σάρξ
English (LSJ)
gen. σαρκός, ἡ, Aeol. σύρξ EM708.31:—
A flesh, Hom. always in plural, exc. Od.19.450, cf. Hes.Sc.364,461; κορέει κύνας.. δημῷ καὶ σάρκεσσι Il.8.380; ἔγκατά τε σάρκας τε καὶ ὀστέα Od.9.293, cf. 11.219; σάρκες περιτρομέοντο μέλεσσιν 18.77, cf. Hes.Th.538, Pi.Fr.168, etc.; τούτου σάρκας λύκοι πάσονται A.Th.1040; ὀπτὰς σάρκας Id.Ag.1097; σάρκες δ' ἀπ' ὀστέων.. ἀπέρρεον E.Med.1200; sometimes to represent the whole body, μήτε γῆ δέξαιτό μου σάρκας θανόντος Id.Hipp.1031, cf. 1239,1343 (anap.): sg. later in same sense, τοῦ αἵματος.. πηγνυμένου σ. γίνεται (of the foetus) Hp.Nat.Puer.15, cf.Steril.233; κορέσαι στόμα πρὸς χάριν ἐμᾶς σαρκὸς αἰόλας S.Ph.1157 (lyr.); ἔδαπτον σάρκα E.Med. 1189, cf. Ba.1136, Cyc.344, etc.: also collectively, of the body, γέροντα τὸν νοῦν, σάρκα δ' ἡβῶσαν φέρει A.Th.622; σαρκὶ παλαιᾶ Id.Ag.72 (anap.); σαρκὸς περιβόλαια, ἐνδυτά, E.HF1269, Ba.746:—Pl. uses sg. and pl. in much the same manner, ταῖς σαρξὶ σάρκες προσγένωνται Phd.96d, cf. Smp.211e, R.556d, Grg.518c, etc.; τῆς σαρκὸς διαλυτικόν Ti.60b, cf. 61c, 62b, etc.: portions of meat, usually in plural, σάρκας τρεῖς IG12(7).237.17 (Amorgos) (sg., ib.12(2).498.16 (Methymna, iii B.C.)); but, pieces of flesh or membrane, βήσσοντα.. ὥστε σάρκας ἐνπύους.. ἀποβάλλειν SIG 1171.5 (Lebena).
b εἰς σάρκα πημαίνειν to the quick, Phld.Herc. 1289p.60V.
2 ἡ σ. τοῦ σκύτεος the inner or flesh-side of leather, Hp.Art.33.
3 fleshy, pulpy substance of fruit, Thphr. CP 6.8.5, HP1.2.6, 4.15.1, al.
II the flesh, as the seat of the affections and lusts, fleshly nature, ἐν τῇ σ. ἡ ἡδονή Epicur.Sent.18, cf. Sent.Vat. 33; ἀδούλωτον (prob. l.) τῇ σαρκὶ καὶ τοῖς ταύτης πάθεσι Plu.2.107f, cf. 101b; freq. in NT, Ep.Gal.5.19, al.
2 in NT also, the body, τῆς σαρκὸς πρόνοια Ep.Rom.13.14; οὔτε ἡ σ. αὐτοῦ εἶδεν διαφθοράν Act.Ap.2.31, etc.: hence (partly as a Hebraism) πᾶσα σάρξ = everybody, LXX Ge.6.12, al., Ev.Luc.3.6, etc.; οὐ.. πᾶσα σάρξ nobody, Ev. Matt.24.22, etc.
3 the physical or natural order of things, opp. the spiritual or supernatural, σοφοὶ κατὰ σάρκα 1 Ep.Cor.1.26; ἐν Χριστῷ Ἰησοῦ καὶ οὐκ ἐν σαρκὶ πεποιθότες Ep.Phil.3.3; τὸν κύριον τῶν πνευμάτων καὶ πάσης σ. SIG1181.3 (ii B.C., Jewish). (Perh. I.-E. twrk̂- 'portion', cf. Avest. θwarəs- 'cut'.)
German (Pape)
[Seite 863] σαρκός, ἡ, das Fleisch; Hom., der gew. den plur. braucht, σαρκες περιτρομέοντο μέλεσσιν, Od. 18, 76; ἔγκατά τε σάρκας τε καὶ ὀστέα, 9, 295 (wie auch die Tragg., vgl. Aesch. Ag. 1068 Ch. 278; Soph. Trach. 1043, u. oft bei Eur.); nur 19, 450 den sing., πολλὸν δὲ διήφυσε σαρκός, wo ein einzelner Fleischtheil, der dicke Muskel auf der vordern Seite des Oberschenkels gemeint ist; Tragg. oft für Körper, Leib, γέροντα τὸν νοῦν, σάρκα δ' ἡβῶσαν φέρει, Aesch. Spt. 604; ἡμεῖς δ' ἀτίτᾳ σαρκὶ παλαιᾷ, Ag. 72; σάρκα τὴν ἐμὴν κατεμπρήσας πυρί, Eur. Herc. Fur. 1151; σαρκὸς περιβόλαια ἡβῶντα, 1269; er vrbdt auch διὰ σάρκα ἐμὰν ἔλεος ἔμολε ματρός, Phoen. 1292; in Prosa, wo auch der plur. häufig ist, z. B. Plat. ἐπειδὰν ταῖς σαρξὶ σάρκες προσγένωνται ἐκ τῶν σιτίων, Phaed. 96 d; τοιαύτας σάρκας περιβεβλημένος, Luc. D. Mort. 10, 5. – Auch bei den Pflanzen, die weichern Teile, Theophr. – Aeol. σύρξ, dah. von Einigen auf σαίρω, σύρω zurückgeführt, was man abstreift.
French (Bailly abrégé)
σαρκός (ἡ) :
1 chair de l'homme et des animaux;
2 le corps;
3 la chair considérée comme aliment ; αἱ σάρκες morceaux de chair ou de viande.
Étymologie: DELG *twrk « couper ».
Dutch (Woordenboekgrieks.nl)
σάρξ σαρκός, ἡ vlees, bij Hom. vaak plur.; vlezig deel. Hp. Art. 33. lichaam, steeds sing.: γέροντα τὸν νοῦν, σάρκα δ’ ἡβῶσαν φύει (Lasthenes), een rijp man qua geest, maar hij heeft een lichaam in de kracht van zijn jeugd Aeschl. Sept. 622; σάρξ παλαιά het oude lijf Aeschl. Ag. 72. spec. NT lichamelijke natuur, menselijke natuur:; ἡ ἐπιθυμία τῆς σαρκός de lichamelijke begeerte NT 1 Io. 2.16; σοφοὶ κατὰ σάρκα wijs naar menselijke maatstaf NT 1 Cor. 1.26; mens (van vlees en bloed). οὐ πᾶσα σάρξ geen enkele mens NT Marc. 13.20; ὁ λόγος σὰρξ ἐγένετο het woord is vlees geworden NT Io. 1.14; ἐν ταῖς ἡμέραις τῆς σαρκὸς αὐτοῦ tijdens zijn aardse leven NT Hebr. 5.7.
Russian (Dvoretsky)
σάρξ: σαρκός ἡ (Hom. преимущ. pl. с dat. σάρκεσσι)
1 мясо, плоть (σάρκες τε καὶ ὀστέα Hom.);
2 тело: σάρκα ἡβῶσαν φέρειν (v.l. φύειν) Aesch. иметь молодое тело, т. е. быть молодым годами.
English (Autenrieth)
σαρκός: flesh, Od. 19.450; elsewhere pl.
English (Slater)
σάρξ pl. flesh “καὶ τότ' ἐγὼ σαρκῶν τ ἐνοπὰν λτ;γτ; ἠδ ὀστέων στεναγμὸν βαρύν” (of Herakles, devouring an ox) fr. 168. 5. διοίγετο σάρκες fr. 246b.
English (Abbott-Smith)
σάρξ, σαρκός, ἡ [in LXX chiefly for בָּשָׂר;]
flesh;
1.as in cl. generally,
(a)prop., of the soft substance of the animal body: I Co 15:39, II Co 12:7, Ga 6:13, al.; σ. καὶ αἷμα, I Co 5:50; σ. καὶ ὀστέα, Lk 24:39; pl., of the flesh of many or parts of the flesh of one (cl.), Re 17:16 19:18; φαγεῖν, Re, ll. c. (cf. κατεσθίειν, IV Ki 9:36, al., and βιβρώσκειν, freq. in l.); metaph., Ja 5:3; mystically, φ. (τρώγειν) τὴν σ. τοῦ υἱοῦ τ. ἀνθρώπου,Jo 6:52-56;
(b)Of the whole substance of the body, = σῶμα: Ac 2:26 (LXX), 31, II Co 12:7, Ga 4:14, Eph 5:29; μία σ., Mk 10:8; εἰς σ. μίαν (Ge 2:24), Mt 19:5, Mk 10:8, I Co 6:16, Eph 5:31; hence, of the material as opp. to the immaterial part of man (cf. Lft., Notes, 88): opp. to πνεῦμα, I Co 5:5, II Co 7:1, Col 2:5, I Pe 3:18, 4:6; to ψύχη, Ac 2:31, Rec.; of the present life, ἐν (τῇ) σ., Ro 7:5, Ga 2:20, Phl 1:22, 24 I Pe 4:2; of Christ's life on earth, αἱ ἡμέραι τ. σαρκὸς αὐτοῦ, He 5:7; of things pertaining to the body, ἐν (τῇ) σ., Ga 6:12, 13 Phl 3:3, 4.
2.As in Heb. idiom,
(a)of a living creature: πᾶσα σ. (Heb. כָּל־בָּשָׂר; cf. Bl., §47, 9), Mt 24:22, Mk 13:20, I Pe 1:24; especially of man and his mortality (Ps 55 (56):5, Si 28:5, al.), Jo 1:14; πᾶσα σ. (v. supr.), Lk 3:6, Jo 17:2, Ac 2:17, ἐν σ., I Jo 4:2, I Ti 3:16;
(b)of natural origin and relationship (Ge 2:24, Is 58:7, al.): τέκνα τῆς σ., Ro 9:8; κατὰ σάρκα, ib. 3, 5, I Co 10:18, Ga 4:23, 29; ἡ σ. μου, Ro 11:14 (cf. Jg 9:2, II Ki 5:1, al.).
3.Of the physical nature as subject to sensation and desire (Plut.),
(a)without any ethical disparagement: Ro 7:18 13:14; opp. to πνεῦμα, Mt 26:41, Mk 14:38; τ. θέλημα τῆς σ., Jo 1:13; ἡ ἐπιθυμία τῆς σ., I Jo 2:16; pl., II Pe 2:18; παθεῖν σαρκί, I Pe 4:1;
(b)in ethical sense, especially in Pauline Epp., of the flesh as the seat and vehicle of sinful desires: opp. to νοῦς, Ro 7:25; to πνεῦμα, Ro 8:4-9, 12, 13, Ga 5:16, 17 19 6:8 (cf. DB, ii, 14f.; iv, 165f.; Cremer, 844ff.).
English (Strong)
probably from the base of σαρόω; flesh (as stripped of the skin), i.e. (strictly) the meat of an animal (as food), or (by extension) the body (as opposed to the soul (or spirit), or as the symbol of what is external, or as the means of kindred), or (by implication) human nature (with its frailties (physically or morally) and passions), or (specially), a human being (as such): carnal(-ly, + -ly minded), flesh(-ly).
English (Thayer)
σαρκός, ἡ (Aeolic, συρξ; hence, it seems to be derived from σύρω, akin to σαίρω, 'to draw,' 'to draw off,' and to signify what can be stripped off from the bones (Etym. Magn. 708,34; sed quis subsignabit (Lob. Paralip., p. 111))), from Homer down, Hebrew בָּשָׂר;
1. properly, flesh (the soft substance of the living body, which covers the bones and is permeated with blood) of both men and beasts: Tdf.; σάρξ καί αἷμα (on which expression see below, 2a.; 3bis; 4at the end (cf. Winer's Grammar, 19)), and from bones, πνεῦμα σάρκα καί ὀστέα οὐκ ἔχει, οὐ γάρ ἔτι σάρκας τέ καί ὀστέα ἰνες ἔχουσιν, Homer, Odyssey 11,219). φαγεῖν τάς σάρκας τίνος: properly, κατεσθίειν, Sept.; in classical Greek frequently βιβρώσκειν σάρκας; σαρκῶν ἐδωδή, Plutarch, septem sap. couviv. c. 16); tropically, to torture one with eternal penal torments, φαγεῖν and τρώγειν τήν σάρκα τοῦ υἱοῦ τοῦ ἀνθρώπου, in figurative discourse, to appropriate to oneself the saving results of the violent death endured by Christ, ἀπέρχεσθαι or πορεύεσθαι ὀπίσω σαρκός, to follow after the flesh, is used of those who are on the search for persons with whom they can gratify their lust (see ὀπίσω, 2a.), τό σῶμα τῆς σαρκός, the body compacted of flesh (cf. Winer's Grammar, 188 (177)), σάρξ is
2. equivalent to the body, not designating it, however, as a skilful combination of related parts (`an organism,' which is denoted by the word σῶμα), but signifying the material or substance of the living body (cf. Aeschylus, Sept.622γέροντα τόν νοῦν σάρκα δ' ἡβωσαν φέρει);
a. universally, πνεῦμα, 2, p. 520a middle); μία σάρξ, one body, of husband and wife, εἰς σάρκα μίαν (from ψυχή, ἔδωκεν ... Ἰησοῦν Χριστόν ... τήν σάρκα ὑπέρ τῆς σαρκός ἡμῶν καί τήν ψυχήν ὑπέρ τῶν ψυχῶν ἡμῶν, Clement of Rome, 1 Corinthians 49,6 [ET] (cf. Irenaeus 5,1, 1; but G L T Tr WH drop ἡ ψυχή αὐτοῦ in Acts, the passage cited)); opposed to πενυμα (the human), σάρξ καί αἷμα, equivalent to ψυχικόν σῶμα, ἡ περιτομή ἐν σαρκί, τό πρόσωπον μου ἐν σαρκί (A. V. my face in the flesh), my bodily countenance, ἀσθένεια σαρκός, of disease, ἐν τῇ θνητῇ σαρκί ἡμῶν, ἐν τῷ σώματι ἡμῶν, ἐν τῇ σαρκί αὐτοῦ, by giving up his body to death, διά τῆς σαρκός αὐτοῦ, προσφέρειν τήν σάρκα μου, to offer in sacrifice my flesh — Christ is speaking, the Epistle of Barnabas 7,5 [ET]; τήν σάρκα παραδοῦναι εἰς καταφθοράν, ibid. 5,1 [ET]). life on earth, which is passed in the body (flesh), is designated by the following phrases: ἐν σαρκί εἶναι, ζῆν ἐν σαρκί, ἐπιμένειν ἐν σαρκί, ὁ ἐν σαρκί χρόνος, αἱ ἡμέραι τῆς σαρκός αὐτοῦ, of Christ's life on earth, ἐν σαρκί or ἐν τῇ σαρκί, in things pertaining to the flesh (body), such as circumcision, descent, etc.: πεποιθέναι, ἔχειν πεποίθησιν, οἱ συγγενεῖς κατά σάρκα, Winer's Grammar, § 20,2a.); τέκνα τῆς σαρκός, children by bird, natural posterity, ἀδελφόν ἐν σαρκί καί ἐν κυρίῳ, a natural brother (as it were) and a Christian brother, οἱ τῆς σαρκός ἡμῶν πατέρες, our natural fathers (opposed to God ὁ πατήρ τῶν πνευμάτων, see πατήρ, 1a. and 3b.), τά ἔθνη ἐν σαρκί, Gentiles by birth, Ἰσραήλ κατά σάρκα, Ἰσραήλ τοῦ Θεοῦ, of Christians, is found in τό κατά σάρκα, as respects the flesh i. e. human origin, Clement of Rome, 1 Corinthians 32,2 [ET]; Irenaeus haer. 4,4, 1and fragment 17 ed; Stieren, p. 836)); γενομένου ἐκ σπέρματος Δαυίδ κατά σάρκα, ὁ κατά σάρκα γεννηθείς, born by natural generation (opposed to γεννηθείς ... τόν κατά πνεῦμα, i. e. by the supernatural power of God, operating in the promise), τό γεγεννήμενοι ἐκ τῆς σαρκός σάρξ ἐστιν, that which has been born of the natural man is a natural man (opposed to one who has been born again by the power of the Holy Spirit), ἡ σάρξ μου, those with whom I share my natural origin, my fellow-countrymen, ἰδού ὀστᾶ σου καί σάρκες σου, εἶναι ἐκ τῆς σαρκός καί ἐκ τῶν ὀστέων τίνος, which in its proper use signifies to be 'formed out of one's flesh and bones' (R G Tr marginal reading brackets).
c. the sensuous nature of Prayer of Manasseh, 'the animal nature': without any suggestion of depravity, τό θέλημα τῆς σαρκός, of sexual desire, the animal nature with cravings which incite to sin: τά μέλη is used in ὁ νοῦς, ἡ ἐπιθυμία τῆς σαρκός, ἡ ἐπιθυμία τῶν ὀφθαλμῶν; (others regard this last as a new specification; cf. Westcott at the passage)); plural τά τῆς σαρκός πάθη, τό μή δεδουλωσθαι σαρκί καί τοῖς πάθεσι ταύτης διάγειν, ὑφ' ὧν κατασπωμενος ὁ νοῦς τῆς θνητης ἀναπιμπλαται φλυαριας, ἐυδαιμον τί καί μακάριον, Plur. consol. ad Apoll c. 13; τῆς σαρκός ἡδονή, opposed to ψυχή, Plutarch, de virt. et vit. c. 3; add, Philo de gigant. § 7; (Diogenes Laërtius 10,145; animo cum hac carne grave certamen est, Seneca, consol. ad Marc. 21; animus liber habitat; nunquam me cato ista compellet ad metum, Seneca, epistles 65 (7,3, 22); non est summa felicitatis nostrae in carne ponenda, ibid. 74 (9,3, 16)). the physical nature of man as subject to suffering: παθεῖν σαρκί, ἐν τῇ σαρκί μου, in that my flesh suffers afflictions, Lightfoot)); θλῖψιν ἔχειν τῇ σαρκί, a living creature (because possessed of a body of flesh), whether man or beast: πᾶσα σάρξ (in imitation of the Hebrew כָּל־בָּשָׂר (Winer's Grammar, 33)), every lving creature, οὐ preceding (qualifying the verb (Winer's Grammar, § 26,1; Buttmann, 121 (106))), no living creature, a man (ἄνθρωπος for בָּשָׂר, ἐν τῷ Θεῷ ἤλπισα, οὐ φοβηθήσομαι τί ποιήσει μοι σάρξ, ἐμνήσθη, ὅτι σάρξ εἰσιν, σάρξ καί αἷμα, γενεά σαρκός καί αἵματος, ἡ μέν τελευτᾷ, ἑτέρα δέ γεννᾶται, ὁ λόγος σάρξ ἐγένετο, entered into participation in human nature, σάρξ, not ἄνθρωπος, apparently in order to indicate that he who possessed supreme majesty did not shrink from union with extreme weakness); εὑρίσκειν τί κατά σάρκα, to attain to anything after the manner of a (weak) Prayer of Manasseh, i. e. by the use of merely human powers, ἐξ ἔργων in πᾶσα σάρξ, all men, Winer's Grammar, § 30,1a.); οὐ or μή preceding (qualifying the verb (Winer's Grammar, and Buttmann, as referred to above)), no Prayer of Manasseh, no mortal, man as he appears, such as he presents himself to view, man's external appearance and condition: κατά σάρκα κρίνειν, Winer's Grammar, 583 (542)) (equivalent to κρίνειν κατ' ὄψιν, γινώσκειν or εἰδέναι τινα κατά σάρκα, οἱ κατά σάρκα κυρίου (see κατά, II:3b.), human nature, the soul included: ἐν ὁμοιώματι σαρκός ἁμαρτίας, in a visible form, like human nature which is subject to sin, ὁμοίωμα, b.); ἐν σαρκί ἔρχεσθαι, to appear clothed in human nature, in 3; φανερουσθαι, κεκοινωνηκεναι αἵματος καί σαρκός, σάρξ, when either expressly or tacitly opposed to τό πνεῦμα (τοῦ Θεοῦ), has an ethical sense and denotes "mere human nature, the earthly nature of man apart from divine influence, and therefore prone to sin and opposed to God"; accordingly it includes whatever in the soul is weak, low, debased, tending to ungodliness and vice ("Thou must not understand 'flesh', therefore, as though that only were 'flesh' which is connected with unchastity, but St. Paul uses 'flesh' of the whole Prayer of Manasseh, body and soul, reason and all his faculties included, because all that is in him longs and strives after the flesh (Luther, Preface to the Epistle to the Romans); note that 'flesh' signifies the entire nature of Prayer of Manasseh, sense and reason, without the Holy Spirit" (Melanchthon, Loci, edition of 1535, in Corpus Reform. xxi., p. 277). This definition is strikingly supported by these two utterances of Paul: οὐδεμίαν ἔσχηκεν ἄνεσιν ἡ σάρξ ἡμῶν, οὐκ ἔσχηκα ἄνεσιν τῷ πνεύματι μου, τό πνεῦμα (τοῦ Θεοῦ), ἀκροβυστία, c.); πλησμονή); ἐπιθυμία σαρκός, αἱ ἐπιθυμίαι and τά θελήματα τῆς σαρκός, ὁ νοῦς τῆς σαρκός, σῶμα τῆς σαρκός, a body given up to the control of the flesh, i. e. a body whose members our nature, estranged from God, used as its instruments (cf. G L T Tr WH; τά τῆς σαρκός (opposed to τά τοῦ πνεύματος), the things which please the flesh, which the flesh craves, σαρκί ἐπιτελοῦμαι, to make for oneself an end (see ἐπιτελέω, 1tim) by devoting oneself to the flesh, i. e. by gradually losing the Holy Spirit and giving oneself up to the control of the flesh, σταυρουν τήν σάρκα αὐτοῦ (see σταυρόω, 3b.), ἐν σαρκί εἶναι (opposed to ἐν πνεύματι, namely, τοῦ Θεοῦ), to be in the power of the flesh, under the control of the flesh, οἱ κατά σάρκα ὄντες, who exhibit the nature of the flesh, equivalent to οἱ σαρκικοί (opposed to οἱ κατά πνεῦμα ὄντες), κατά σάρκα περιπατεῖν, to live according to the standard of the flesh, to comply in conduct with the impulse of the flesh, κατά πνεῦμα, βουλεύεσθαι, καυχᾶσθαι, κατά πνεῦμα) ζῆν, ἐν σαρκί τυγχάνουσιν, ἀλλ' οὐ κατά σάρκα ζῶσιν, of Christians, Ep. ad Diogn. 5,8 [ET]); ἐν σαρκί περιπατοῦντες οὐ κατά σάρκα στρατευόμεθα, although the nature in which we live is earthly and therefore weak, yet we do not carry on our warfare according its law, οὐ κατά σάρκα γράφειν, ἀλλά κατά γνώμην Θεοῦ, Ignatius ad Romans 8,3 [ET]); with the suggestion of weakness as respects knowledge: σάρξ καί αἷμα, a man liable to err, fallible man: ἡ ἀσθένεια τῆς σαρκός, σοφοί κατά σάρκα, σάρξ als Quelle der Sünde, in the Theol. Studien und Kritiken for 1855, p. 477ff; C. Holsten, Die Bedeut. des Wortes σάρξ im Lehrbegriffe des Paulus, 4to, Rostock 1855 (reprinted in his Zum Evang. des Paul. u. Petr., p. 365ff. (Rostock, 1867); see also (with especially reference to Holsten) Lüdemann, Die Anthropologie des Apest. Paul. (Kiel, 1872)); Ritschl, Entstehung der altkathol. Kirche, edition 2, p. 66ff; Baur in the Theol. Jahrbb. for 1857, p. 96ff, and in his Biblical Theol. des N.T., p. 142ff, etc.; Wieseler, Br. an die Galater, pp. 443ff, 448ff (cf. Riddle in Schaff's Lange's Commentary on Romans, p. 235f) Weiss, Biblical Theol. des N.T. (3rd edition) § 68, p. 243ff, § 100, p. 414 f; Rich. Schmidt, Paulin. Christologie, p. 8ff; Eklund, σάρξ vocabulum quid ap. Paulum apost. significet (Lund, 1872); Pfleiderer, Paulinismus, p. 47ff. (English translation, vol. i., p. 47ff); Wendt, Die Begrifle Fleisch u. Geist im Biblical Sprachgebr. (Gotha, 1878); (Cremer in Herzog edition 2under the word Fleisch, but especially in his Biblical-theol. Wörterbuch, 3te (or 4te) Aufl., under the word; Laidlaw, The Bible Doctr. of Man (Edinb. 1879), pp. 74ff, 373 f; Philippi, Glaubensl. edition 2, vol. iii., pp. 231-250; especially Dickson, St. Paul's use of the terms Flesh and Spirit (Glasgow, 1883)); and the references in Meyer on Romans 4:1 (6te Aufl.).
Greek Monolingual
-αρκός, ἡ, ΝΜΑ
βλ. σάρκα.
Greek Monotonic
σάρξ: ἡ, (γεν. σαρκός),
I. σάρκα, κρέας, Λατ. caro, σε Όμηρ. κ.λπ.· στον πληθ., σάρκα ή το σύνολο των μυών του σώματος· ἔγκατά τε σάρκας τε καὶ ὀστέα, σε Όμηρ.· ομοίως σε Ησίοδ., Αισχύλ. κ.λπ.· ομοίως μερικές φορές στον ενικ., σάρκα, σώμα, γέροντα τὸν νοῦν, σάρκα δ' ἡβῶσαν φέρει, σε Αισχύλ.
II. σάρκα, ύλη, αντίθ. προς το πνεύμα, σε Καινή Διαθήκη· επίσης λέγεται για την ανθρώπινη φύση γενικά, στο ίδ.· πᾶσα σάρξ, ολόκληρο το ανθρώπινο είδος, στο ίδ.
Greek (Liddell-Scott)
σάρξ: ἡ, γεν. σαρκός, Αἰολικ. σὺρξ Ἐτυμολ. Μέγ. 708. 31· (ἐτυμολ. ἀμφίβολ.)· ― Λατιν. caro, Ὅμ., κλ.· παρ’ Ὁμήρ. ἀεὶ ἐν χρήσει τὸ πληθ., πλὴν ἐν Ὀδ. Τ. 450, ἔνθα (ὡς παρ’ Ἡσιόδ. ἐν Ἀσπ. Ἡρ. 364, 461) σημαίνει τὸν πρόσθιον μῦν τοῦ μηροῦ· διότι διὰ τοῦ πληθ. σημαίνονται πάντες οἱ μυῶνες τοῦ σώματος, κορέει κύνας... δημῷ καὶ σάρκεσσι Ἰλ. Θ. 380, Ν. 832· ἔγκατά τε σάρκας τε καὶ ὀστέα Ὀδ. Ι. 293, πρβλ. Λ. 219· σάρκες περιτρομέοντο μέλεσσιν Σ. 76· οὕτω παρ’ Ἡσ. ἐν Θεογ. 538, Πινδ. Ἀποσπ. 150, καὶ τοῖς Ἀττ.· τούτου σάρκας λύκοι πάσονται Αἰσχύλ. Θήβ. 1035· ὀπτὰς σάρκας ὁ αὐτ. ἐν Ἀγ. 1097· σάρκες δ’ ἀπ’ ὀστέων... ἀπέρρεον Εὐρ. Μήδ. 1200· ἀλλ’ ἐνίοτε σημαίνει τὸ ὅλον σῶμα, μήτε γῆ δέξαιτό μου σάρκας θανόντος ὁ αὐτ. ἐν Ἱππολ. 1031, πρβλ. 1239, 1343, κτλ.· ― τὸ ἑνικ. εἶναι ἐν χρήσει παρὰ τοῖς μετέπειτα ἐπὶ τῆς αὐτῆς σημασίας, τοῦ αἵματος... πηγνυμένου σὰρξ γίνεται Ἱππ. 237. 13, κτλ.· κορέσαι στόμα πρὸς χάριν ἐμᾶς σαρκὸς αἰόλας Σοφ. Φιλ. 1157· ἔδαπτον σάρκα Εὐρ. Μήδ. 1189, πρβλ. Βάκχ. 1136, Κύκλ. 344, κτλ.· ὡσαύτως περιληπτικῶς, ἐπὶ τοῦ σώματος, γέροντα τὸν νοῦν, σάρκα δ’ ἡβῶσαν φέρει Αἰσχύλ. Θήβ. 622· σαρκὶ παλαιᾷ ὁ αὐτ. ἐν Ἀγ. 72· σαρκὸς περιβόλαια, ἐνδυτὰ Εὐρ. Ἡρ. Μαιν. 1269, Βάκχ. 746· ― ὁ Πλάτων χρῆται τῷ ἑνικ. καὶ πληθ. σχεδὸν ὁμοίως, ταῖς σαρξὶ σάρκες προσγίγνονται Φαίδων 96D, πρβλ. Συμπ. 211Ε, Πολ. 556D, κτλ.· τῆς σαρκὸς διαλυτικὸν Τίμ. 60Β, πρβλ. 61C, 62B, κτλ. 2) ἡ σὰρξ τοῦ σκύτεος, τὸ ἐσωτερικὸν ἢ τὸ πρὸς τὴν σάρκα μέρος τοῦ δέρματος, Ἱππ. π. Ἄρθρ. 799. 3) τὸ σαρκῶδες, μαλακὸν μέρος τῶν καρπῶν, Θεοφρ. π. Φυτ. Αἰτ. 6. 8, 5, πρβλ. π. Φυτ. Ἱστ. 1. 2, 6., 4. 15, 1, κτλ. ΙΙ. ἡ σὰρξ ὡς ἕδρα τῶν αἰσθημάτων, παθῶν καὶ ἐπιθυμιῶν, ἡ σαρκικὴ φύσις, σαρκὶ δουλεύειν καὶ τοῖς πάθεσι Πλούτ. 2. 107F, πρβλ. 101Β· συχν. ἐν τῇ καινῇ Διαθ. 2) ἐν τῇ καιν. Διαθ. ὡσαύτως, ἐπὶ τῆς ἀνθρωπίνης φύσεως καθόλου, ὁ ἄνθρωπος, πᾶσα σάρξ, πᾶν τὸ ἀνθρώπινον γένος ἢ εἶδος, Α΄ Ἐπιστ. Πέτρ. α΄, 24.
Frisk Etymological English
σαρκός
Grammatical information: f., often pl. (Hom almost only).
Meaning: flesh, piece(s) of meat (Il.); on the number Schw.-Debrunner 43, Chantraine Gramm. hom. 2,30.
Other forms: Aeol. σύρκες pl. H., EM; on the phonetics Schwyzer 308.
Compounds: Many compp., e.g. σαρκο-φάγος eating flesh (Arist.), λίθος σαρκοφάγος des. of a stone broken near Assos (Troas), which was used for funeral monuments and would have eaten the corpse (Poll. 10, 150, Plin. a. o.); on the debated physiological-chemical proces s. R. Müller in Kretschmer Glotta 22, 265; from there coffin (inscr.), Lat. LW [loanword] sarcophagus, OHG sarch etc.; ἄ-σαρκος without flesh, thin (IA.); on the 2. member extens. Sommer Nominalkomp. 94 f.
Derivatives: 1. σαρκ-ίον (Hp., Arist. a. o.), -ίδιον (Arist. etc.) n. piece of flesh, -ίς f. meat, food (late pap.); -ῖτις f. name of a stone (Plin.; after the colour, Redard 60). 2. σάρκ-ινος (Att. etc.), -ικός (hell. a. late), -ειος (late) fleshy, made of flesh; -ώδης flesh-like (Hp., X. etc.), -ήρης consisting of flesh (Trag. Adesp.). 3a σαρκ-ίζω to scrape clean of flesh (Hdt.; on the privative meaning Hudson-Williams ClassRev. 26, 122f.; not correct Schwyzer 736), περι- σαρκός with -ισμός (medic.), ἐκ- σαρκός (LXX); b. -όω (περι-, ἐκ- a. o.) to make fleshy, to change into flesh with -ωμα, -ωσις, -ωτικός (medic. a. o.); c. -άζω s. v.
Origin: IE [Indo-European] [1102] *tu̯r̥ḱ- cut
Etymology: Acc. to a general, very acceptable view (since v. Bradke ZDMG 40, 752) to Av. ʮwarǝs-, pres. ʮwǝrǝsaiti prop. cut (upa-, us- a. o.), as simplex shape, create, destine etc., IE tu̯r̥ḱ- (WP. 1, 751, Pok. 1102); so prop. *'slice' as Lat. carō (piece) of meat = Umbr. karu pars, piece of meat to κείρω cut etc. Other argumentation by Risch Sprache 7, 93 ff. (where also Hitt. tuekkaš body [with assumed loss of r before k] is discussed; s. however on σάκος): to ʮwarǝs- in the (clearly secondary) meaning create, build; so "flesh as what gives the human body shape and form"; certainly not to be preferred. -- Thus also Lubotsky, Sprache 36 (1994) 94-102, who shows that Skt. tvaṣṭar- contains a zero grade (with a < r̥), like Av. ʮworǝštar- (from *ʮwǝrǝštar-). OIr. torc boar has the same origin, for which he reconstructs *turḱos. L. discusses also the rise of -αρ-, -υρ- (rejecting a reconstr. *tu̯orḱ-). - From σάρξ Alb. šark flesh of a fruit (Jokl IF 44, 13 ff.).
σαρκός
Grammatical information: f., often pl. (Hom almost only).
Meaning: flesh, piece(s) of meat (Il.); on the number Schw.-Debrunner 43, Chantraine Gramm. hom. 2,30.
Other forms: Aeol. σύρκες pl. H., EM; on the phonetics Schwyzer 308.
Compounds: Many compp., e.g. σαρκο-φάγος eating flesh (Arist.), λίθος σαρκοφάγος des. of a stone broken near Assos (Troas), which was used for funeral monuments and would have eaten the corpse (Poll. 10, 150, Plin. a. o.); on the debated physiological-chemical proces s. R. Müller in Kretschmer Glotta 22, 265; from there coffin (inscr.), Lat. LW [loanword] sarcophagus, OHG sarch etc.; ἄ-σαρκος without flesh, thin (IA.); on the 2. member extens. Sommer Nominalkomp. 94 f.
Derivatives: 1. σαρκ-ίον (Hp., Arist. a. o.), -ίδιον (Arist. etc.) n. piece of flesh, -ίς f. meat, food (late pap.); -ῖτις f. name of a stone (Plin.; after the colour, Redard 60). 2. σάρκ-ινος (Att. etc.), -ικός (hell. a. late), -ειος (late) fleshy, made of flesh; -ώδης flesh-like (Hp., X. etc.), -ήρης consisting of flesh (Trag. Adesp.). 3a σαρκ-ίζω to scrape clean of flesh (Hdt.; on the privative meaning Hudson-Williams ClassRev. 26, 122f.; not correct Schwyzer 736), περι- σάρξ with -ισμός (medic.), ἐκ- σάρξ (LXX); b. -όω (περι-, ἐκ- a. o.) to make fleshy, to change into flesh with -ωμα, -ωσις, -ωτικός (medic. a. o.); c. -άζω s. v.
Origin: IE [Indo-European] [1102] *tu̯r̥ḱ- cut
Etymology: Acc. to a general, very acceptable view (since v. Bradke ZDMG 40, 752) to Av. ʮwarǝs-, pres. ʮwǝrǝsaiti prop. cut (upa-, us- a. o.), as simplex shape, create, destine etc., IE tu̯r̥ḱ- (WP. 1, 751, Pok. 1102); so prop. *'slice' as Lat. carō (piece) of meat = Umbr. karu pars, piece of meat to κείρω cut etc. Other argumentation by Risch Sprache 7, 93 ff. (where also Hitt. tuekkaš body [with assumed loss of r before k] is discussed; s. however on σάκος): to ʮwarǝs- in the (clearly secondary) meaning create, build; so "flesh as what gives the human body shape and form"; certainly not to be preferred. -- Thus also Lubotsky, Sprache 36 (1994) 94-102, who shows that Skt. tvaṣṭar- contains a zero grade (with a < r̥), like Av. ʮworǝštar- (from *ʮwǝrǝštar-). OIr. torc boar has the same origin, for which he reconstructs *turḱos. L. discusses also the rise of -αρ-, -υρ- (rejecting a reconstr. *tu̯orḱ-). - From σάρξ Alb. šark flesh of a fruit (Jokl IF 44, 13 ff.).
Middle Liddell
[σαρκός]
I. flesh, Lat. caro, Hom., etc.: in plural the flesh or muscles of the body, ἔγκατά τε σάρκας τε καὶ ὀστέα Hom.; so in Hes., Aesch., etc.:—so sometimes in sg., the flesh, the body, γέροντα τὸν νοῦν, σάρκα δ' ἡβῶσαν φέρει Aesch.
II. the flesh, as opp. to the spirit, NTest.; also for man's nature generally, NTest.; πᾶσα σάρξ all human kind, NTest.
Frisk Etymology German
σάρξ: σαρκός
{sárks}
Forms: (äol. σύρκες pl. H., EM; zum Lautlichen Schwyzer 308)
Grammar: f., oft (Hom. fast nur) pl.
Meaning: ‘Fleisch, Fleischstück(e)’ (seit Il.); zum Numerus Schw.-Debrunner 43, Chantraine Gramm. hom. 2,30.
Composita: Zahlreiche Kompp., z.B. σαρκοφάγος fleischfressend (seit Arist.), λίθος σαρκοφάγος Bez. eines bei Assos (Troas) gebrochenen Steins, der zu Särgen gebraucht wurde und die Leichname verzehrt haben soll (Poll. 10, 150, Plin. u. a.); zum umstrittenen physiologischchemischen Prozesse s. R. Müller bei Kretschmer G1otta 22, 265; daraus Sarg (Inschr.), lat. LW sarcophagus, ahd. sarch usw.; ἄσαρκος ohne Fleisch, mager (ion. att.); zum Hinterglied ausführlich Sommer Nominalkomp. 94 f.
Derivative: Davon 1. σαρκίον (Hp., Arist. u. a.), -ίδιον (Arist. usw.) n. Stück Fleisch, -ίς f. Fleisch, Essen (sp. Pap.); -ῖτις f. N. eines Steins (Plin.; nach der Farbe, Redard 60). 2. σάρκινος (att. usw.), -ικός (hell. u. sp.), -ειος (sp.) fleischig, fleischern; -ώδης fleischartig (Hp., X. usw.), -ήρης aus Fleisch bestehend (Trag. Adesp.). 3a. σαρκίζω entfleischen (Hdt.; zur privativen Bed. Hudson-Williams ClassRev. 26, 122f.; nicht richtig Schwyzer 736), περι- ~ mit -ισμός (Mediz.), ἐκ- ~ (LXX); b. -όω (περι-, ἐκ- u. a.) fleischig machen, ins Fleisch verwandeln mit -ωμα, -ωσις, -ωτικός (Mediz. u. a.); c. -άζω s. bes.
Etymology: Ohne sichere außergriech. Entsprechung. Nach einer allgemeinen, sehr erwägenswerten Auffassung (seit v. Bradke ZDMG 40, 752) zu aw. ϑwarəs-, Präs. ϑwərəsaiti eig. schneiden (upa-, us- u. a.), als Simplex ‘gestalten, erschaffen, be- stimmen’, idg. tu̯erḱ-, tu̯r̥ḱ- (WP. 1, 751, Pok. 1102); somit eig. *’Schnitt’ wie lat. carō ‘Fleisch(stück)’ = umbr. karu pars, Stück Fleisch zu κείρω schneiden usw. Andere Begründung von Risch Sprache 7, 93 ff. (wo auch heth. tuekkaš Körper [mit angebl. Schwund eines r vor k] herangezogen wird; s. indessen zu σάκος): zu ϑwarəs- in der (offenbar sekundären) Bed. erschaffen, bilden; somit "Fleisch als das, was dem menschlichen Körper Gestalt und Formung gibt"; gewiß nicht vorzuziehen. — Aus σάρξ alb. šark ‘Frucht- fleisch’ (Jokl IF 44, 13 ff.).
Page 2,679-680
Chinese
原文音譯:s£rx 沙而克士
詞類次數:名詞(151)
原文字根:肉體 相當於: (בָּשָׂר)
字義溯源:肉體*,肉身,肉,血氣,身體,體,情慾,屬肉,人類,必死的性質,肉體的生命;或出自(σαρόω)=打掃)。這字是指:身體,肉身,肉體,人,個人。描寫人在地上的光景,滿了罪惡的性情
同源字:1) (σαρκικός)屬肉體的 2) (σάρκινος)肉體的 3) (σάρξ)肉體
出現次數:總共(149);太(5);可(4);路(2);約(13);徒(3);羅(26);林前(12);林後(11);加(18);弗(10);腓(5);西(9);提前(1);門(1);來(6);雅(1);彼前(7);彼後(2);約壹(2);約貳(1);猶(3);啓(7)
譯字彙編:
1) 肉體(55) 太26:41; 可14:38; 約6:63; 羅2:28; 羅4:1; 羅6:19; 羅7:5; 羅7:18; 羅7:25; 羅8:3; 羅8:3; 羅8:3; 羅8:4; 羅8:5; 羅8:5; 羅8:6; 羅8:7; 羅8:8; 羅8:9; 羅8:12; 羅8:12; 羅8:13; 羅9:3; 羅9:5; 羅9:8; 羅13:14; 林前1:26; 林前5:5; 林前7:28; 林前10:18; 林前15:39; 林後5:16; 林後5:16; 加5:17; 加5:17; 加5:24; 加6:8; 加6:8; 加6:13; 弗2:3; 弗2:3; 弗2:11; 弗2:11; 腓3:3; 腓3:4; 腓3:4; 西2:13; 西2:18; 西2:23; 門1:16; 彼前1:24; 彼前3:18; 彼後2:10; 約壹2:16; 猶1:23;
2) 肉身(25) 約1:14; 約3:6; 約3:6; 約8:15; 徒2:26; 徒2:31; 羅1:3; 林後12:7; 加2:20; 加3:3; 加6:12; 弗6:5; 腓1:22; 腓1:24; 西1:24; 西2:1; 西2:5; 提前3:16; 來5:7; 來12:9; 彼前4:1; 彼前4:1; 彼前4:2; 約壹4:2; 約貳1:7;
3) 肉(22) 太16:17; 路24:39; 約6:51; 約6:52; 約6:53; 約6:54; 約6:55; 約6:56; 林前15:50; 弗5:30; 弗6:12; 西1:22; 西2:11; 來2:14; 雅5:3; 啓17:16; 啓19:18; 啓19:18; 啓19:18; 啓19:18; 啓19:18; 啓19:21;
4) 血氣(11) 太24:22; 約17:2; 徒2:17; 羅3:20; 林前1:29; 林後10:2; 林後10:3; 林後10:3; 林後11:18; 加4:23; 加4:29;
5) 身體(11) 林前15:39; 林後4:11; 林後7:1; 林後7:5; 加4:13; 加4:14; 弗2:15; 弗5:29; 來9:13; 來10:20; 猶1:8;
6) 體(9) 太19:5; 太19:6; 可10:7; 可10:8; 林前6:16; 林前15:39; 林前15:39; 林前15:39; 弗5:31;
7) 肉體的(5) 加5:16; 加5:19; 來9:10; 彼前3:21; 彼後2:18;
8) 情慾(3) 林後1:17; 加5:13; 猶1:7;
9) 有血氣的(2) 可13:20; 路3:6;
10) 肉身的(2) 約1:13; 西3:22;
11) 在肉體上(1) 彼前4:6;
12) 骨肉(1) 羅11:14;
13) 肉的(1) 加1:16;
14) 屬血氣的(1) 加2:16
Mantoulidis Etymological
Ἡ ἐτυμολογία της εἶναι ἀμφίβολη. Ἀρχική ρίζα ἴσως ἡ τϝαρκ-.
Παράγωγα: σαρκάζω, σαρκασμός, σαρκικός, σάρκινος, σαρκοβόρος, σαρκοειδής, σαρκοφάγος, σαρκόω (=δυναμώνω), σαρκώδης, σάρκωσις, ἄσαρκος.
Translations
flesh
Akan: ɛnam, nam; Albanian: mish, tul; Arabic: لَحْم; Egyptian Arabic: لحم; Armenian: միս; Belarusian: мяса, цела; Bikol Central: unod; Bulgarian: месо; Catalan: carn; Chinese Mandarin: 肉; Czech: maso; Danish: kød; Dutch: vlees; Esperanto: karno; Estonian: liha; Faroese: kjøt; Finnish: liha; French: chair; Galician: carne; German: Fleisch; Gothic: 𐌼𐌰𐌼𐌼𐍉; Greek: σάρκα; Ancient Greek: σάρξ; Hawaiian: ʻiʻo; Hebrew: בָּשָׂר; Hindi: लहम, क्रव्य, मांस; Hungarian: hús; Icelandic: hold; Ido: karno; Indonesian: daging; Iranun: sapu'; Irish: feoil; Italian: carne; Japanese: 肉, 身; Kaurna: itya; Khmer: សាច់, មំសៈ; Korean: 살, 고기; Lao: ຊີ້ນ, ມັງສະ; Latgalian: mīsa; Latvian: miesa, ķermenis; Lithuanian: kūnas; Low German: Fleesch; Macedonian: месо; Malayalam: മാംസം; Manchu: ᠶᠠᠯᡳ; Maori: kiko, tōrōpuku; Navajo: atsįʼ; Odia: ମାଂସ; Persian: گوشت; Piedmontese: carn; Plautdietsch: Fleesch; Polish: ciało, mięso; Portuguese: carne; Romanian: carne; Russian: мягкая ткань, плоть, мясо, тело; Sanskrit: क्रव्य; Scottish Gaelic: feòil; Slovene: meso; Spanish: carne; Sranan Tongo: meti; Swahili: chembechembe; Swedish: kött; Tajik: гӯшт; Tarifit: aysum, aksum; Telugu: కండ; Thai: เนื้อ; Tibetan: ཤ་; Tigrinya: ስጋ; Tok Pisin: mit; Udmurt: сӥль; Ugaritic: 𐎌𐎛𐎗; Ukrainian: м'ясо, плоть, ті́ло; Volapük: mid; Walloon: tchå; Welsh: cnawd; White Hmong: nqaij; Zulu: inyama