> Transf.<br /> <b>1</b> Of [[taste]], [[rough]], [[harsh]], [[sour]], [[bitter]], [[brackish]], [[acrid]], [[pungent]]: asperum, Pater, hoc ([[vinum]]) est: aliud lenius, [[sodes]], vide, Ter. Heaut. 3, 1, 49: [[asper]] [[sapor]] maris, Plin. 2, 100, 104, § 222: [[allium]] asperi saporis; quo [[plures]] nuclei fuere, hoc est asperius, id. 19, 6, 34, § 111: asperrimum [[piper]], id. 12, 7, 14, § 27: [[acetum]] [[quam]] asperrimum, id. 20, 9, 39, § 97.—<br /> <b>2</b> Of [[sound]], [[rough]], [[harsh]], [[grating]], etc.: (pronuntiationis [[genus]]) [[lene]], asperum, Cic. de Or. 3, 57, 216.—Hence a [[poet]]. epithet of the [[letter]] R (also called [[littera]] canina), Ov. F. 5, 481.—In [[rhetoric]], [[rough]], [[rugged]], [[irregular]]: [[quidam]] praefractam et asperam compositionem probant; virilem putant et fortem, quae aurem inaequalitate percutiat, Sen. Ep. 114; cf. Cic. Or. 16, 53: duram [[potius]] [[atque]] asperam compositionem malim esse [[quam]] effeminatam et enervem, Quint. 9, 4, 142. And in gram., [[spiritus]] [[asper]], the h [[sound]], the aspirate, Prisc. p. 572 P.—<br /> <b>3</b> Of [[smell]], [[sharp]], [[pungent]]: [[herba]] odoris asperi, Plin. 27, 8, 41, § 64.—<br /><b>III</b> Trop.<br /> Of [[moral]] qualities, [[rough]], [[harsh]], [[hard]], [[violent]], [[unkind]], [[rude]] (cf.: [[acerbus]], [[acer]], and Wagner ad Verg. A. 1, 14): quos naturā putes asperos [[atque]] omnibus iniquos, Cic. Planc. 16, 40: [[orator]] [[truculentus]], [[asper]], [[maledicus]], id. Brut. 34, 129: aspera [[Juno]], Verg. A. 1, 279: juvenis monitoribus [[asper]], Hor. A. P. 163: patres vestros, asperrimos illos ad condicionem pacis, Liv. 22, 59; cf. id. 2, 27: rebus non [[asper]] egenis, Verg. A. 8, 365: cladibus [[asper]], exasperated, Ov. M. 14, 485: asperaque est [[illi]] difficilisque [[Venus]], [[unfriendly]], Tib. 1, 9, 20; cf. id. 1, 6, 2: ([[Galatea]]) acrior igni, Asperior [[tribulis]], fetā truculentior ursā, Ov. M. 13, 803: Quam aspera est [[nimium]] [[sapientia]] indoctis hominibus, Vulg. Eccli. 6, 21: [[asper]] [[contemptor]] divom [[Mezentius]], Verg. A. 7, 647: aspera [[Pholoe]], [[coy]], Hor. C. 1, 33, 6.—Of a [[harsh]], [[austere]], [[rigid]] [[view]] of [[life]], or [[manner]] of [[living]]: accessit [[istuc]] [[doctrina]] (sc. Stoicorum) non moderata nec [[mitis]], sed [[paulo]] asperior et durior [[quam]] aut [[veritas]] aut [[natura]] patiatur, Cic. Mur. 29: (Stoici) horridiores evadunt, asperiores, duriores et oratione et verbis, id. Fin. 4, 28, 78 (v. [[asperitas]], II. A.): ([[Cato]]) asperi animi et linguae acerbae et [[immodice]] liberae fuit, sed rigidae innocentiae, Liv. 39, 40: ([[Karthago]]) studiis asperrima belli, Verg. A. 1, 14, ubi v. Wagner: [[Camilla]] aspera, id. ib. 11, 664; cf.: [[gens]] laboribus et [[bellis]] asperrima, Just. 2, 3: [[virgo]] aspera, i. e. [[Diana]], Sen. Med. 87.—<br /> <b>b</b> Of animals, [[wild]], [[savage]], [[fierce]]: ([[anguis]]) [[asper]] siti [[atque]] exterritus aestu, Verg. G. 3, 434: bos aspera [[cornu]], i. e. [[minax]], id. ib. 3, 57; cf. Hor. Epod. 6, 11: [[ille]] ([[lupus]]) [[asper]] Saevit, Verg. A. 9, 62: [[lupus]] dulcedine sanguinis [[asper]], Ov. M. 11, 402: [[ille]] (leo) [[asper]] [[retro]] redit, Verg. A. 9, 794: [[tigris]] aspera, Hor. C. 1, 23, 9; 3, 2, 10: ([[equus]]) [[asper]] frena pati, Sil. 3, 387.—<br /> <b>B</b> Of things, [[rough]], [[harsh]], [[troublesome]], [[adverse]], [[calamitous]], [[cruel]], etc. ([[most]] freq. in the poets): in periculis et asperis temporibus, Cic. Balb. 9: qui labores, pericula, dubias [[atque]] asperas res [[facile]] toleraverant, Sall. C. 10, 2: [[mala]] res, [[spes]] [[multo]] asperior, ([[our]]) circumstances are [[bad]], ([[our]]) prospects [[still]] [[worse]], id. ib. 20, 13: [[venatus]], Verg. A. 8, 318: [[bellum]], Sall. J. 48, 1; Hor. Ep. 2, 1, 7: [[pugna]], Verg. A. 11, 635; 12, 124: fata, id. ib. 6, 882: odia, id. ib. 2, 96.—Absol.: [[multa]] aspera, Prop. 1, 18, 13; Hor. Ep. 1, 2, 21 al.—Of [[discourse]], [[severe]], [[abusive]]: asperioribus facetiis perstringere aliquem, Cic. Planc. 14; Tac. A. 15, 68: verba, Tib. 4, 4, 14; Ov. P. 2, 6, 8; Vulg. Psa. 90, 3: vox, Curt. 7, 1.—Adv.<br /> <b>a</b> Old form asperĭter, roughly, [[harshly]]: cubare, Naev. ap. Non. p. 513, 21; Plaut. ap. Prisc. p. 1010 P.—<br /> <b>b</b> Class. form aspĕrē (in [[fig]]. signif.), roughly, [[harshly]], [[severely]], [[vehemently]], etc.<br /> <b>1</b> Transf.: loqui, Cic. de Or. 3, 12, 45; Quint. 6, 5, 5: dicere, id. 2, 8, 15: syllabae [[aspere]] coëuntes, id. 1, 1, 37.—<br /> <b>2</b> Trop.: [[aspere]] accipere aliquid, Tac. A. 4, 31: [[aspere]] et [[acerbe]] accusare aliquem, Cic. Fam. 1, 5, 6: [[aspere]] agere aliquid, Liv. 3, 50: [[aspere]] et [[ferociter]] et [[libere]] dicta, Cic. Planc. 13, 33; Quint. 6, 3, 28: [[aspere]] et [[vehementer]] loqui, Cic. de Or. 1, 53, 227: ne [[quid]] [[aspere]] loquaris, * Vulg. Gen. 31, 24.— Comp.: asperius loqui aliquid, Cic. de Or. 1, 53, 227: asperius scribere de [[aliquo]], id. Att. 9, 15.—Sup.: asperrime loqui in aliquem, Cic. Att. 2, 22, 5: asperrime pati aliquid, Sen. Ira, 3, 37, 1: asperrime saevire in aliquem, Vell. 2, 7. | ||
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{{Gaffiot | {{Gaffiot | ||
|gf=(1) <b>aspĕr</b>,⁸ ĕra, ĕrum.<br /> <b>I</b> rugueux, âpre, raboteux :<br /><b>1</b> [opposé à lēvis, poli, lisse]: Cic. Tusc. 5, 83 ; Fin. 2, 36 ; [en parlant de plantes] Cic. Div. 1, 75 ; [de rochers] Cic. Agr. 2, 67 ; [de collines] Cæs. C. 3, 43, 1 ; [de terrains] Cic. Planc. 22, etc. | |gf=(1) <b>aspĕr</b>,⁸ ĕra, ĕrum.<br /> <b>I</b> rugueux, âpre, raboteux :<br /><b>1</b> [opposé à lēvis, poli, lisse]: Cic. Tusc. 5, 83 ; Fin. 2, 36 ; [en parlant de plantes] Cic. Div. 1, 75 ; [de rochers] Cic. Agr. 2, 67 ; [de collines] Cæs. C. 3, 43, 1 ; [de terrains] Cic. Planc. 22, etc. || cymbia aspera signis Virg. En. 5, 267, coupes que les ciselures couvrent de rugosités (chargées de reliefs) ; [[nummus]] [[asper]] Suet. [[Nero]] 44, pièce neuve (qui a encore son relief) ; in [[aspero]] accipere Sen. Ep. 19, 10, recevoir (être payé) en monnaie neuve<br /><b>2</b> maria aspera Virg. En. 6, 351, mer âpre, hérissée, orageuse ; hieme aspera Sall. J. 37, 3, pendant les rigueurs de l’hiver : asperrimo hiemis Tac. Ann. 3, 5, au [[plus]] âpre (au [[plus]] fort) de l’hiver ; Germania aspera cælo Tac. G. 2, la Germanie [[dure]] de climat || [[vinum]] asperum [[Cato]] Agr. 109, vin âpre, cf. Sen. Ep. 36, 3 ; Plin. 17, 250 || [en parl. de la voix] rauque : Cic. de Or. 3, 216, etc. || [du style] âpre, rude [où l’arrangement des mots présente des [[sons]] heurtés, des [[hiatus]] : Cic. Or. 20 ; 150 ; de Or. 3, 171 ; Att. 2, 6, 2<br /><b>3</b> plur. n., horum (collium) asperrima pascunt Virg. En. 11, 319, ils font paître sur les parties les [[plus]] âpres de ces collines ; in inviis et asperis saxorum Curt. 7, 11, 18, sur un [[sol]] que les rochers rendaient impraticable et raboteux ; [[per]] aspera Curt. 7, 11, 16, à travers (sur) un terrain raboteux ; asperis [[maris]] [[obviam]] [[ire]] Tac. Ann. 4, 6, remédier aux difficultés de la navigation.<br /> <b>II</b> [fig.]<br /><b>1</b> âpre, dur, pénible : [[res]] asperæ Sall. J. 7, 6, les choses (les entreprises) difficiles ; periculosis [[atque]] asperis temporibus Cic. Balbo 22, dans des circonstances dangereuses et difficiles ; [[doctrina]] asperior Cic. Mur. 60, doctrine philosophique un peu trop sévère ; [[sententia]] asperior Liv. 3, 40, 7, [[avis]] [[plus]] rigoureux ; [[bellum]] asperrumum Sall. J. 48, 1, guerre menée avec acharnement ; aspera mea [[natura]] Cic. Vat. 8, mon caractère [[est]] dur ; [[nihil]] [[esse]] asperum [[nisi]] dolorem Cic. Fin. 1, 71, [ils disent] qu’il n’y a de pénible que la douleur ; [[multo]] asperioribus verbis [[quam]] cum gravissime accusabat Cic. Att. 11, 13, 2, [il se justifie] en employant des [[termes]] beaucoup [[plus]] durs (amers) que quand il faisait les [[plus]] graves accusations ; [[verbum]] asperius Cic. Q. 1, 2, 7, parole un peu blessante ; in rebus asperis Cic. Off. 1, 80, dans le malheur, dans l’épreuve, cf. de Or. 2, 34, 6 ; Fin. 5, 78 ; Liv. 22, 27, 3, etc.<br /><b>2</b> [en parl. des pers.] âpre, dur, sévère, farouche : Panæti præceptis asperior [[non]] [[est]] [[factus]] Cic. Mur. 66, les leçons de Panétius ne l’ont pas rendu [[plus]] dur [moins indulgent, moins humain] ; in patrem [[ejus]] fuisti asperior Cic. Q. 1, 2, 6, tu t’es montré un peu dur envers son père ; asperrimi ad condiciones [[pacis]] Liv. 22, 59, 7, [[nos]] pères] si intraitables sur les conditions de la paix ; aspera [[Pholoe]] Hor. O. 1, 33, 5, l’intraitable (insensible) Pholoé || [en parl. des animaux] farouche, violent : ([[bos]]) [[interdum]] aspera [[cornu]] Virg. G. 3, 57, (la génisse) qui menace parfois de la corne ; ([[anguis]]) [[asper]] siti Virg. G. 3, 434, (serpent) que la soif rend farouche (redoutable).<br /> formes syncopées : aspro Scrib. Comp. 180 ; [[aspros]] Stat. Th. 1, 622 ; aspris Virg. En. 2, 379.||cymbia aspera signis Virg. En. 5, 267, coupes que les ciselures couvrent de rugosités (chargées de reliefs) ; [[nummus]] [[asper]] Suet. [[Nero]] 44, pièce neuve (qui a encore son relief) ; in [[aspero]] accipere Sen. Ep. 19, 10, recevoir (être payé) en monnaie neuve<br /><b>2</b> maria aspera Virg. En. 6, 351, mer âpre, hérissée, orageuse ; hieme aspera Sall. J. 37, 3, pendant les rigueurs de l’hiver : asperrimo hiemis Tac. Ann. 3, 5, au [[plus]] âpre (au [[plus]] fort) de l’hiver ; Germania aspera cælo Tac. G. 2, la Germanie [[dure]] de climat||[[vinum]] asperum [[Cato]] Agr. 109, vin âpre, cf. Sen. Ep. 36, 3 ; Plin. 17, 250||[en parl. de la voix] rauque : Cic. de Or. 3, 216, etc.||[du style] âpre, rude [où l’arrangement des mots présente des [[sons]] heurtés, des [[hiatus]] : Cic. Or. 20 ; 150 ; de Or. 3, 171 ; Att. 2, 6, 2<br /><b>3</b> plur. n., horum (collium) asperrima pascunt Virg. En. 11, 319, ils font paître sur les parties les [[plus]] âpres de ces collines ; in inviis et asperis saxorum Curt. 7, 11, 18, sur un [[sol]] que les rochers rendaient impraticable et raboteux ; [[per]] aspera Curt. 7, 11, 16, à travers (sur) un terrain raboteux ; asperis [[maris]] [[obviam]] [[ire]] Tac. Ann. 4, 6, remédier aux difficultés de la navigation.<br /> <b>II</b> [fig.]<br /><b>1</b> âpre, dur, pénible : [[res]] asperæ Sall. J. 7, 6, les choses (les entreprises) difficiles ; periculosis [[atque]] asperis temporibus Cic. Balbo 22, dans des circonstances dangereuses et difficiles ; [[doctrina]] asperior Cic. Mur. 60, doctrine philosophique un peu trop sévère ; [[sententia]] asperior Liv. 3, 40, 7, [[avis]] [[plus]] rigoureux ; [[bellum]] asperrumum Sall. J. 48, 1, guerre menée avec acharnement ; aspera mea [[natura]] Cic. Vat. 8, mon caractère [[est]] dur ; [[nihil]] [[esse]] asperum [[nisi]] dolorem Cic. Fin. 1, 71, [ils disent] qu’il n’y a de pénible que la douleur ; [[multo]] asperioribus verbis [[quam]] cum gravissime accusabat Cic. Att. 11, 13, 2, [il se justifie] en employant des [[termes]] beaucoup [[plus]] durs (amers) que quand il faisait les [[plus]] graves accusations ; [[verbum]] asperius Cic. Q. 1, 2, 7, parole un peu blessante ; in rebus asperis Cic. Off. 1, 80, dans le malheur, dans l’épreuve, cf. de Or. 2, 34, 6 ; Fin. 5, 78 ; Liv. 22, 27, 3, etc.<br /><b>2</b> [en parl. des pers.] âpre, dur, sévère, farouche : Panæti præceptis asperior [[non]] [[est]] [[factus]] Cic. Mur. 66, les leçons de Panétius ne l’ont pas rendu [[plus]] dur [moins indulgent, moins humain] ; in patrem [[ejus]] fuisti asperior Cic. Q. 1, 2, 6, tu t’es montré un peu dur envers son père ; asperrimi ad condiciones [[pacis]] Liv. 22, 59, 7, [[nos]] pères] si intraitables sur les conditions de la paix ; aspera [[Pholoe]] Hor. O. 1, 33, 5, l’intraitable (insensible) Pholoé||[en parl. des animaux] farouche, violent : ([[bos]]) [[interdum]] aspera [[cornu]] Virg. G. 3, 57, (la génisse) qui menace parfois de la corne ; ([[anguis]]) [[asper]] siti Virg. G. 3, 434, (serpent) que la soif rend farouche (redoutable).<br /> formes syncopées : aspro Scrib. Comp. 180 ; [[aspros]] Stat. Th. 1, 622 ; aspris Virg. En. 2, 379. | ||
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{{Georges | |||
|georg=asper, [[era]], erum, Adi. m. Compar. u. Superl., [[rauh]], [[barsch]] (Ggstz. lēvis u. [[lenis]]), I) eig.: 1) [[rauh]] [[für]] den [[Gefühlssinn]], a) übh., [[uneben]], [[holperig]], aspera saxa, Enn. fr. u. Pacuv. fr.: asperi Athones, Lucil. fr.: [[loca]] aspera et montuosa, Caes.: in locis [[autem]] et [[illa]] naturalia (spectantur) plani an montuosi, leves an asperi, Cic.: asperrimo [[atque]] arduissimo aditu, [[Cato]] fr.: asp. [[hiems]], Vell.: [[arteria]], die Luftröhre, Cic.: [[nummus]], [[noch]] [[nicht]] [[durch]] den [[Gebrauch]] abgegriffen, [[neu]] geprägt, Suet.: [[mare]], [[stürmisch]], Liv.: equum tenacem asperioribus frenis castigare, Liv. – m. Abl. ([[durch]]), [[Athesis]] [[ille]] saxis [[asper]], [[Pan]]. vet.: pocula aspera signis, [[mit]] halberhabener [[Arbeit]], Verg.: aspera [[caelo]] (dem [[Klima]] [[nach]]) Germania, Tac.: m. 2. Sup., [[asper]] attactu, Varr. r. r. 2, 5, 8: [[asper]] tactu, Hor. carm. 3, 2, 10. – subst., asperum, ī, n., das Rauhe, Unebene, in [[aspero]] (ungeprägter [[Münze]]) accipere, Sen.: asperrimo hiemis, Tac.: im Plur., aspera [[maris]], die Stürme [[des]] Meeres, Tac.: per aspera (rauhe Orte) et devia, Suet.: a [[tergo]] insulae per aspera (Klippen) [[erepo]], Sen. – b) [[rauh]], harsch u. dah. stechend, kratzend, sentes, Verg.: [[barba]], Tibull.: [[tussis]], im Halse kratzend, Mart. – u. [[spitz]], [[scharf]], [[mucro]], Lucan. 6, 186; 7, 139. – 2) [[für]] den [[Geschmack]] od. [[Geruch]], [[rauh]], harsch, [[herb]], beißend, [[victus]] ([[Kost]]), Plaut.: [[vinum]], Ter.: [[allium]] asperi saporis, Plin.: [[piper]] asperrimum, Plin.: [[herba]] odoris asperi, Plin. – subst., [[quid]] iudicant [[sensus]]? [[dulce]] amarum, [[lene]] asperum, Cic. de fin. 2, 36. – 3) [[für]] das [[Gehör]] [[rauh]], [[grob]], [[derb]] (Ggstz. [[lenis]]), (plura vocum genera) [[lene]], asperum, Cic.: [[vox]], Quint.: aspera mutata est in lenem tempore [[longo]] [[littera]], [[quae]] toto nomine [[prima]] fuit, R in L ([[Remuria]] in [[Lemuria]]), Ov. [[fast]]. 5, 481. – dah. in der [[Rhetor]]. [[von]] der [[Rede]], [[holperig]], [[unregelmäßig]], [[uneben]] (Ggstz. lēvis), aspera, [[tristis]] et horrida [[oratio]], Cic.: [[compositio]] praefracta et aspera, Sen. – u. in der Gramm., [[spiritus]] [[asper]], der H-[[Laut]], Prisc. – II) übtr.: 1) v. lebenden [[Wesen]] u. deren [[Benehmen]] [[gegen]] [[andere]], [[rauh]], [[barsch]], [[trotzig]], [[ungestüm]], [[spröde]], [[abhold]] (Ggstz. [[mitis]], [[lenis]], [[placidus]] et [[quietus]]), [[amica]], aspera [[atque]] [[praecox]], Lucil. fr.: [[homo]] [[asper]] et [[durus]], Cic.: quos naturā putes asperos [[atque]] omnibus iniquos, Cic.: C. [[Fimbria]] ([[orator]]) [[asper]], [[maledicus]], Cic.: verbis [[asper]], Ps. Quint. decl.: cladibus [[asper]], erbittert, Ov.: aspera est [[illi]] [[Venus]], [[abhold]], Tibull.: Pholoë, [[spröde]], Hor.: asperrimi ad condicionem [[pacis]], Liv.: rebusque [[veni]] [[non]] [[asper]] egenis, [[nicht]] [[abhold]] schmaler [[Bewirtung]] = gern [[vorlieb]] nehmend [[mit]] usw., Verg.: monitoribus [[asper]], [[voll]] [[Trotz]] [[gegen]] usw., Hor. – u. [[rauh]], [[grämlich]], [[streng]] in bezug [[auf]] [[Lebensansicht]] u. [[Lebensweise]], ([[Stoici]]) horridiores evadunt, asperiores, duriores et oratione et moribus, Cic.: accessit [[istuc]] [[doctrina]] [[non]] moderata [[nec]] [[mitis]], [[sed]], ut [[mihi]] videtur, [[paulo]] asperior et durior, [[quam]] [[aut]] [[veritas]] [[aut]] [[natura]] patitur, Cic.: [[Cato]] asperi animi fuit, [[sed]] rigidae innocentiae, Liv. – u. [[wild]], [[trotzig]] [[durch]] die Beschäftigung [[mit]] Waffen, [[Krieg]] u. [[Jagd]], ([[Carthago]]) studiis asperrima belli, Verg.: [[gens]] laboribus et [[bellis]] aspera, Iustin.: [[virgo]], [[Diana]], Sen. poët.: in [[ludo]] ac rudibus cuivis [[satis]] [[asper]], [[Trotz]] bietend, Lucil. [[sat]]. 4, 27. – v. Tieren, [[wild]], graus, [[anguis]] [[asper]] siti, gereizt, Verg.: [[lupus]] dulcedine sanguinis [[asper]], Ov.: [[bos]] aspera ([[drohend]]) [[cornu]], Verg.: m. folg. Infin., ([[equus]]) [[asper]] frena pati, Sil. 3, 387. – 2) v. Zuständen, [[wie]] [[unser]] mühsam, [[schwierig]], kitzlich, dornenvoll, [[mißlich]], [[hart]], [[bitter]], [[rauh]], [[empfindlich]], [[unangenehm]], niederschlagend, [[dolor]] (est) [[motus]] [[asper]] in corpore, Cic.: [[scilicet]] [[res]] ipsa aspera est, die [[Sache]] ist kitzlich, [[schlimm]], Sall.: [[res]] asperae, schwierige Aufträge, Sall.: asperius opinione, schwieriger, [[als]] [[man]] [[sich]]'s vorstellte, Sall.: [[mala]] [[res]], [[spes]] [[multo]] asperior, [[noch]] [[weit]] trüber die [[Aussicht]], Sall.: fata, Verg.: odia, Verg. – insbes. v. [[Krieg]] u. [[Kampf]] (s. [[oben]] no. II, 1), [[wild]], [[bellum]], Sall. u.a.: u. so [[pugna]], Verg. – u. v. Verhältnissen usw., [[peinlich]], [[schwer]] u. [[bedrängt]], [[drückend]], [[mißlich]], [[res]], [[tempora]], Cic. u.a.: u. subst., aspera, ōrum, n., Widerwärtigkeiten, [[Ungemach]], [[Bedrängnis]], Hor., Liv. u.a. – v. Urteilen, Gesetzen, Strafen usw., [[hart]], [[streng]], [[streng]] u. [[sträflich]], [[sententia]], Liv.: [[censura]], Vell.: [[lex]], Quint.: [[custodia]], Tac.: subst., asperiora suadere, zu härteren Maßregeln [[raten]], Suet. – 3) [[von]] der [[Rede]], stechend, [[bitter]], [[kränkend]] u. beleidigend, [[facetiae]], Cic.: verba, Ov. – / Synkop. Formen aspro, Scribon. 180. Pallad. de insit. 67: [[aspros]], Stat. Theb. 1, 622: aspris, Verg. Aen. 2, 379. | |||
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{{LaZh | |||
|lnztxt=asper, era, erum. ''adj''. ''c''. erior. ''s''. errimus. :: 粗糲。不平。嚴。— homo 不好性情之人。Mores asperi 粗鹵行爲。 — nummus 新鑄起之錢。Vasa aspera signis 起花之器皿。Asperius nihil est humili cum surgit in altum 卑者登高位其不仁無比。Verba aspera 責備之首。Aspera littera, scilicet littera R. Aspera loca 不好水土之地方。Aspera saecula 國風 鄙陋之時。Asper mucro 利刃。 | |||
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Latest revision as of 16:17, 12 October 2024
Latin > English
asper aspera -um, asperior -or -us, asperrimus -a -um ADJ :: rude/unrefined; cruel/violent/savage/raging/drastic; stern/severe/bitter; hard
asper asper aspera -um, asperior -or -us, asperrimus -a -um ADJ :: rough/uneven/shaggy, coarse, harsh; embossed/encrusted; (mint condition coins)
asper asper aspera -um, asperior -or -us, asperrimus -a -um ADJ :: sharp/pointed, jagged/irregular, rugged/severe; sour, pungent, grating, keen
asper asper aspra -um, asprior -or -us, asprissimus -a -um ADJ :: rough/uneven, coarse/harsh; sharp/pointed; rude; savage; pungent; keen; bitter
Latin > English (Lewis & Short)
asper: ĕra, ĕrum, adj. (aspra = aspera, Enn. ap. App. Mag. p. 299, but Vahl. ad Enn. p. 166 reads
I spissa instead of aspra: aspris = asperis, Verg. A. 2, 379; aspro = aspero, Pall. Insit. 67) [etym. dub.; Doed. foll. by Hinter connects it with ἀσπαίρω, to struggle, to resist; Corssen, Ausspr. II. p. 593, regards asper (i. e. ab spe) as the proper opposite of prosper (i. e. pro spe); thus asper originally meant hopeless, desperate; v. also id. ib. II. p. 870; cf. the use of res asperae as the opposite of res prosperae]; as affecting the sense of touch, rough, uneven (opp. lēvis or lenis; syn.: scaber, acutus, insuavis, acerbus, amarus, mordax, durus).
Lit.: lingua aspera tactu, Lucr. 6, 1150; cf. Verg. G. 3, 508; Ov. M. 7, 556; Luc. 4, 325: mixta aspera levibus, Lucr. 2, 471: in locis (spectatur) plani an montuosi, leves an asperi, Cic. Part. Or. 10, 36: Quid judicant sensus? dulce, amarum; lene, asperum, id. Fin. 2, 12, 36: tumulus asperi (sc. saxibus) soli, Liv. 25, 36: saxa, Enn. ap. Cic. Pis. 19; Cic. Tusc. 1, 16, 37; Pac. ap. Mar. Vict. p. 2522 P.; Att. ap. Cic. Tusc. 2, 10, 23; Lucr. 4, 147; Ov. M. 6, 76; cf. Leucas, Luc. 1, 42: loca, Caes. B. C. 3, 42, and Vulg. Act. 27, 29: viae asperae, ib. Bar. 4, 26: vallis aspera, ib. Deut. 21, 4 et saep.: unda, Enn. ap. Macr. S. 6, 2: glacies, Verg. E. 10, 49: hiems, Ov. M. 11, 490; Claud. ap. Prob. Cons. 270: Phasis, i. e. frozen, ice-bound, Prob. ap. Rufin. I. 375; and of climate: aspera caelo Germania, harsh, severe, Tac. G. 2: arteria. the windpipe (v. arteria), Cic. N. D. 2, 54, 136; Cels. 4, 1.—Of raised work (i. e. bas-relief, etc., as being rough), as in Gr. τραχύς (cf. exaspero): aspera signis Pocula, Verg. A. 9, 263: Cymbiaque argento perfecta atque aspera signis, id. ib. 5, 267: signis exstantibus asper Antiquus crater, Ov. M. 12, 235 (cf.: stantem extra pocula caprum, Juv. 1, 76): Summus inaurato crater erat asper acantho, Ov. M. 13, 701: aspera pocula, Prop. 2, 6, 17: ebur, Sen. Hippol. 899: balteus, Val. Fl. 5, 578: cingula bacis, Claud. Laud. Stil. 2, 89; cf. Drak. ad Sil. 11, 279: nummus, not worn smooth, new, Suet. Ner. 44; cf. Sen. Ep. 19: mare, agitated by a storm, rough, tempestuous, Liv. 37, 16.—Of things that have a rough, thorny, prickly exterior: barba, Tib. 1, 8, 32: sentes, Verg. A. 2, 379: rubus, id. E. 3, 89: mucro, Luc. 7, 139 (cf. Tac. A. 15, 54: pugionem vetustate obtusum asperari saxo jussit; v. aspero).—
2 Meton., of food: He. Asper meus victus sanest. Er. Sentisne essitas? He. My fare is very rough. Er. Do you feed on brambles? Plaut. Capt. 1, 2, 85; cf. id. ib. 3, 1, 37; also of a cough producing hoarseness: quas (fauces) aspera vexat Assidue tussis, Mart. 11, 86, 1.—
3 Subst.: aspĕrum, i, n., an uneven, rough place: latens in asperis radix, Hor. Epod. 5, 67: aspera maris, Tac. A. 4, 6: propter aspera et confragosa, Plin. 3, 5, 9, § 53: per aspera et devia, Suet. Tib. 60: erunt aspera in vias planas, Vulg. Isa. 40, 4; ib. Luc. 3, 5.—Also in the sup. absol.: asperrimo hiemis Ticinum usque progressus, Tac. A. 3, 5.—
II Transf.
1 Of taste, rough, harsh, sour, bitter, brackish, acrid, pungent: asperum, Pater, hoc (vinum) est: aliud lenius, sodes, vide, Ter. Heaut. 3, 1, 49: asper sapor maris, Plin. 2, 100, 104, § 222: allium asperi saporis; quo plures nuclei fuere, hoc est asperius, id. 19, 6, 34, § 111: asperrimum piper, id. 12, 7, 14, § 27: acetum quam asperrimum, id. 20, 9, 39, § 97.—
2 Of sound, rough, harsh, grating, etc.: (pronuntiationis genus) lene, asperum, Cic. de Or. 3, 57, 216.—Hence a poet. epithet of the letter R (also called littera canina), Ov. F. 5, 481.—In rhetoric, rough, rugged, irregular: quidam praefractam et asperam compositionem probant; virilem putant et fortem, quae aurem inaequalitate percutiat, Sen. Ep. 114; cf. Cic. Or. 16, 53: duram potius atque asperam compositionem malim esse quam effeminatam et enervem, Quint. 9, 4, 142. And in gram., spiritus asper, the h sound, the aspirate, Prisc. p. 572 P.—
3 Of smell, sharp, pungent: herba odoris asperi, Plin. 27, 8, 41, § 64.—
III Trop.
Of moral qualities, rough, harsh, hard, violent, unkind, rude (cf.: acerbus, acer, and Wagner ad Verg. A. 1, 14): quos naturā putes asperos atque omnibus iniquos, Cic. Planc. 16, 40: orator truculentus, asper, maledicus, id. Brut. 34, 129: aspera Juno, Verg. A. 1, 279: juvenis monitoribus asper, Hor. A. P. 163: patres vestros, asperrimos illos ad condicionem pacis, Liv. 22, 59; cf. id. 2, 27: rebus non asper egenis, Verg. A. 8, 365: cladibus asper, exasperated, Ov. M. 14, 485: asperaque est illi difficilisque Venus, unfriendly, Tib. 1, 9, 20; cf. id. 1, 6, 2: (Galatea) acrior igni, Asperior tribulis, fetā truculentior ursā, Ov. M. 13, 803: Quam aspera est nimium sapientia indoctis hominibus, Vulg. Eccli. 6, 21: asper contemptor divom Mezentius, Verg. A. 7, 647: aspera Pholoe, coy, Hor. C. 1, 33, 6.—Of a harsh, austere, rigid view of life, or manner of living: accessit istuc doctrina (sc. Stoicorum) non moderata nec mitis, sed paulo asperior et durior quam aut veritas aut natura patiatur, Cic. Mur. 29: (Stoici) horridiores evadunt, asperiores, duriores et oratione et verbis, id. Fin. 4, 28, 78 (v. asperitas, II. A.): (Cato) asperi animi et linguae acerbae et immodice liberae fuit, sed rigidae innocentiae, Liv. 39, 40: (Karthago) studiis asperrima belli, Verg. A. 1, 14, ubi v. Wagner: Camilla aspera, id. ib. 11, 664; cf.: gens laboribus et bellis asperrima, Just. 2, 3: virgo aspera, i. e. Diana, Sen. Med. 87.—
b Of animals, wild, savage, fierce: (anguis) asper siti atque exterritus aestu, Verg. G. 3, 434: bos aspera cornu, i. e. minax, id. ib. 3, 57; cf. Hor. Epod. 6, 11: ille (lupus) asper Saevit, Verg. A. 9, 62: lupus dulcedine sanguinis asper, Ov. M. 11, 402: ille (leo) asper retro redit, Verg. A. 9, 794: tigris aspera, Hor. C. 1, 23, 9; 3, 2, 10: (equus) asper frena pati, Sil. 3, 387.—
B Of things, rough, harsh, troublesome, adverse, calamitous, cruel, etc. (most freq. in the poets): in periculis et asperis temporibus, Cic. Balb. 9: qui labores, pericula, dubias atque asperas res facile toleraverant, Sall. C. 10, 2: mala res, spes multo asperior, (our) circumstances are bad, (our) prospects still worse, id. ib. 20, 13: venatus, Verg. A. 8, 318: bellum, Sall. J. 48, 1; Hor. Ep. 2, 1, 7: pugna, Verg. A. 11, 635; 12, 124: fata, id. ib. 6, 882: odia, id. ib. 2, 96.—Absol.: multa aspera, Prop. 1, 18, 13; Hor. Ep. 1, 2, 21 al.—Of discourse, severe, abusive: asperioribus facetiis perstringere aliquem, Cic. Planc. 14; Tac. A. 15, 68: verba, Tib. 4, 4, 14; Ov. P. 2, 6, 8; Vulg. Psa. 90, 3: vox, Curt. 7, 1.—Adv.
a Old form asperĭter, roughly, harshly: cubare, Naev. ap. Non. p. 513, 21; Plaut. ap. Prisc. p. 1010 P.—
b Class. form aspĕrē (in fig. signif.), roughly, harshly, severely, vehemently, etc.
1 Transf.: loqui, Cic. de Or. 3, 12, 45; Quint. 6, 5, 5: dicere, id. 2, 8, 15: syllabae aspere coëuntes, id. 1, 1, 37.—
2 Trop.: aspere accipere aliquid, Tac. A. 4, 31: aspere et acerbe accusare aliquem, Cic. Fam. 1, 5, 6: aspere agere aliquid, Liv. 3, 50: aspere et ferociter et libere dicta, Cic. Planc. 13, 33; Quint. 6, 3, 28: aspere et vehementer loqui, Cic. de Or. 1, 53, 227: ne quid aspere loquaris, * Vulg. Gen. 31, 24.— Comp.: asperius loqui aliquid, Cic. de Or. 1, 53, 227: asperius scribere de aliquo, id. Att. 9, 15.—Sup.: asperrime loqui in aliquem, Cic. Att. 2, 22, 5: asperrime pati aliquid, Sen. Ira, 3, 37, 1: asperrime saevire in aliquem, Vell. 2, 7.
Latin > French (Gaffiot 2016)
(1) aspĕr,⁸ ĕra, ĕrum.
I rugueux, âpre, raboteux :
1 [opposé à lēvis, poli, lisse]: Cic. Tusc. 5, 83 ; Fin. 2, 36 ; [en parlant de plantes] Cic. Div. 1, 75 ; [de rochers] Cic. Agr. 2, 67 ; [de collines] Cæs. C. 3, 43, 1 ; [de terrains] Cic. Planc. 22, etc. || cymbia aspera signis Virg. En. 5, 267, coupes que les ciselures couvrent de rugosités (chargées de reliefs) ; nummus asper Suet. Nero 44, pièce neuve (qui a encore son relief) ; in aspero accipere Sen. Ep. 19, 10, recevoir (être payé) en monnaie neuve
2 maria aspera Virg. En. 6, 351, mer âpre, hérissée, orageuse ; hieme aspera Sall. J. 37, 3, pendant les rigueurs de l’hiver : asperrimo hiemis Tac. Ann. 3, 5, au plus âpre (au plus fort) de l’hiver ; Germania aspera cælo Tac. G. 2, la Germanie dure de climat || vinum asperum Cato Agr. 109, vin âpre, cf. Sen. Ep. 36, 3 ; Plin. 17, 250 || [en parl. de la voix] rauque : Cic. de Or. 3, 216, etc. || [du style] âpre, rude [où l’arrangement des mots présente des sons heurtés, des hiatus : Cic. Or. 20 ; 150 ; de Or. 3, 171 ; Att. 2, 6, 2
3 plur. n., horum (collium) asperrima pascunt Virg. En. 11, 319, ils font paître sur les parties les plus âpres de ces collines ; in inviis et asperis saxorum Curt. 7, 11, 18, sur un sol que les rochers rendaient impraticable et raboteux ; per aspera Curt. 7, 11, 16, à travers (sur) un terrain raboteux ; asperis maris obviam ire Tac. Ann. 4, 6, remédier aux difficultés de la navigation.
II [fig.]
1 âpre, dur, pénible : res asperæ Sall. J. 7, 6, les choses (les entreprises) difficiles ; periculosis atque asperis temporibus Cic. Balbo 22, dans des circonstances dangereuses et difficiles ; doctrina asperior Cic. Mur. 60, doctrine philosophique un peu trop sévère ; sententia asperior Liv. 3, 40, 7, avis plus rigoureux ; bellum asperrumum Sall. J. 48, 1, guerre menée avec acharnement ; aspera mea natura Cic. Vat. 8, mon caractère est dur ; nihil esse asperum nisi dolorem Cic. Fin. 1, 71, [ils disent] qu’il n’y a de pénible que la douleur ; multo asperioribus verbis quam cum gravissime accusabat Cic. Att. 11, 13, 2, [il se justifie] en employant des termes beaucoup plus durs (amers) que quand il faisait les plus graves accusations ; verbum asperius Cic. Q. 1, 2, 7, parole un peu blessante ; in rebus asperis Cic. Off. 1, 80, dans le malheur, dans l’épreuve, cf. de Or. 2, 34, 6 ; Fin. 5, 78 ; Liv. 22, 27, 3, etc.
2 [en parl. des pers.] âpre, dur, sévère, farouche : Panæti præceptis asperior non est factus Cic. Mur. 66, les leçons de Panétius ne l’ont pas rendu plus dur [moins indulgent, moins humain] ; in patrem ejus fuisti asperior Cic. Q. 1, 2, 6, tu t’es montré un peu dur envers son père ; asperrimi ad condiciones pacis Liv. 22, 59, 7, nos pères] si intraitables sur les conditions de la paix ; aspera Pholoe Hor. O. 1, 33, 5, l’intraitable (insensible) Pholoé || [en parl. des animaux] farouche, violent : (bos) interdum aspera cornu Virg. G. 3, 57, (la génisse) qui menace parfois de la corne ; (anguis) asper siti Virg. G. 3, 434, (serpent) que la soif rend farouche (redoutable).
formes syncopées : aspro Scrib. Comp. 180 ; aspros Stat. Th. 1, 622 ; aspris Virg. En. 2, 379.
Latin > German (Georges)
asper, era, erum, Adi. m. Compar. u. Superl., rauh, barsch (Ggstz. lēvis u. lenis), I) eig.: 1) rauh für den Gefühlssinn, a) übh., uneben, holperig, aspera saxa, Enn. fr. u. Pacuv. fr.: asperi Athones, Lucil. fr.: loca aspera et montuosa, Caes.: in locis autem et illa naturalia (spectantur) plani an montuosi, leves an asperi, Cic.: asperrimo atque arduissimo aditu, Cato fr.: asp. hiems, Vell.: arteria, die Luftröhre, Cic.: nummus, noch nicht durch den Gebrauch abgegriffen, neu geprägt, Suet.: mare, stürmisch, Liv.: equum tenacem asperioribus frenis castigare, Liv. – m. Abl. (durch), Athesis ille saxis asper, Pan. vet.: pocula aspera signis, mit halberhabener Arbeit, Verg.: aspera caelo (dem Klima nach) Germania, Tac.: m. 2. Sup., asper attactu, Varr. r. r. 2, 5, 8: asper tactu, Hor. carm. 3, 2, 10. – subst., asperum, ī, n., das Rauhe, Unebene, in aspero (ungeprägter Münze) accipere, Sen.: asperrimo hiemis, Tac.: im Plur., aspera maris, die Stürme des Meeres, Tac.: per aspera (rauhe Orte) et devia, Suet.: a tergo insulae per aspera (Klippen) erepo, Sen. – b) rauh, harsch u. dah. stechend, kratzend, sentes, Verg.: barba, Tibull.: tussis, im Halse kratzend, Mart. – u. spitz, scharf, mucro, Lucan. 6, 186; 7, 139. – 2) für den Geschmack od. Geruch, rauh, harsch, herb, beißend, victus (Kost), Plaut.: vinum, Ter.: allium asperi saporis, Plin.: piper asperrimum, Plin.: herba odoris asperi, Plin. – subst., quid iudicant sensus? dulce amarum, lene asperum, Cic. de fin. 2, 36. – 3) für das Gehör rauh, grob, derb (Ggstz. lenis), (plura vocum genera) lene, asperum, Cic.: vox, Quint.: aspera mutata est in lenem tempore longo littera, quae toto nomine prima fuit, R in L (Remuria in Lemuria), Ov. fast. 5, 481. – dah. in der Rhetor. von der Rede, holperig, unregelmäßig, uneben (Ggstz. lēvis), aspera, tristis et horrida oratio, Cic.: compositio praefracta et aspera, Sen. – u. in der Gramm., spiritus asper, der H-Laut, Prisc. – II) übtr.: 1) v. lebenden Wesen u. deren Benehmen gegen andere, rauh, barsch, trotzig, ungestüm, spröde, abhold (Ggstz. mitis, lenis, placidus et quietus), amica, aspera atque praecox, Lucil. fr.: homo asper et durus, Cic.: quos naturā putes asperos atque omnibus iniquos, Cic.: C. Fimbria (orator) asper, maledicus, Cic.: verbis asper, Ps. Quint. decl.: cladibus asper, erbittert, Ov.: aspera est illi Venus, abhold, Tibull.: Pholoë, spröde, Hor.: asperrimi ad condicionem pacis, Liv.: rebusque veni non asper egenis, nicht abhold schmaler Bewirtung = gern vorlieb nehmend mit usw., Verg.: monitoribus asper, voll Trotz gegen usw., Hor. – u. rauh, grämlich, streng in bezug auf Lebensansicht u. Lebensweise, (Stoici) horridiores evadunt, asperiores, duriores et oratione et moribus, Cic.: accessit istuc doctrina non moderata nec mitis, sed, ut mihi videtur, paulo asperior et durior, quam aut veritas aut natura patitur, Cic.: Cato asperi animi fuit, sed rigidae innocentiae, Liv. – u. wild, trotzig durch die Beschäftigung mit Waffen, Krieg u. Jagd, (Carthago) studiis asperrima belli, Verg.: gens laboribus et bellis aspera, Iustin.: virgo, Diana, Sen. poët.: in ludo ac rudibus cuivis satis asper, Trotz bietend, Lucil. sat. 4, 27. – v. Tieren, wild, graus, anguis asper siti, gereizt, Verg.: lupus dulcedine sanguinis asper, Ov.: bos aspera (drohend) cornu, Verg.: m. folg. Infin., (equus) asper frena pati, Sil. 3, 387. – 2) v. Zuständen, wie unser mühsam, schwierig, kitzlich, dornenvoll, mißlich, hart, bitter, rauh, empfindlich, unangenehm, niederschlagend, dolor (est) motus asper in corpore, Cic.: scilicet res ipsa aspera est, die Sache ist kitzlich, schlimm, Sall.: res asperae, schwierige Aufträge, Sall.: asperius opinione, schwieriger, als man sich's vorstellte, Sall.: mala res, spes multo asperior, noch weit trüber die Aussicht, Sall.: fata, Verg.: odia, Verg. – insbes. v. Krieg u. Kampf (s. oben no. II, 1), wild, bellum, Sall. u.a.: u. so pugna, Verg. – u. v. Verhältnissen usw., peinlich, schwer u. bedrängt, drückend, mißlich, res, tempora, Cic. u.a.: u. subst., aspera, ōrum, n., Widerwärtigkeiten, Ungemach, Bedrängnis, Hor., Liv. u.a. – v. Urteilen, Gesetzen, Strafen usw., hart, streng, streng u. sträflich, sententia, Liv.: censura, Vell.: lex, Quint.: custodia, Tac.: subst., asperiora suadere, zu härteren Maßregeln raten, Suet. – 3) von der Rede, stechend, bitter, kränkend u. beleidigend, facetiae, Cic.: verba, Ov. – / Synkop. Formen aspro, Scribon. 180. Pallad. de insit. 67: aspros, Stat. Theb. 1, 622: aspris, Verg. Aen. 2, 379.
Latin > Chinese
asper, era, erum. adj. c. erior. s. errimus. :: 粗糲。不平。嚴。— homo 不好性情之人。Mores asperi 粗鹵行爲。 — nummus 新鑄起之錢。Vasa aspera signis 起花之器皿。Asperius nihil est humili cum surgit in altum 卑者登高位其不仁無比。Verba aspera 責備之首。Aspera littera, scilicet littera R. Aspera loca 不好水土之地方。Aspera saecula 國風 鄙陋之時。Asper mucro 利刃。
