bellum

Latin > English

bellum belli N N :: war, warfare; battle, combat, fight; (at/in) (the) war(s); military force, arms

Latin > English (Lewis & Short)

bellum: (ante-class. and poet. duel-lum), i, n. Sanscr. dva, dvi, dus; cf. Germ. zwei; Engl. two, twice; for the change from initial du- to b-, cf. bis for duis, and
v. the letter B, and Varr. L. L. 5, § 73 Müll.; 7, § 49 ib.,
I war.
I Form duellum: duellum, bellum, videlicet quod duabus partibus de victoriā contendentibus dimicatur. Inde est perduellis, qui pertinaciter retinet bellum, Paul. ex Fest. p. 66, 17 Müll.: bellum antea duellum vocatum eo quod duae sunt dimicantium partes ... Postea mutatā litterā dictum bellum, Isid. Orig. 18, 1, 9: hos pestis necuit, pars occidit illa duellis, Enn. ap. Prisc. p. 9, 861 P. (Ann. v. 549 Vahl.): legiones reveniunt domum Exstincto duello maximo atque internecatis hostibus, Plaut. Am. 1, 1, 35: quae domi duellique male fecisti, id. As. 3, 2, 13.—So in archaic style, or in citations from ancient documents: quique agent rem duelli, Cic. Leg. 2, 8, 21: aes atque ferrum, duelli instrumenta, id. ib. 2, 18, 45 (translated from the Platonic laws): puro pioque duello quaerendas (res) censeo, Liv. 1, 32, 12 (quoted from ancient transactions); so, quod duellum populo Romano cum Carthaginiensi est, id. 22, 10, 2: victoriaque duelli populi Romani erit, id. 23, 11, 2: si duellum quod cum rege Antiocho sumi populus jussit, id. 36, 2, 2; and from an ancient inscription' duello magno dirimendo, etc., id. 40, 52, 5.—Poet.: hic... Pacem duello miscuit, Hor. C. 3, 5, 38: cadum Marsi memorem duelli, id. ib. 3, 14, 18: vacuum duellis Janum Quirini clausit, id. ib. 4, 15, 8; cf. id. Ep. 1, 2, 7; 2, 1, 254; 2, 2, 98; Ov. F. 6, 201; Juv. 1, 169—
II Form bellum.
   A War, warfare (abstr.), or a war, the war (concr.), i.e. hostilities between two nations (cf. tumultus).
   1    Specifying the enemy.
   a By adjj. denoting the nation: omnibus Punicis Siciliensibusque bellis, Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 47, § 124: aliquot annis ante secundum Punicum bellum, id. Ac. 2, 5, 13: Britannicum bellum, id. Att. 4, 16, 13: Gallicum, id. Prov. Cons. 14, 35: Germanicum, Caes. B. G. 3, 28: Sabinum, Liv. 1, 26, 4: Parthicum, Vell. 2, 46, 2; similarly: bellum piraticum, the war against the pirates, Vell. 2, 33, 1.—Sometimes the adj. refers to the leader or king of the enemy: Sertorianum bellum, Cic. Phil. 11, 8, 18: Mithridaticum, id. Imp. Pomp. 3, 7: Jugurthinum, Hor. Epod. 9, 23; Vell. 2, 11, 1; similarly: bellum regium, the war against kings, Cic. Imp. Pomp. 17, 50. —Or it refers to the theatre of the war: bellum Africanum, Transalpinum, Cic. Imp. Pomp. 10, 28: Asiaticum, id. ib. 22, 64: Africum, Caes. B. C. 2, 32 fin.: Actiacum, Vell. 2, 86, 3: Hispaniense, id. 2, 55, 2.—
   b With gen. of the name of the nation or its leader: bellum Latinorum, the Latin war, i. e. against the Latins, Cic. N. D. 2, 2, 6: Venetorum, Caes. B. G. 3, 16: Helvetiorum, id. ib. 1, 40 fin.; 1, 30: Ambiorigis, id. ib. 6, 29, 4: Pyrrhi, Philippi, Cic. Phil. 11, 7, 17: Samnitium, Liv. 7, 29, 2.—
   c With cum and abl. of the name.
   (a)    Attributively: cum Jugurthā, cum Cimbris, cum Teutonis bellum, Cic. Imp. Pomp. 20, 60: belli causā cum Samnitibus, Liv. 7, 29, 3: hunc finem bellum cum Philippo habuit, id. 33, 35, 12: novum cum Antiocho instabat bellum, id. 36, 36, 7; cf. id. 35, 40, 1; 38, 58, 8; 39, 1, 8; 44, 14, 7.—
   (b)    With cum dependent on the verb: quia bellum Aetolis esse dixi cum Aliis, Plaut. Capt. prol. 59: novi consules... duo bella habuere... alterum cum Tiburtibus, Liv. 7, 17, 2; esp. with gero, v. 2. b. α infra.—
   d With adversus and acc. of the name.
   (a)    Attributively: bellum adversus Philippum, Liv. 31, 1, 8: bellum populus adversus Vestinos jussit, id. 8, 29, 6.—
   (b)    With adversus dependent on the verb: quod homines populi Hermunduli adversus populum Romanum bellum fecere, Cincius ap. Gell. 16, 14, 1: nos pro vobis bellum suscepimus adversus Philippum. Liv. 31, 31, 18: ut multo acrius adversus duos quam adversus unum pararet bellum, id. 45, 11, 8: bellum quod rex adversus Datamem susceperat, Nep. Dat. 8, 5.—
   e With contra and acc.: cum bellum nefarium contra aras et focos, contra vitam fortunasque nostras... non comparari, sed geri jam viderem, Cic. Phil. 3, 1, 1: causam belli contra patriam inferendi, id. ib. 2, 22, 53.—
   f With in and acc. (very rare): Athenienses in Peloponnesios sexto et vicesimo anno bellum gerentes, Nep. Lys. 1, 1.—
With inter and acc.: hic finis belli inter Romanos ac Persea fuit, Liv. 45, 9, 2.—
With apud and acc.: secutum est bellum gestum apud Mutinam, Nep. Att. 9, 1.—
With dat. of the enemy after inferre and facere, v. 2. a. κ infra.—
   2    With verbs.
   a Referring to the beginning of the war.
   (a)    Bellum movere or commovere, to bring about, stir up a war: summa erat observatio in bello movendo, Cic. Off. 1, 11, 37: bellum commotum a Scapulā, id. Fam. 9, 13, 1: nuntiabant alii... in Apuliā servile bellum moveri, Sall. C. 30, 2: is primum Volscis bellum in ducentos amplius... annos movit, Liv. 1, 53, 2: insequenti anno Veiens bellum motum, id. 4, 58, 6: dii pium movere bellum, id. 8, 6, 4; cf. Verg. A. 10, 627; id. G. 1, 509; so, concitare, Liv. 7, 27, 5; and ciere (poet.), Verg. A. 1, 541; 6, 829; 12, 158.—
   (b)    Bellum parare, comparare, apparare, or se praeparare bello, to prepare a war, or for a war: cum tam pestiferum bellum pararet, Cic. Att. 9, 13, 3: bellum utrimque summopere parabatur, Liv. 1, 23, 1; cf. id. 45, 11, 8 (v. II. A. 1. d. β supra); Nep. Hann. 2, 6; Quint. 12, 3, 5; Ov. M. 7, 456; so, parare alicui, Nep. Alcib. 9, 5: bellum terrā et mari comparat, Cic. Att. 10, 4, 3: tantum bellum ... Cn. Pompeius extremā hieme apparavit, ineunte vere suscepit, mediā aestate confecit, id. Imp. Pomp. 12, 3, 5: bellum omnium consensu apparari coeptum, Liv. 4, 55, 7: numquam imperator ita paci credit, ut non se praeparet bello, Sen. Vit. Beat. 26, 2.—
   (g)    Bellum differre, to postpone a war: nec jam poterat bellum differri, Liv. 2, 30, 7: mors Hamilcaris et pueritia Hannibalis distulerunt bellum, id. 21, 2, 3; cf. id. 5, 5, 3.—
   (d)    Bellum sumere, to undertake, begin a war (not in Cæsar): omne bellum sumi facile, ceterum aegerrume desinere, Sall. J. 83, 1: prius tamen omnia pati decrevit quam bellum sumere, id. ib. 20, 5: de integro bellum sumit, id. ib. 62, 9: iis haec maxima ratio belli sumendi fuerat, Liv. 38, 19, 3: sumi bellum etiam ab ignavis, strenuissimi cujusque periculo geri, Tac. H. 4, 69; cf. id. A. 2, 45; 13, 34; 15, 5; 15, 7; id. Agr. 16.—（ε) Bellum suscipere (rarely inire), to undertake, commence a war, join in a war: bellum ita suscipiatur ut nihil nisi pax quaesita videatur, Cic. Off. 1, 23, 80: suscipienda quidem bella sunt ob eam causam ut, etc., id. ib. 1, 11, 35: judicavit a plerisque ignoratione... bellum esse susceptum, join, id. Marcell. 5, 13; id. Imp. Pomp. 12, 35 (v. supra): cum avertisset plebem a suscipiendo bello, undertaking, Liv. 4, 58, 14: senatui cum Camillo agi placuit ut bellum Etruscum susciperet, id. 6, 9, 5: bella non causis inita, sed ut eorum merces fuit, Vell. 2, 3, 3.— (ζ) Bellum consentire = bellum consensu decernere, to decree a war by agreement, to ratify a declaration of war (rare): consensit et senatus bellum, Liv. 8, 6, 8: bellum erat consensum, id. 1, 32, 12.—（η) Bellum alicui mandare, committere, decernere, dare, gerendum dare, ad aliquem deferre, or aliquem bello praeficere, praeponere, to assign a war to one as a commander, to give one the chief command in a war: sed ne tum quidem populus Romanus ad privatum detulit bellum, Cic. Phil. 11, 8, 18: populus Romanus consuli... bellum gerendum dedit, id. ib.: cur non... eidem ... hoc quoque bellum regium committamus? id. Imp. Pomp. 17, 50: Camillus cui id bellum mandatum erat, Liv. 5, 26, 3: Volscum bellum M. Furio extra ordinem decretum, id. 6, 22, 6: Gallicum bellum Popilio extra ordinem datum, id. 7, 23, 2: quo die a vobis maritimo bello praepositus est imperator, Cic. Imp. Pomp. 15, 44: cum ei (bello) imperatorem praeficere possitis, in quo sit eximia belli scientia, id. ib. 16, 49: hunc toti bello praefecerunt, Caes. B. G. 5, 11 fin.: alicui bellum suscipiendum dare, Cic. Imp. Pomp. 19, 58: bellum administrandum permittere, id. ib. 21, 61.— (θ) Bellum indicere alicui, to declare war against (the regular expression; coupled with facere in the ancient formula of the pater patratus), also bellum denuntiare: ob eam rem ego... populo Hermundulo... bellum (in)dico facioque, Cincius ap. Gell. 16, 14, 1: ob eam rem ego populusque Romanus populis... Latinis bellum indico facioque, Liv. 1, 32, 13: Corinthiis bellum indicamus an non? Cic. Inv. 1, 12, 17: ex quo intellegi potest, nullum bellum esse justum nisi quod aut rebus repetitis geratur, aut denuntiatum ante sit et indictum, id. Off. 1, 11, 36; id. Rep. 3, 23, 35: bellum indici posse existimabat, Liv. 1, 22, 4: ni reddantur (res) bellum indicere jussos, id. 1, 22, 6: ut... nec gererentur solum sed etiam indicerentur bella aliquo ritu, jus ... descripsit quo res repetuntur, id. 1, 32, 5; cf. id. 1, 32, 9; 2, 18, 11; 2, 38, 5; Verg. A. 7, 616.— (κ) Bellum inferre alicui (cf. contra aliquem, 1. e. supra; also bellum facere; absol., with dat., or with cum and abl.), to begin a war against (with), to make war on: Denseletis nefarium bellum intulisti, Cic. Pis. 34, 84: ei civitati bellum indici atque inferri solere, id. Verr. 2, 1, 31, § 79: qui sibi Galliaeque bellum intulissent, Caes. B. G. 4, 16; Nep. Them. 2, 4; Verg. A. 3, 248: bellumne populo Romano Lampsacena civitas facere conabatur? Cic. Verr. 2, 1, 31, § 79: bellum patriae faciet, id. Mil. 23, 63; id. Cat. 3, 9, 22: civitatem Eburonum populo Romano bellum facere ausam, Caes. B. G. 5, 28; cf. id. ib. 7, 2; 3, 29: constituit bellum facere, Sall. C. 26, 5; 24, 2: occupant bellum facere, they are the first to begin the war, Liv. 1, 14, 4: ut bellum cum Priscis Latinis fieret, id. 1, 32, 13: populus Palaepolitanis bellum fieri jussit, id. 8, 22, 8; cf. Nep. Dion, 4, 3; id. Ages. 2, 1.— Coupled with instruere, to sustain a war: urbs quae bellum facere atque instruere possit, Cic. Agr. 2, 28, 77.—Bellum facere had become obsolete at Seneca's time, Sen. Ep. 114, 17.—（λ) Bellum oritur or exoritur, a war begins: subito bellum in Galliā ex, ortum est, Caes. B. G. 3, 7: aliud multo propius bellum ortum, Liv. 1, 14, 4: Veiens bellum exortum, id. 2, 53, 1.—
   b Referring to the carrying on of the war: bellum gerere, to carry on a war; absol., with cum and abl., per and acc., or in and abl. (cf.: bellum gerere in aliquem, 1. a. and f. supra): nisi forte ego vobis... cessare nunc videor cum bella non gero, Cic. Sen. 6, 18: cum Celtiberis, cum Cimbris bellum ut cum inimicis gerebatur, id. Off. 1, 12, 38: cum ei bellum ut cum rege Perse gereret obtigisset, id. Div. 1, 46, 103: erant hae difficultates belli gerendi, Caes. B. G. 3, 10: bellum cum Germanis gerere constituit, id. ib. 4, 6: Cn. Pompeius in extremis terris bellum gerebat, Sall. C. 16, 5: bellum quod Hannibale duce Carthaginienses cum populo Romano gessere, Liv. 21, 1, 1: alter consul in Sabinis bellum gessit, id. 2, 62, 3: de exercitibus per quos id bellum gereretur, id. 23, 25, 5: Chabrias bella in Aegypto suā sponte gessit, Nep. Chabr, 2, 1.—Sometimes bellum administrare only of the commander, Cic. Imp. Pomp. 15, 43; Nep. Chabr. 2, 1. —Also (very rare): bellum bellare, Liv. 8, 40, 1 (but belligerantes is absol., Enn. ap. Cic. Off. 1, 12, 38; Ann. v. 201 Vahl.); in the same sense: bellum agere, Nep. Hann. 8, 3. —As a synonym: bello persequi aliquem, Nep. Con. 4, 1; cf. Liv. 3, 25, 3.—
   (b)    Trahere or ducere bellum, to protract a war: necesse est enim aut trahi id bellum, aut, etc., Cic. Att. 10, 8, 2: bellum trahi non posse, Sall. J. 23, 2: belli trahendi causā, Liv. 5, 11, 8: morae quā trahebant bellum paenitebat, id. 9, 27, 5: suadere institui ut bellum duceret, Cic. Fam. 7, 3, 2: bellum enim ducetur, id. ad Brut. 1, 18, 6; Nep. Alcib. 8, 1; id. Dat. 8, 4; similarly: cum his molliter et per dilationes bellum geri oportet? Liv. 5, 5, 1.—
   (g)    Bellum repellere, defendere, or propulsare, to ward off, defend one's self against a war: bellum Gallicum C. Caesare imperatore gestum est, antea tantummodo repulsum, Cic. Prov. Cons. 13, 32: quod bellum non intulerit sed defenderit, Caes. B. G. 1, 44: Samnitium vix a se ipsis eo tempore propulsantium bellum, Liv. 8, 37, 5.—
   c Referring to the end of a war.
   (a)    Bellum deponere, ponere, or omittere, to give up, discontinue a war: in quo (i.e. bello) et gerendo et deponendo jus ut plurimum valeret lege sanximus, Cic. Leg. 2, 14, 34: (bellum) cum deponi victores velint, Sall. J. 83, 1: bellum decem ferme annis ante depositum erat, Liv. 31, 1, 8: nos depositum a vobis bellum et ipsi omisimus, id. 31, 31, 19: dicit posse condicionibus bellum poni, Sall. J. 112, 1: bellum grave cum Etruriā positum est, id. H. Fragm. 1, 9 Dietsch: velut posito bello, Liv. 1, 53, 5: manere bellum quod positum simuletur, id. 1, 53, 7: posito ubique bello, Tac. H. 2, 52; cf. Hor. Ep. 2, 1, 93; Verg. A. 1, 291: omisso Romano bello Porsinna filium Arruntem Ariciam... mittit, Liv. 2, 14, 5.—
   (b)    Bellum componere, to end a war by agreement, make peace: timerent ne bellum componeretur, Cic. Fam. 10, 33, 3: si bellum compositum foret, Sall. J. 97, 2: belli componendi licentiam, id. ib. 103, 3; cf. Nep. Ham. 1, 5; id. Hann. 6, 2; id. Alcib. 8, 3; Verg. A. 12, 109; similarly: bellum sedare, Nep. Dat. 8, 5.—
   (g)    Bellum conficere, perficere, finire, to finish, end a war; conficere (the most usual term) and perficere, = to finish a war by conquering; finire (rare), without implying success: is bellum confecerit qui Antonium oppresserit, Cic. Fam. 11, 12, 2: bellumque maximum conficies, id. Rep. 6, 11, 11: confecto Mithridatico bello, id. Prov. Cons. 11, 27; cf. id. Fam. 5, 10, 3; id. Imp. Pomp. 14, 42: quo proelio ... bellum Venetorum confectum est, Caes. B. G. 3, 16; cf. id. ib. 1, 30; 1, 44; 1, 54; 3, 28; 4, 16: bello confecto de Rhodiis consultum est, Sall. C. 51, 5; cf. id. J. 36, 1; 114, 3: neminem nisi bello confecto pecuniam petiturum esse, Liv. 24, 18, 11; cf. id. 21, 40, 11; 23, 6, 2; 31, 47, 4; 32, 32, 6; 36, 2, 3: bello perfecto, Caes. B. C. 3, 18, 5; Liv. 1, 38, 3: se quo die hostem vidisset perfecturum (i. e. bellum), id. 22, 38, 7; 31, 4, 2; cf. id. 3, 24, 1; 34, 6, 12; Just. 5, 2, 11: neque desiturum ante... quam finitum aliquā tolerabili condicione bellum videro, Liv. 23, 12, 10: finito ex maximā parte.. italico bello, Vell. 2, 17, 1; Curt. 3, 1, 9; Tac. A. 15, 17; Just. 16, 2, 6; 24, 1, 8; Verg. A. 11, 116.—
   d Less usual connections: bellum delere: non modo praesentia sed etiam futura bella delevit, Cic. Lael. 3, 11; cf. Nep. Alcib. 8, 4: alere ac fovere bellum, Liv. 42, 11, 5: bellum navare alicui, Tac. H. 5, 25: spargere, id. A. 3, 21; id. Agr. 38; Luc. 2, 682: serere, Liv. 21, 10, 4: circumferre, Tac. A. 13, 37: exercere, id. ib. 6, 31: quam celeriter belli impetus navigavit ( = quam celeriter navale bellum gestum est), Cic. Imp. Pomp. 12, 34; so Flor. 2, 2, 17: bellum ascendit in rupes, id. 4, 12, 4: bellum serpit in proximos, id. 2, 9, 4; cf. id. 2, 2, 15: bella narrare, Cic. Or. 9, 30: canere bella, Quint. 10, 1, 91: bella legere, Cic. Imp. Pomp. 10, 28.—
   3    As object denoting place or time.
   a Proficisci ad bellum, to depart for the war.
   (a)    Of the commander: consul sortitu ad bellum profectus, Cic. Phil. 14, 2, 4; cf. id. Cat. 1, 13, 33: ipse ad bellum Ambiorigis profectus, Caes. B. G. 6, 29, 4: ut duo ex tribunis ad bellum proficiscerentur, Liv. 4, 45, 7; cf. id. 6, 2, 9: Nep. Alcib. 4, 1; Sall. H. 2, 96 Dietsch. —Post-class.: in bellum, Just. 2, 11, 9; Gell. 17, 9, 8.—
   (b)    Of persons partaking in a war: si proficiscerer ad bellum, Cic. Fam. 7, 3, 1. —
   b Ad bellum mittere, of the commander, Cic. Imp. Pomp. 17, 50; 21, 62.—
   c In bella ruere, Verg. A. 7, 782; 9, 182: in bella sequi, id. ib. 8, 547.—
   d Of time.
   (a)    In the locative case belli, in war, during war; generally with domi ( = domi militiaeque): valete, judices justissimi, domi bellique duellatores, Plaut. Capt. prol. 68; so, domi duellique, id. As. 3, 2, 13 (v. I. supra): quibuscunque rebus vel belli vel domi poterunt rem publicam augeant, Cic. Off. 2, 24, 85: paucorum arbitrio belli domique agitabatur, Sall. J. 41, 7: animus belli ingens, domi modicus, id. ib. 63, 2; Liv. 2, 50, 11; 1, 36, 6; so id. 3, 43, 1; cf.: bello domique, id. 1, 34, 12: domi belloque, id. 9, 26, 21; and: neque bello, neque domi, id. 4, 35, 3.—Without domi: simul rem et gloriam armis belli repperi, Ter. Heaut. 1, 1, 60 (where belli may be taken with gloriam; cf. Wagn. ad loc.): magnae res temporibus illis a fortissimis viris... belli gerebantur, Cic. Rep. 2, 32, 86.—
   (b)    In bello or in bellis, during war or wars, in the war, in the wars; with adj.: ad haec quae in civili bello fecerit, Cic. Phil. 2, 19, 47; cf. id. ib. 14, 8, 22: in ipso bello eadem sensi, id. Marcell. 5, 14: in Volsco bello virtus enituit, Liv. 2, 24, 8: in eo bello, id. 23, 46, 6: in Punicis bellis, Plin.8, 14, 14, § 37: in bello Trojano, id. 30, 1, 2, § 5.—Without adj.: ut fit in bello, capitur alter filius, Plaut. Capt. prol. 25: qui in bello occiderunt, Cic. Fam. 9, 5, 2: quod in bello saepius vindicatum est in eos, etc., Sall. C. 9, 4: non in bello solum, sed etiam in pace, Liv. 1, 15, 8; 2, 23, 2: in bello parta, Quint. 5, 10, 42; 12, 1, 28.—
   (g)    Abl. bello or bellis = in bello or in bellis (freq.); with adjj.: nos semper omnibus Punicis Siciliensibusque bellis amicitiam fidemque populi Romani secuti sumus. Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 47, § 124: bello Italico, id. Pis. 36, 87: Veienti bello, id. Div. 1, 44, 100: domestico bello, id. Planc. 29, 70: qui Volsco, Aurunco Sabinoque militassent bello, Liv. 23, 12, 11: victor tot intra paucos dies bellis, id. 2, 27, 1: nullo bello, multis tamen proeliis victus, id. 9, 18, 9: bello civili, Quint. 11, 1, 36.—With gen.: praesentiam saepe divi suam declarant, ut et apud Regillum bello Latinorum, Cic. N. D. 2, 2, 6: suam felicitatem Helvetiorum bello esse perspectam, Caes. B. G. 1, 40.—Without attrib.: qui etiam bello victis regibus regna reddere consuevit, Cic. Sest. 26, 57: res pace belloque gestas, Liv. 2, 1, 1: egregieque rebus bello gestis, id. 1, 33, 9; so id. 23, 12, 11: ludi bello voti, id. 4, 35. 3: princeps pace belloque, id. 7, 1, 9: Cotyn bello juvisse Persea, id. 45, 42, 7: bello parta, Quint. 5, 10, 15; cf. id. 7, 4, 22; Ov. M. 8, 19.—
   (d)    Inter bellum (rare): cujus originis morem necesse est... inter bellum natum esse, Liv. 2, 14, 2: inter haec bella consules... facti, id. 2, 63, 1.—
   4    Bellum in attributive connection.
   a Justum bellum.
   (a)    A righteous war, Cic. Off. 1, 11, 36 (v. II. A. 2. a. θ supra): justum piumque bellum, Liv. 1, 23, 4: non loquor apud recusantem justa bella populum, id. 7, 30, 17; so Ov. M. 8, 58; cf.: illa injusta sunt bella quae sine causā suscepta sunt, Cic. Rep. 3, 23, 35.—
   (b)    A regular war (opp. a raid, etc.): in fines Romanos excucurrerunt, populabundi magis quam justi more belli, Liv. 1, 15, 1.—
   b For the different kinds of war: domesticum, civile, intestinum, externum, navale, maritimum, terrā marique gestum, servile, sociale; v. hh. vv.—
   c Belli eventus or exitus, the result of a war: quicunque belli eventus fuisset, Cic. Marcell. 8, 24: haud sane alio animo belli eventum exspectabant, Sall. C. 37, 9: eventus tamen belli minus miserabilem dimicationem fecit, Liv. 1, 23, 2; cf. id. 7, 11, 1: exitus hujus calamitosissimi belli, Cic. Fam. 6, 21, 1: cum esset incertus exitus et anceps fortuna belli, id. Marcell. 5, 15; so id. Off. 2, 8, : Britannici belli exitus exspectatur, id. Att. 4, 16, 13: cetera bella maximeque Veiens incerti exitus erant, Liv. 5, 16, 8.—
   d Fortuna belli, the chances of war: adeo varia fortuna belli ancepsque Mars fuit ut, Liv. 21, 1, 2; cf. Cic. Marcell. 5, 15 (v. c. supra).—
   e Belli artes, military skill: cuilibet superiorum regum belli pacisque et artibus et gloriā par, Liv. 1, 35, 1: haud ignotas belli artes, id. 21, 1, 2: temperata et belli et pacis artibus erat civitas, id. 1, 21, 6.—
   f Jus belli, the law of war: jura belli, the rights (law) of war: in re publicā maxime servanda sunt jura belli, Cic. Off. 1, 11, 34: sunt et belli sicut pacis jura, Liv. 5, 27, 6: jure belli res vindicatur, Gai. Inst. 3, 94.—
Belli duces praestantissimos, the most excellent captains, generals, Cic. Or. 1, 2, 7: trium simul bellorum victor, a victor in three wars, Liv. 6, 4, 1 (cf.: victor tot bellis, id. 2, 27, 1). —
Belli vulnera, Cic. Marcell. 8, 24.—
   B Transf.
   1    Of things concr. and abstr.: qui parietibus, qui tectis, qui columnis ac postibus meis... bellum intulistis, Cic. Dom. 23, 60: bellum contra aras et focos, id. Phil. 3, 1, 1: miror cur philosophiae... bellum indixeris, id. Or. 2, 37, 155: ventri Indico bellum, Hor. S. 1, 5, 8.—
   2    Of animals: milvo est quoddam bellum quasi naturale cum corvo, Cic. N. D. 2, 49, 125: hanc Juno Esse jussit gruem, populisque suis indicere bellum, Ov. M. 6, 92.—
   3    With individuals: quid mihi opu'st... cum eis gerere bellum, etc., Plaut. Stich. 1, 2, 14: nihil turpius quam cum eo bellum gerere quīcum familiariter vixeris, Cic. Lael. 21, 77: cum mihi uni cum improbis aeternum videam bellum susceptum, id. Sull. 9, 28: hoc tibi juventus Romana indicimus bellum, Liv. 2, 12, 11: falsum testem justo ac pio bello persequebatur, id. 3, 25, 3: tribunicium domi bellum patres territat, id. 3, 24, 1; cf. Plin. Ep. 1, 2, 57.—Ironically: equus Trojanus qui tot invictos viros muliebre bellum gerentes tulerit ac texerit, Cic. Cael. 28, 67.—
   4    In mal. part., Hor. C. 3, 26, 3; 4, 1, 2.—
   5    Personified as god of war ( = Janus): tabulas duas quae Belli faciem pictam habent, Plin. 35, 4, 10, § 27: sunt geminae Belli portae, etc., Verg. A. 7, 607: mortiferumque averso in limine Bellum, id. ib. 6, 279.—
   6    Plur.: bella, army (poet.): permanet Aonius Nereus violentus in undis, Bellaque non transfert (i.e. Graecorum exercitum), Ov. M. 12, 24: sed victae fera bella deae vexere per aequora, Sil. 7, 472: quid faciat bellis obsessus et undis? Stat. Th. 9, 490.—
   7    Battle, = proelium: rorarii dicti a rore: qui bellum committebant ante, Varr. L. L. 7, 3, 92: quod in bello saepius vindicatum in eos qui... tardius, revocati, bello excesserant, Sall. C. 9, 4: praecipua laus ejus belli penes consules fuit, Liv. 8, 10, 7: commisso statim bello, Front. Strat. 1, 11, 2: Actia bella, Verg. A. 8, 675: ingentem pugnam, ceu cetera nusquam Bella forent, id. ib. 2, 439; cf. Flor. 3, 5, 11; Just. 2, 12; 18, 1 fin.; 24, 8; Hor. Ep. 2, 2, 98 (form duellum); Ov. H. 1, 1, 69; Verg. A. 8, 547; 12, 390; 12, 633; Stat. Th. 3, 666. —
   8    Bellum = liber de bello: quam gaudebat Bello suo Punico Naevius! Cic. Sen. 14, 50.

Latin > French (Gaffiot 2016)

bellum,⁴ ī, n., (duellum),
1 guerre [au pr. et au fig.] : vel belli vel domi Cic. Off. 2, 85, soit en temps de guerre, soit en temps de paix ; Veienti bello Cic. Div. 1, 100, pendant la guerre contre Véies ; bellis Punicis Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 124, pendant les guerres puniques ; in civili bello Cic. Phil. 2, 47, pendant la guerre civile ; bellum navale Cic. Pomp. 28 ou maritimum Sall. C. 39, 1, la guerre des pirates ; bellum adversus Philippum Liv. 31, 1, 8, la guerre contre Philippe ; cum improbis suscipere bellum Cic. Sulla 28, entreprendre la guerre contre les méchants || v. parare, gerere, indicere, ducere, trahere, etc.
2 combat, bataille : Sall. C. 9, 4 ; Liv. 8, 10, 7
3 [au pl., fig.] armées : Ov. M. 12, 24 ; Plin. Min. Pan. 12, 3 || la Guerre, divinité : Belli portæ Virg. En. 1, 294, les portes du temple de Janus.

Latin > German (Georges)

bellum, ī, n. (aus duellum [w. s.]; eig. der Zweikampf, dah.) I) der Krieg, A) eig.: domesticum, Cic.: intestinum, Liv.: domesticum et intestinum, post hominum memoriam crudelissimum ac maximum, Cic.: bella domestica et externa, Cic.: b. sociale, Liv.: piraticum, Varr. u. Cic.: b. civile, Cic.: navale, Cic.: terrestre, Liv.: iustum, pium, iustum piumque, Liv.: impium, Liv.: segne, Liv.: grave et periculosum, Cic.: acerbum, Cic.: cruentum, Vell.: internecivum, Liv.: sumptuosum, Liv.: inexpiabile, Flor.: Africum, s. Āfricus: Africanum, Parthicum, transalpinum, Hispaniense, Cic.: b. Peloponnesiacum, Cic., Peloponnesium, Nep.: b. Iugurthinum, Hor.: Punicum, Cic. – bellum Samnitium, mit den S., Liv.: bella trium regum, mit drei K., Liv.: bellum Romanorum cum Philippo, Liv.: novum cum Antiocho instabat bellum, Liv. – exitus erant bellorum aut mites aut necessarii, Cic.: omnium bellorum terrā marique quies, Liv. – abesse bello, Liv., toto bello, Caes.: alqm mittere ad bellum, Sall. fr.: proficisci ad od. in bellum, s. pro-ficīscor: b. facere, s. facio no. I, B, 1, β: b. concitare, excitare, suscitare, Cic.: b. concire, Liv.: b. movere, commovere, Cic.: b. conflare, Cic.: b. moliri, Liv.: de bello cogitare, Caes.: ad b. animum intendere, Sall.: totus et mente et animo in bellum insisto, Caes.: in bellum incumbere, Caes. – b. parare od. comparare, Cic.: b. apparare, Nep.: b. moliri, Liv. epit., b. moliri animo, Vell., b. moliri adversus alqm, Liv. epit.: b. instruere, b. facere atque instruere, Cic. – b. nuntiare, b. denuntiare, b. indicere, b. denuntiare et indicere, Cic. (u. so indicta finitimis bella et gesta cum civibus, Sen.). – b. capessere, Liv. u. Curt. (s. Mützell Curt. 3, 2 [4], 2): b. consciscere, Liv. – b. suscipere, Cic.: b. sumere, Sall., sumere cum alqo, Liv.: b. incipere, Sall. u. Liv.: b. coepisse adversus alqm, Liv.: b. inchoare, Cic.: b. inire cum alqo, Liv.: belli initium facere, Sall., od. capere, Caes.: belli civilis initia invitum suscipere, extrema non libenter persequi, Cic. – alci bellum cum alqo contrahere, Liv.: b. lacessere, Cic.: b. intendere, Liv.: bello tentare, Cic.: b. pace mutare, Sall. – b. alci inferre, Cic.: b. inferre contra patriam, Cic.: b. inferre in provinciam, Cic.: bello persequi alqm, Cic. – b. administrare, b. agere, b. gerere, s. administro, ago, 1. gero. – b. prorogare, Cic. – b. patientiā suā alere, Cic.: b. alere et fovere omnibus consiliis, Liv.: bellum se ipsum alit, Liv.: bellum adiuvare viribus suis, Liv. – b. coquere, Liv. – b. ducere (in die Länge ziehen), Caes.: b. trahere, Cic. – b. ponere, Sall. u. Liv., od. deponere, Cic.: b. componere, Cic.: b. omittere, Liv., belli consilia omittere, Liv. – b. conficere, ambulando conficere, Cic.: b. patrare, Sall.: bellum perficere, Liv.: b. profligare, Tac.: profligatum bellum ac paene sublatum, Cic.: b. non modo restinctum, sed etiam inflammatum, Cic. – b. exstinguere, b. restinguere, b. delere, Cic.: b. affectum et, vere ut dicam, paene confectum videmus, Cic. – belli consilium renovare, Caes.: bellum renovare, b. redintegrare, Cic.: b. instaurare, Liv. – bellum differre, Liv.: bellum continuare, Liv. – tumultum ex tumultu, bellum ex bello serere, Sall. fr.: bella ex bellis serere, Liv. – b. impendet, Cic., od. imminet, Liv.: b. ante portas est, Liv.: incidit (es tritt ein, bricht aus) id bellum, Cic., Caesarianum civile bellum, Nep. – b. exsistit, Cic.: b. oritur, b. exoritur, b. nascitur, Cic.: b. exardescit, Liv.: convenientes manus dissipare, ne quod belli initium nasceretur, Caes.: b. renascitur, Cic., od. redit, Liv.: bellum ad Trebiam consistit, kommt vorläufig zum Stehen, Liv. – bello ardet Syria, Cic. – bella erunt (es wird geben), Verg. – in bello, im Kriege, Cic.: in bello... in pace, Sall. u. Liv.: in pace... in bello, Sen. rhet.: in bello praedonum, Cic.: in bello Philippi, Liv.: in civili bello, Cic.: in eo bello, Liv. (vgl. Fabri Liv. 23, 46, 6. Kühnast Liv. Synt. S. 180 f.): mit einem Genet. od. Adjekt. auch bl. bello, wie bello Romanorum, Cic.: Pyrrhi bello, mit P., Cic.: u. so bello Antiochi, Aur. Vict.: Veienti bello, Cic.: bello Romano, Africo, Liv.: trium regum bellis, Liv.: eo bello, Liv.: bello, quo etc., Liv. (vgl. Fabri Liv. 23, 46, 6. Kühnast Liv. Synt. s. 181). – u. der Lokativ. belli = im Kriege, Ter. heaut. 112. Cic. de rep. 2, 56. – beide (bello u. belli) gew. verb. mit domi, wie vel domi vel belli, Cic.: vel belli vel domi, Apul.: od. belli domique, domi bellique, bello domique, domi belloque, Liv.; vgl. Drak. Liv. 1, 34, 12. Alschefski Liv. 9, 26. p. 517, 8. – inter pacem et bellum medium nihil, Cic.: bellum aliquando sine tumultu; at sine bello tumultus numquam, Cic.: ubi ad bellum et castra ventum sit, Cic.: fassus est, non proelio modo se, sed bello victum, Liv.: Thucydides res gestas et bella narrat et proelia, Cic. – B) übtr.: b. tribunicium, Streit, Gezänk mit den Tr., Liv.: b. indicere philosophis, Cic.: cum omnibus improbis aeternum b. esse susceptum, Cic.; vgl. bellum gerimus, sed non pari condicione, contra arma verbis, Cic. – bellum intestinum ab uxore contra me comparatum, Rutil. Lup. – miluo est quoddam b. quasi naturale cum corvo, Cic. – II) meton.: a) wie urspr. πόλεμος, Treffen, Kampf, Schlacht, im Sing. b. Enn., Sall. u.a. Histor.: im Plur. b. Verg. u.a. Dichtern, s. die Auslgg. zu Sall. Cat. 9, 4. Drak. Liv. 3, 61, 2. Mützell Curt. 3, 10 (25), 3. v. 118. Benecke Iustin. 2, 12, 23. Paucker De latin. scriptt. hist. Aug. p. 137. Deder. Dict. 2, 4 u. 38. Thiel Verg. Aen. 2, 439. – b) Plur. bella, Kriegsmassen = Massen Kriegsvölker, Danubius duratus glacie ingentia tergo bella transportat, Plin. pan. 12, 3.

Latin > Chinese

bellum, i. n. :: 仗。戰時。Belli 打仗之時。— gerere cum eo 同彼打仗。— indicere ventri 守齋。吃素。— indicere ei 與彼下戰書。Naturale bellum 相忌。

Translations

war

Abkhaz: аибашьра; Adyghe: зао; Afrikaans: oorlog; Alabama: ittilbachoba; Afanoromo: waraana; Albanian: luftë; Amharic: ጦርነት; Apache Western Apache: nawołkaadi; Arabic: حَرْب‎; Egyptian Arabic: حرب‎; Gulf Arabic: حرب‎; Aragonese: guerra; Aramaic Hebrew: פולמוס‎; Syriac Classical: ܩܪܒܐ‎; Armenian: պատերազմ, կռիվ; Aromanian: polim; Assamese: যুদ্ধ; Asturian: guerra; Avar: кьал, рагъ; Aymara: ch'axwa; Azerbaijani: müharibə, hərb, savaş, cəng; Balinese: perang; Baluchi: جنگ‎; Bashkir: һуғыш; Basque: gerra; Belarusian: вайна; Bengali: যুদ্ধ, জঙ্গ; Bourguignon: guârre, gârre; Breton: brezel; Bulgarian: война; Burmese: စစ်; Buryat: дайн; Catalan: guerra; Chechen: тӏом; Cherokee: ᎠᏓᏃᏫ; Chinese Cantonese: 戰爭, 战争; Dungan: җон; Mandarin: 戰爭, 战争, 仗; Min Nan: 戰爭, 战争; Wu: 戰爭, 战争; Chiricahua: dishbá; Chukchi: марав, мараквыргын; Chuvash: вӑрҫӑ; Cornish: kas, bell; Corsican: guerra, verra; Crimean Tatar: muarebe, cenk; Czech: válka, vojna, boj; Danish: krig; Dhivehi: ހަނގުރާމަ‎; Dolgan: һэрии; Dutch: oorlog, krijg; Dzongkha: དམག; Elfdalian: krig; Erzya: война, тюрема; Esperanto: milito; Estonian: sõda; Even: кусин; Evenki: кусин; Fala: guerra; Farefare: zɛbrɛ; Faroese: kríggj; Fataluku: funu; Finnish: sota; French: guerre; Old French: guerre, guere; Middle French: guerre; Friulian: vuere; Gagauz: cenk; Galician: guerra; Georgian: ომი; German: Krieg; Gothic: 𐍅𐌹𐌲𐌰𐌽; Greek: πόλεμος; Ancient Greek: πόλεμος, πτόλεμος; Greenlandic: sorsunneq; Guaraní: ñorairõ; Gujarati: યુદ્ધ; Hausa: yaƙi; Hebrew: מִלְחָמָה‎; Hindi: युद्ध, जंग, संग्राम, लड़ाई, हर्ब; Hungarian: háború; Hunsrik: Kriegh, kriich; Ibanag: gubat; Icelandic: stríð, styrjöld; Ido: milito; Ifè: ogu; Igala: ógwu; Ilocano: gubat; Indonesian: perang; Ingush: тӏом; Interlingua: guerra, bello; Irish: cogadh; Isnag: xubat; Istriot: gueira; Italian: guerra; Japanese: 戦争, 戦; Jarai: blah ngă; Javanese: perang; Jeju: 전장; Jingpho: maijan; Kabardian: зауэ; Kalmyk: дәән; Kannada: ಯುದ್ಧ; Karelian: soda, voinu; Kashmiri: جَنٛگ‎, یۄد‎, لَڑٲے‎; Kashubian: wòjna; Kazakh: соғыс; Khmer: ចំបាំង, សង្គ្រាម; Komi-Permyak: война; Komi-Zyrian: тыш; Korean: 전쟁(戰爭); Kumyk: дав; Kurdish Central Kurdish: جه‌نگ‎; Northern Kurdish: ceng, şerr, şer; Kyrgyz: согуш, уруш; Ladin: viera; Ladino: gerra, גירה‎; Lao: ສົງຄາມ; Latgalian: kars, vaidi; Latin: bellum, arma, duellum, werra, guerra; Latvian: karš; Laz: ჯენგი; Lezgi: дяве; Lithuanian: karas, karionė; Livonian: suodā; Low German: Orlog; Lun Bawang: farang; Luxembourgish: Krich; Lü: ᦉᦳᧂᦩᦱᧄ; Macedonian: војна; Malay: perang, peperangan, harab; Malayalam: യുദ്ധം; Maltese: gwerra; Manchu: ᡩᠠᡳᠨ; Manx: caggey; Maori: pakanga, whawhai; Marathi: युद्ध; Mari Eastern Mari: сар; Mingrelian: ლიმა; Moksha: война, торпинге; Mongolian Cyrillic: дайн; Mongolian: ᠳᠠᠶᠢᠨ; Moore: zabre; Mòcheno: kriag; Nahuatl: yaoyotl; Navajo: anaaʼ; Neapolitan: uerra; Nepali: थियो; Ngazidja Comorian: nkodo; Norman: dgèrre, djère, guère, gùerre, gyer; Northern Sami: soahti; Norwegian: krig; Occitan: guèrra; Old Church Slavonic Cyrillic: воина, рать; Old East Slavic: воина; Old English: ġewinn; Old Occitan: guerra, gerra; Old Portuguese: guerra; Olukumi: ogun; Oriya: ଯୁଦ୍ଧ; Oromo: waraana; Ossetian: хӕст; Pali: yuddha; Pashto: جنګ‎, جګړه‎; Persian: جنگ‎, محاربه‎, پادرزم‎; Plautdietsch: Kjrich; Polish: wojna; Portuguese: guerra; Punjabi: لڑائی‎, ਲੜਾਈ, ਜੰਗ, ਲਾਮ; Romanian: război, răzbel; Romansch: guerra, uiara, veara, gueara, ghera; Russian: война; Rusyn: война; Samoan: taua; Sanskrit: युद्धम्, संग्राम; Sardinian: gherra; Scots: war; Scottish Gaelic: cogadh; Serbo-Croatian Cyrillic: ра̏т, во̑јна; Roman: rȁt, vȏjna; Sherpa: དམག; Sicilian: guerra, verra, uerra; Silesian: wojna; Sindhi: جَنگِ‎; Sinhalese: යුද්ධය; Skolt Sami: väinn; Slovak: vojna; Slovene: vojna; Somali: dagal, xarbi; Sorbian Lower Sorbian: wójna; Upper Sorbian: wójna; Southern Altai: јуу, јуу-чак, согыш; Spanish: guerra; Old Spanish: guerra; Sudovian: karas; Swahili: vita; Swedish: krig; Tabasaran: дяви; Tagalog: gera, giyera, digmaan; Tahitian: tamai; Tajik: ҷанг, муҳориба; Tamil: போர், யுத்தம்; Tatar: сугыш; Telugu: యుద్ధం; Tetum: funu; Thai: สงคราม; Tibetan: དམག་འཁྲུག; Tigrinya: ኩናት, ውግእ; Tlingit: adawóotl; Tongan: tau; Tupinambá: marana; Turkish: savaş, muharebe, harp, cenk; Turkmen: söweş, uruş; Tuvan: дайын; Udmurt: война; Ugaritic: 𐎎𐎍𐎈𐎎𐎚; Ukrainian: війна; Urdu: جنگ‎, یدھ‎; Uyghur: ئۇرۇش‎; Uzbek: urush, jang, harb, muhoraba; Venetian: guera; Veps: soda; Vietnamese: chiến tranh; Volapük: krig, klig; Võro: sõda; Walloon: guere, dgère, djérre, guère; Welsh: rhyfel; West Frisian: oarloch, kriich; Wolof: xare, geer; Xhosa: imfazwe; Yagnobi: ҷанг; Yakut: сэрии, сэриилэһии; Yiddish: מלחמה‎, קריג‎; Yoruba: ogun, ìjà; Zazaki: herb, lez, lej mceng; Zhuang: cancwngh; Zulu: impi